Economic benefits from transition cow programs. José Eduardo P. Santos Universidade da Florida

Transcription

1 Economic benefits from transition cow programs José Eduardo P. Santos Universidade da Florida

2 Timeline Management of Dairy Cows For Successful Transition Provide Proper Comfort and Heat Abatement 1. Dry off 230 days of gestation Proper body condition Control of mastitis Routine hoof trimming Vaccination program Proper diet to avoid over and under consumption of nutrients 2. Close up Move based on days pregnant days of gestation Proper grouping Vaccination program Feed diets to minimize metabolic disorders in early lactation 3.Parturition Training of personnel Minimize intervention Reduce calving related disorders 4. Early Postpartum Monitor health for early diagnosis of diseases and treatment Feed diets that do not limit intake Control ketosis 5. High group Feed diets that maximize milk production and recovery of body condition - 45 d -21 d > 28 DIM 21 to 28 d Calving Day Relative to Calving

3 We have learned a lot, but the reality is that we still do not know much! Personal opinion (to add more confusion): - Most diets work with a few exceptions because most people (software) know the basics - Most nutritionists cite the successes, but ignore the failures when the same dietary intervention is implemented - Human element, feeding management, and farm infra-structure is often more important - Refining the diet remains important

4 Be critical to discriminate published data Be very critical when interpreting farm data

5 Transition Programs Are Not Free! Considerable investment

6 *IOFC = income over feed cost

7 Investment in Transition Programs in the US $/cow/lactation Nulliparous Parous $19,4 $38,3 Nutrition $18,4 $49,4 Nutrition Health Health $82,6 Labor $77,8 Labor Santos, J.E.P. University of Florida

8 $/cow/lactation Acidogenic product Choline 12,00 11,07 Extra vitamins 18,00 5,00 6,40 15,30 3,24 5,22 4,86 Organic TM Protein quality Amino acids postpartum Yeast Ionophore Vaccines Hoof care 10,00 15,00 14,54 3,60 3,24 2,84 Dry cow antibiotics Teat sealant Milk culture Health modulator Labor vaccination 15,00 Labor cow monitoring Santos, J.E.P. University of Florida

9 Far Off Close Up Early Lactation $55,0 $57,1 $/cow/lactation $33,4 Santos, J.E.P. University of Florida

10 Reasonable expectations Expectations for Returns Reduced incidence of diseases Reduces loss of cows in early lactation Improved early lactation milk yield legacy effect on the entire lactation Improved reproduction Return on investment

11 What Group (s) of Prepartum Cows will Respond to the Next Diet Manipulation

12 Farm Income Major Ag Lender firm provided data to Zoetis on dairy farms to Zoetis starting in 2006 Evaluated net farm income (NFI) and the unit of measure was US $/45 kg of energy-corrected milk (NFI = $Receipts [$Expenses + $Depreciation]) Most important factor was milk price Herd replacement cost Reproduction Yield of ECM/cow/day Heifer survival SCC Averaged US $0.04/kg ECM (ranged from to /kg of ECM) Zoetis report on what drives dairy profitability / what makes cows profitable

13 Kg/day A 50,0 40,0 30,0 20,0 Milk yield DMI IOFC 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 IOFC 10,0 0,0 Herd average 305-d milk production = 12,500 kg Milk price = $0.35/kg Feed cost = $0.35/kg of dry matter 0,5 0, Days in milk Ribeiro et al. (2012) Anim. Reprod. 3:

14 Additive Impacts of Diseases on Fertility No disease NUTD only UTD only Both UTD and NUTD % Pregnant d 45 Calving Pregnancy loss UTD = 0.05 NUTD < 0.01 INT = 0.96 ADD = 0.16 UTD < 0.01 NUTD < 0.01 INT = 0.79 ADD = 0.02 UTD < 0.01 NUTD = 0.04 INT = 0.83 ADD = 0.05 Ribeiro et al. (2016) J. Dairy Sci. 99:

15 Estimated Costs of Metritis No withhold for milk Milk fed to calves Milk discarded Culling losses (by 60 DIM) ($71) Production losses ($77) Reproductive losses ($98) Treatment losses ($83) ($58) ($108) Total cost of metritis, $/case ($329) ($304) ($354) Overton and Fetrow (2008) Proc. DCRC pp

