Obtendo Sucesso no Periodo de Transição em 10 Passos

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1 Obtendo Sucesso no Periodo de Transição em 10 Passos Então, o que queremos desta vaca? Felipe Cardoso, DVM, MS, PhD Dairy Research and Extension cardoso2@illinois.edu How should we feed and manage dry and transition cows to: 1) minimize health disorders, 2) maximize production and reproduction Transition Period Usually identified as the 3 weeks prior to and the 3 weeks following parturition (Drackley, 1999; Grummer, 1995). Transition Period Typical Gestation-Lactation Cycle for Dairy Cattle Periparturient Period Parturition Lactation Reproduction Body stores used for milk production DMI, Energy Balance Body stores regained for next lactation Dry period Mammary Involution/ Regeneration Dry Period Transition period Gestating, non-lactating state non-pregnant, lactating Gestating, lactating state Month

2 Transition Period Challenging period with most infectious diseases and metabolic disorders occurring during this time (Drackley, 1999; Grummer, 1995). Adapted from Dr. Wallace, 2016, Zoetis Animal Health Os 10 passos 1. Consumo de matéra seca (DMI) Typical Gestation-Lactation Cycle for Dairy Cattle Body stores used for milk production DMI, Energy Balance Body stores regained for next lactation Dry period Mammary Involution/ Regeneration Cows fed even moderate-energy diets during the dry period easily over-consume energy relative to requirements 156% of NEL reqt. Diets ~1.50 Mcal NEL per kg 81% of NEL reqt Month Douglas et al., 2006

3 Common problems in management Balance of factors that influence DMI Sorting (improper processing, mixing, or DM content) Dietary composition too different from pre- to postpartum (e.g., starch, silage vs. hay) Inadequate access to feed (overcrowding, no push-up, not enough fed) Limited water availability Failure to adjust for changing DM% of feeds Moldy or poor-quality ingredients McClymont, 1967 Guidelines for MAX DMI 1. Forage quality > 0.60 mcal of NEl/lb DM (1.32 mcal NEl/kg) 2. Ration ADF from 19% to 21% 3. Ration NDF from 28% to 33% 4. Forage NDF intake to 0.9% of BW 5. Non-fiber CHO range from 33% to 38% of total DM 6. Feed TMR with 2% to 4% weight back 7. Limit fat and oil to < 6% 8. Feed in front of cows > 20 h / day 9. Increase feeding frequency if results in > 2 lbs. DMI 10. >40% rumen fermentable carbs (NSC: sol fiber + sugar + starch) BW: 1500 lbs. Dry Matter Intake Calculations Milk: 85 lbs. Milk fat: 3.5% 1 lb DMI = 2 lb milk (Jersey) or 2 ½ lb milk (Holstein) DMI = (0.018 X BW) + (0.3 X lb 4% FCM)= (27) + (0.3 X 78.55) = 50.5 lbs. lb 4%FCM = (0.4 X lb milk) + (lb fat X 15)= (34) + (2.97 X 15) = lbs. lb of fat = lb milk X % milk fat = (85 X 3.5%)= 2.97 lbs. 13 lbs. Rule for HOL/BS 10 lbs. Rule for JER/GUE 2 lbs. X DMI =potential lbs. 4% FCM Consumo de Matéria Seca Standard Deviation % SD 1 SD Lot 1 Lot 3 98% SD 2 SD /17/13 03/27/13 04/06/13 04/16/13 04/26/13 05/06/13 05/16/13 05/26/13 06/05/13 Pineda et al., unpublished

4 Consumo de Matéria Seca (vaca/dia) Close up (3 semanas antes do parto) 2. Body Condition Score (BCS) < 10 kg MS 10 a 15 kg MS > 15 kg MS Escolha um lado Changes in body condition score in cows fed to be fat or thin at calving 5.0 Body condition score Fat Thin Weeks relative to calving *Thin cows had greater DMI and milk production Redrawn from Garnsworthy, 1990 BCS at calving for neutral BCS change over the first weeks of lactation was greater in older studies studies Calving-to-pregnancy interval for cows that gained, maintained, or lost BCS between calving and 21 d postpartum studies Redrawn from Garnsworthy, 1990 Carvalho et al., 2014