16 What Management and Technologies Should I Invest my Money in the Transition Period? Manipulations that increase yields of milk and milk components Manipulations that reduce morbidity Manipulations that improve survival Manipulations that improve reproduction Many, if not all of those are inter-related and cannot be isolated

17 Gartner Life Cycle or Hype Cycle of Technology

18 Daily risk of blood ica 1 mm, % Daily risk of plasma tca 2 mm, % 80.0 P < PCH Impact of Acidogenic Diets Prepartum on Daily Risk of Subclinical Hypocalcemia P < 0.02 P < P = P < 0.05 P < 0.05 PCA NCH NCA Martinez et al. (2018) J. Dairy Sci. 101: Day relative to calving

19 Risk of retained placenta, % Risk of metritis, % Prepartum DCAD and Uterine Diseases in Dairy Cows 0.40 Nulliparous 0.60 Nulliparous 0.35 Parous 0.50 Parous DCAD, meq/kg Effect of DCAD: P < DCAD, meq/kg Santos et al. (2018) J. Dairy Sci. 101: submitted

20 Prepartum DCAD and Health of Dairy Cows Impact of reducing the DCAD from +200 to -100 meq/kg on estimated incidence of diseases in Holstein cows according to parity group Nulliparous Parous P-value 1 Item (% ± SEM) Means (Exp.) DCAD DCAD x parity Milk fever, parous cow Retained placenta Metritis Mastitis Displaced abomasum Cases per cow, n ± SEM 99 (35) ± ± 0.9 < NE 3 73 (22) 12.7 ± ± ± ± (12) 34.4 ± ± ± ± (14) 8.9 ± ± ± ± (14) 6.7 ± ± ± ± (35) 0.34 ± ± ± ± 0.04 < Data from 42 experiments in which the prepartum dietary mineral content was manipulated. 1 DCAD = linear effect of altering the DCAD; DCAD x parity = interaction between the linear effect of altering the DCAD and parity. 2 Number of treatment means and number of experiments (Exp.) that contributed with data for the analyses. 3 Non-estimable because of no incidence in nulliparous cows. Santos et al. (2018) J. Dairy Sci. 101: submitted

21 Milk yield, kg/d FCM yield, kg/d Prepartum DCAD and Production of Dairy Cows Nulliparous Parous Nulliparous Parous DCAD, meq/kg DCAD x parity: P < DCAD, meq/kg Santos et al. (2018) J. Dairy Sci. 101: submitted

22 Urine ph Risk of milk fever in parous cows Prepartum DCAD, Urine ph and Milk Fever in Dairy Cows A B Nulliparous Parous DCAD, meq/kg Effect of DCAD: P < Urine ph Santos et al. (2018) J. Dairy Sci. 101: submitted

23 Lowest ica postpartum, mm Diet DCAD and Lowest ica in the first 2 DIM (0 to 2 DIM) , ,40 1,30 1,20 1,10 1,00 0,90 0,80 0,70 0,60 0, Prepartum DCAD, meq/kg Santos et al. (2016) FL Ruminant Nutrition Symposium

24 Supplemental Vitamin D Prepartum Vitamin D 3 Inactive 25(OH)D 3 Low [ica] 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 Active Calcium Mobilization Calcium Absorption Calcium Retention Bone Small intestine Kidney

25 Vitamin D 3, ng/ml Supplemental Vitamin D Prepartum A PCH PCA NCH NCA 25D 3 Vit D 3 Liver Blood Toll-like receptor 25D 3 1,25D 3 CYP27B1 15 Vitamin D receptor 10 1,25D 3 Vitamin D receptor Nitric Oxide β-defensins 50 1a-OHase mrna hydroxyvitamin D 3, ng/ml Rodney et al. (2018) J. Dairy Sci. 101: Macrophage RANTES Fold Difference P < Control Infected Nelson et al. (2010) PLoS One 5(11):e15469

26 Supplemental Vitamin D Prepartum Effect of dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) and source of vitamin D (VitD) fed prepartum 1 on postpartum diseases Positive DCAD Negative DCAD P-value Disease Incidence, % (n/n) CH CA CH CA DCAD VitD DCAD x VitD Retained placenta 16.5 (13/79) <0.01 NE 3 Milk fever 11.4 (9/79) < NE SCH tca 2.0 mm 39.3 (31/79) Metritis 34.6 (27/78) Mastitis 12.8 (10/78) Morbidity 45.6 (36/79) Multiple diseases 26.6 (21/79) Cows at 252 d of gestation were fed diets with either positive (+130 meq/kg) or negative (-130 meq/kg) DCAD and containing either 3 mg of cholecalciferol (CH) or 3 mg of calcidiol (CA). Martinez et al. (2018) J. Dairy Sci. 101:

27 BHBA > 1.2 mm, % cows It takes 2 days of low intake for fatty liver to develop Fatty Liver and Ketosis Day postpartum McArt et al. (2012) J. Dairy Sci. 95:

28 Effect of Rumen-Protected Choline on Clinical Ketosis and Fatty Liver 30 P = Control Treatment RPC Control RPC P = 0.01 P = 0.05 Ketonuria Clinical Relapses DM, % 54.7 ± ± Glycogen As is, % 0.94 ± ± DM, % 2.01 ± ± Triacyglycerol As is, % 5.86 ± ± DM, % ± ± Hepatic lipidosis 1, % 40.0 (10/25) 14.3 (3/21) 0.05 Lima et al. (2012) The Veterinary Journal 193:

29 Liver TAG, % DM Liver TAG in Response to Amount of Choline Fed to Dry Cows Linear: P < , ,5 30 Amount of choline fed as RPC, g/d Zenobi et al. (2018) J. Dairy Sci. 101: accepted

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31 Fat challenge Materials and Methods Ad libitum intake 1 d 5 d Feed intake was restricted to 31% of NE requirement 14 d Intensive bleeding Source: Kvidera et al., 2017 Source: Kvidera et al., 2017 To indirectly asses gut absorption Hypothesis Choline supplementation will increase plasma triacylglycerol concentration Zenobi et al. (2018) J. Dairy Sci. 101: accepted

32 Choline supplementation increased concentration of plasma TAG by 21% 454 g of fat Effect of choline: P = 0.01 Zenobi et al. (2018) J. Dairy Sci. 101: accepted

33 Milk or FCM change, kg/d Change in yield milk of FCM due to choline supplementation during the transition period * * * Mean increase of 2.0 kg/d * * * * choline effect, P < 0.10 * * * * 0-1 Reference

34 Study Monensin and Ketosis Risk ratio (95% CI) % Weight Wilson_A (1992) 0.98 (0.06,15.07) 0.4 Wilson_B (1992) 0.32 (0.01,7.58) 0.6 Beckett (1998) 0.96 (0.06,15.29) 0.4 Duffield (1998) 0.50 (0.17,1.46) 3.9 Vallimont_A (2001) 0.65 (0.18,2.38) 1.7 Vallimont_B (2001) 0.36 (0.04,3.03) 1.1 Duffield (2002) 0.64 (0.31,1.30) 7.5 Green_A (2004) 0.74 (0.48,1.15) 15.9 Green_B (2004) 0.71 (0.45,1.10) 15.8 Green_C (2004) 0.86 (0.56,1.30) 15.8 Green_D (2004) 0.45 (0.24,0.86) 10.6 Green_E (2004) 1.13 (0.70,1.82) 10.4 Green_F (2004) 0.80 (0.48,1.35) 10.8 Zahra_A (2006) 0.36 (0.08,1.67) 2.3 Zahra_B (2006) 0.96 (0.30,3.07) 2.0 Petersson-Wolfe_A (2007) 2.00 (0.19,21.28) 0.4 Petersson-Wolfe_B (2007) 1.96 (0.18,20.83) 0.4 Overall (95% CI) MH Relative Risk = 0.75 (0.63, 0.75 (0.63,0.90) 0.90) Risk ratio Duffield et al. (2008) J. Dairy Sci. 91:

35 ECM change, kg/d Prepartum Caloric Density and Postpartum Performance 7,5 Maintenance - Excess 5,0 2,5 3,6 1,4 0,0-2,5-5,0-7, ,1-0,5-3,9-10,0-12,5-9,3 Kunz, 1985 Winkelman et al., 2008 Janovick et al., 2010 Graugnard et al., 2012 Mann et al., 2015 Boisclair et al., 1985 Ji et al., 2012 Richards' Thesis 2011

36 Milk yield, kg/d Fat-corrected milk yield, kg/d Prepartum Protein and Postpartum Performance Nulliparous Parous Nulliparous Parous Diet CP, % Diet CP, % Effect of CP: P = 0.13 CP x parity: P = 0.47 Effect of CP: P = 0.69 CP x parity: P = 0.22 Santos et al. (2018) Abstr.

37 Should FA Be Supplemented to Diets Fed to Transition Cows? Depends who you ask this question!! Traditional wisdom (sometimes also called Dogma) Prepartum and early lactation cows are in NEBal Intense lipolysis and increased [NEFA] Lock and de Souza (2018)

38 Effect of Supplemental FA in Early Lactation Con = control, no FA supplementation FA supplemented at 1.5% of diet DM with different ratios of C16:0 to C18:1 Diets fed from 1 to 3 weeks postpartum de Souza et al. (2017) unpublished results

39 Immune Responses to Differential FA Feeding Diets supplemented with 1.5% Ca soaps PO = palm oil (mostly saturated and monounsaturated FA) SO = safflower oil (~ 60% C18:2 n6 ) Silvestre et al. (2011) J. Dairy Sci. 94 :

40 Fat Feeding and Postpartum Uterine Health C18:2 n6 in Supplemental Fat Low High P Reference % (number of cows) Retained placenta 6.5 (246) 6.7 (255) 0.96 Juchem et al. (2010) 9.8 (579) 10.4 (588) NS Silvestre et al. (2011) Metritis 22.3 (246) 24.4 (255) 0.68 Juchem et al. (2010) 16.8 (579) 18.0 (588) NS Silvestre et al. (2011) Puerperal metritis 15.5 (246) 8.8 (255) 0.08 Juchem et al. (2010) Periparturient problem* 42.9 (35) 8.3 (12) 0.05 Cullens et al. (2004) * Includes retained placenta, metritis and mastitis Santos et al. Reprod Dom Anim 43: (2008)

41 Nutrition Management of Dry Cows Dry Cows: Assure feed available at all times Minimize competition in the feedbunk Diets should be designed to meet nutrient needs and avoid body fat gain High forage and fiber diets (70% forage and 50% NDF) Supply ~ 15 to 18 Mcal of NE L, 12 to 13% CP, and 800 to 900 g of metabolizable protein Cows will typically consume 12 to 13 kg of DM/day (1.7 to 1.8% of BW) Prepartum: Diets should be designed to meet the nutrient needs and prevent postparturient diseases High forage and moderate fiber diets (60 to 70% forage and 42 to 45% NDF) Cows should consume ~ 15 to 18 Mcal of NE L, 13 to 14% CP and 1,000 to 1,100 g of metabolizable protein per day Low DCAD (-50 to -120 meq/kg) 4 mg of Se and 1,200 IU of vitamin E/day Supplement rumen-protected choline (~ g choline /day) and monensin (~ 300 mg monensin/day) Cows will typically consume 10 to 12 kg of DM/d (1.5 to 1.6% BW)

42 Nutrition Management of Fresh Cows Fresh cows: Diets should promote adequate rumen fill and minimize incidence of metabolic diseases Feed sufficient forage fiber of moderate to long rumen retention time (21 to 25% forage NDF) Feed moderately fermentable grains or, if highly fermentable grains are fed, then reduce the total starch content (< 25% starch of the total DM) Feed moderate amounts of total dietary fat (~ 4 to 4.5% EE or 3 to 3.5% fatty acids) Moderate to high protein content (17 to 18% CP) and balanced for limiting amino acids to account for the low DM intake Incorporate 15 g/d of choline as RPC Supplement diet with 24 ppm of monensin Change to a high cow diet at the 3 rd to 4 th week in lactation

43 Thank you