5 3. Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) Adipose Tissue Healthy well-fed cow Liver NE, Epi NEFA Insulin NEFA NEFA TG Feed intake CO 2 Propionate Mitochondria Milk Fat Glucose TG Mammary Gland VLDL TG Adapted from Drackley, 1999 Adipose Tissue Cow in negative energy balance Liver Liver lipid infiltration NE, Epi NEFA Insulin NEFA NEFA Fatty Liver TG CO 2 Mitochondria Healthy Liver Feed intake Mammary Gland Milk Fat Propionate VLDL Ketone Bodies Glucose TG Amino acids, glycerol TG -10 days 4.0% lipids 7 days 15.1% lipids Adapted from Drackley, 1999 Ketosis incidence observed and measured Location # of cows Milk, lbs/d Ketosis observed, % Ketosis measured*, % NY NY WI WI Ketosis Diagnosis Milk 83% Se, 82% Sp ($2.50) Urine 80% Se, 95% Sp ($0.20) Small (15 mg/dl) or greater to be ketosis Blood >90% Se, >95% Sp ($1.50) > 1.2 mmol/l (12.4 mg/dl) to be ketosis Summer 2010, overall measured ketosis = 46% * Cows with BHBA > 12.4 mg/dl in at least one test (Precision Xtra meter) Each cow 6 times, from 3-16 DIM Highest incidence at 5 DIM Oetzel, 2012: Hoards Dairyman webinar series, Feb

6 Cow-side BHBA meter Ketosis incidence observed and measured Location # of cows Milk, lbs/d Ketosis observed, % Ketosis measured*, % NY NY mmol/l(x10.3)= 12.4 mg/dl WI WI Summer 2010, overall measured ketosis = 46% * Cows with BHBA > 12.4 mg/dl in at least one test (Precision Xtra meter) Each cow 6 times, from 3-16 DIM Highest incidence at 5 DIM Oetzel, 2012: Hoards Dairyman webinar series, Feb Herd-level impacts of elevated NEFA/BHBA Metabolite level PRE-Partum NEFA 0.3 meq/l POST-Partum NEFA 0.6 a 0.7 b meq/l BHBA 10 a 12 b mg/dl *15% of 15 = 2-3 animals Herd Alarm 15% 15% 15% *20% Associated with: +3.6% Disease incidence -1.2% Pregnancy rate 75% -529 lbs ME305 milk (both heifers and cows) +1.7% Disease incidence b -0.9% Pregnancy rate a Heifers: -640 lbs ME305 milk Cows: -1,272 lbs ME305 milk +1.8% Disease incidence b -0.8% Pregnancy rate b Heifers: -1,179 lbs ME305 milk* Cows: -732 lbs ME305 milk a 65% 40% 4. Urine ph Ospina et al., 2010 a b Physiology of Hypocalcemia Milk fever - Parturient hypocalcemia - Downer cow - Hypocalcemia Physiology of Hypocalcemia Start of lactation challenges Ca homeostasis Colostrum and milk are very high in Ca Cows must draw on bone Ca to survive Negative Ca balance continues for up to about 4 months into lactation Cows can easily go back into negative Ca balance during lactation

7 9.0 MOST COWS 8.0 EXPERIENCE A DROP IN BLOOD Ca 5.0 AROUND CALVING 4.0 Plasma total Ca, mg/dl 10.0 Plasma Ca Around Calving Fresh cows with (n=8) or without (n=19) milk fever Cows with MF Cows without MF Days relative to calving Kimura et al., J. Dairy Sci. 89:2588, 2006 Subclinical Hypocalcemia Incidence of subclinical hypocalcemia is high >50% of 2+ lactation cows are affected, even using anionic salts Hard to manage through diet alone Effects of Subclinical Hypocalcemia Subclinical hypocalcemia was associated with: increased risk for metritis (3.2X) increased risk for post-partum fever (2.4X) increased post-fresh BHBA (1.0 vs. 0.7 mmol/l) longer median days open (124 vs. 109 days) Identified immune suppression associated with hypocalcemia reduced neutrophil concentration reduced percentage of neutrophils undergoing phagocytosis and oxidative bursts Martinez et al., 2012 Dietary Acidification Target -5 meq/100g or -50 meq/kg DM Formulas (most common) Cation: meq Na + meq K Anion: meq Cl + meq S Chloride products are stronger acidifiers Add magnesium to raise the levels up to 0.4 percent (with or without anionic products) Check urine ph Holsteins (6.0 to 6.8) (5.5???) Jersey (5.5 to 6.0) Dietary Acidification SoyChlor, BioChlor, and Aminate (2 nd generation); avoid ammonium salts 100 grams of calcium (20+ g inorganic) Not needed for heifers Test feeds for sodium, potassium, chlorine, and sulfur (wet chemistry)

8 Dietary Acidification Feed an anionic based ration (0 to -50 meq/kg) Wu et al., Comfort: Activity BHBA week 1 and activity DA and activity 120 Ketosis diag. Every 10 steps increased at week 1 OR (P <0.05) Activity Steps/hr Activity Steps/hr Days relative to calving HIGH Acivity (steps/hr) of cows classified at week 1 LOW postpartum as High (BHBA 12 mg/dl) or Low (BHBA 12 mg/dl) Days relative to calving HEALTHY DA Activity (steps/hr) of cows diagnosed with displaced abomasum (DA) and Healthy cows matched by parity and milk production. Multiparous Holstein cows being represented. Median time to DA was 9 days in milk. Cardoso et al, unpublished Cardoso et al, unpublished

9 6. Comfort: Hock score > 95% <5% 7. Fecal score Manure Facts (630 kg cow) Amount: 148 pounds, 67 kg, 2.4 cu ft, or 9.7 gal Moisture: 88 % Density: 62 pounds per cu ft Nutrient content: 0.82 lb of nitrogen 0.42 lb of P2O5 (44% elemental P) 0,48 lb of K2O (83% elemental K) Manure with score 1 is very liquid of pea soup consistency, showing no rings or dimples and may have bubbles of gas. It indicates that the ration may have too much protein and/or starch or excessive minerals or low fiber levels. Score 2 manure, at right, doesn t pile and is runny, less than 1 deep with an appearance of rings. It also reflects too much protein and starch, excessive minerals, low fiber levels and/or cattle grazed lush pasture.

10 Manure with a score 3 is of porridge consistency, stands 1½ high and shows four to six concentric rings and/or dimples. It also shows the ration is balanced with an optimal rate of feed passage. Score 4 manure is thick, doesn t stick to shoes and shows no rings or dimples. It reflects a lack of degradable protein, excess fiber and/or low starch. Nutrition Opportunities S.A.R.A Indications Loose manure scores Average: 2.09 Inverted milk fat and protein Reduce NFC in ration Suggestions Reduce sorting Increase particle size >40% 3 rd Penn State Box Ideal: <30% Manure Score Number of Cows Score 5 manure is in firm balls and stacks 2 4 high. It indicates dehydration, a lack of degradable protein, excess fiber and low starch Number of cows culled before 60 DIM 8. Number of cows culled before 60 DIM <8%

11 9. The right diet Diets Ingredients Dry Period Ingredient, % DM CE HE Lactation Alfalfa hay Alfalfa silage Corn silage Wheat straw Cottonseed Concentrate MIX Water 0.01 Composition of control energy and high energy diet in dry matter basis. Control Energy High Energy Mean SD Mean SD DM, % CP, % ADF, % NDF, % Lignin, % NFC, % TDN, % NEL, Mcal/kg Pineda et al., unpublished Dietary recommendations: NEL: Control energy intake at 14 to 16 Mcal daily (diet ~ 1.30 Mcal/kg DM) for mature cows Crude protein: 12 14% of DM Metabolizable protein (MP): > 1000 g/d Starch content: 12 to 16% of DM NDF from forage: 40 to 50% of total DM or 4.5 to 5 kg per head daily (~ % of BW). Target the high end of the range if more higher-energy fiber sources (like grass hay or low-quality alfalfa) are used, and the low end of the range if straw is used (2-5kg). Total ration DM content: <55% (add water if necessary) 10. Efficiency (tools) Minerals and vitamins: follow guidelines (For close-ups, target values are 0.40% magnesium (minimum), % sulfur, potassium as low as possible, a DCAD of near zero or negative, 0.27% phosphorus, and at least 1,500 IU of vitamin E)

12 EFICIÊNCIA In general, efficiency is a measurable concept, quantitatively determined by the ratio of OUTput to INput. not eficácia Feed Efficiency or Dairy Efficiency (DE) Lb of milk per lb of DMI Lb of FCM per lb of DMI Lb of ECM per lb of DMI Lb of ECM per lb DMI per lactation Lb of ECM per lb DMI over lifetime Lb of milk solids per acre (ha) Lb of milk solids per lb of NE of DMI Lb of milk nitrogen per lb of nitrogen consumed Lb of milk solids per unit of carbon dioxide output $ of ECM per $ of DMI Residual feed intake (RFI; negative is better) University of Illinois Guidelines for DE Group Days in Milk DE (FCM/DMI) High Group, mature cows < 90 > 1.7 High Group, 1st Lactation < 90 > 1.6 Low Group > 200 > 1.3 One group TMR herds 150 to 225 > 1.5 Fresh cows < 21 < 1.5 Problem herds/groups 150 to 200 < 1.3 On-line Platform Dairy Focus Toolbox

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