Cost Effective Zinc Nutrition Scott Johnson UC Pomology Specialist Kearney Ag Center

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1 Cost Effective Zinc Nutrition Scott Johnson UC Pomology Specialist Kearney Ag Center

2 Hiawatha Nemaguard

3 Peach Rootstocks and Zn Uptake December 2006 Shoot Zn 100 a Shoot Zn (ppm) b 20 c c 0 Nemaguard Controller 5 Controller 9 Hiawatha

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5 Applying Root Bags with Sulfur, Urea and Zinc Sulfate to the Planting Hole in Spring a 20 b b a July Leaf Zn (ppm) 15 Site Control 150 g Zn Sulfate

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10 Granular ZnO + Sulfur Material Added to Planting Hole of Peach (1.25 lbs/tree) July Leaf Zn (ppm) b Control Treatment a Granular ZnO + S

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12 July Leaf Zn (ppm) Granular ZnO + Sulfur Material Added to Planting Hole of Peach (1.25 lbs/tree) b b a a 0 Control Treatment Granular ZnO + S

13 Granular ZnO + Sulfur Added to Planting Hole of Zee Fire Nectarine January 2009 July 2009 Leaf Zn (ppm) c b b a / 4 # 1 / 2 # 1# Granular ZnO + S

14 Zinc Materials Added to Planting Hole of Friar / Nemaguard Plums February 2009 July 2009 Leaf Zn (ppm) a b bc cd cd d d d UTC 1 / 2 # 1# 1 / 4 # 1 / # / 2 # 1# / 8 # Granular ZnO + S ZnO ZnSO 4

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17 Zinc Materials Added to Planting Hole of Friar / Nemaguard Plums February 2009 July 2009 Leaf Zn (ppm) a b bc cd cd d d d UTC 1 / 2 # 1# 1 / 4 # 1 / # / 2 # 1# / 8 # Granular ZnO + S ZnO ZnSO 4

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19 Nutrient Elements in Stone Fruit Level in leaves PEACHES AND NECTARINES PLUMS Deficient below Optimum range Toxic over Deficient below Optimum range Toxic over N P K Ca Mg Cl S % % Over 1.2 Over 1.0 Over 0.25 % 0.3 p p m % % Over 1.1 Over 1.0 Over 0.25 % 0.3 Fe Mn Zn B Cu Mo Over 60 Over 20 Over Over Over 20 Over Over 4 80

20 Orchard Survey Zinc Number of Orchards More July Leaf Zn (ppm)

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22 Zinc in Dormant Shoots (ppm) Deficient Sufficient High

23 Orchard Survey Zinc Number of Orchards January Shoot Zn (ppm)

24 Zinc Materials Basic Chemicals Zn sulfate Zn oxide Zn carbonate Zn chloride Zn oxysulfate Zn nitrate Chelates & Complexes EDTA Lignosulfonate Amino acid Sugar Citric acid Fulvic acid, humic acid

25 Cost of Zinc Materials October 2007 Zn Metalosate 6.8% Zn Fulvic 10% N Zn 5% Zn Leonardite 6.5% Zn EDTA 9% Zn LignoSulfonate 7% ZnO Suspension 40% Neutral Zn 52% Zn Sulfate 36% Zn Oxide 80% $1.15 $9.15 $7.55 $4.12 $2.22 $17.01 $16.51 $15.19 $12.88 $

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27 Leaf & Fruit Damage on Peach, Plum and Apricot Trees Sprayed in April with Different Formulations of Zn at 1,000 ppm Nitrate EDTA A.A. Complex Lignosulfonate Sulfate Fulvic Neutral 52% Control Fruit damage Leaf damage Damage Rating

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31 Comparing Zinc Formulations Ranking Formulation Anion Size Solubility (g/100 H 2 O) Phytotoxicity Most Effective Zinc Chloride High (58*) Almost As Good Next Best Less Effective Least Effective Zinc Nitrate High (54) Zinc Nitrate Mix 62 & High (59) Zinc Sulfate Moderate (12) Zinc Carbohydrate 96 &? High Moderate Zinc Polyamine 96 & High Moderate Zinc Glycine 96 & 75 Moderate (15) Zinc EDTA 292 High Low Zinc Leonardite High Low Zinc Oxysulfate 16 & None Zinc Phosphite 79? Low (17) Zinc Oxide Suspension 16 Insoluble None

32 Zinc Materials Zinc Nitrate Mixes Not cheap Very soluble Very phytotoxic Not used much 4 to 7% zinc

33 Comparing Zinc Formulations Ranking Formulation Anion Size Solubility (g/100 H 2 O) Phytotoxicity Most Effective Zinc Chloride High (58*) Almost As Good Next Best Less Effective Least Effective Zinc Nitrate High (54) Zinc Nitrate Mix 62 & High (59) Zinc Sulfate Moderate (12) Zinc Carbohydrate 96 &? High Moderate Zinc Polyamine 96 & High Moderate Zinc Glycine 96 & 75 Moderate (15) Zinc EDTA 292 High Low Zinc Leonardite High Low Zinc Oxysulfate 16 & None Zinc Phosphite 79? Low (17) Zinc Oxide Suspension 16 Insoluble None

34 Zinc Materials Zinc Sulfate Inexpensive Very soluble Widely used Considered to be effective Can be phytotoxic

35 Strategies with Zinc Sulfate (Timing, Rate, etc) 1. Spring Phytotoxicity concerns 2. All Season Low rate 3. Fall or Dormant

36 Fruit Damage from Zinc Sprays

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39 Strategies with Zinc Sulfate (Timing, Rate, etc) 1. Spring Phytotoxicity concerns Zn Oxide or Neutral Zn? 2. All Season Low rate 3. Fall or Dormant

40 Strategies with Zinc Sulfate (Timing, Rate, etc) 1. Spring Phytotoxicity concerns Zn Oxide or Neutral Zn? 2. All Season Low rate Efficiency? 3. Fall or Dormant

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43 Strategies with Zinc Sulfate (Timing, Rate, etc) 1. Spring Phytotoxicity concerns Zn Oxide or Neutral Zn? 2. All Season Low rate Efficiency? 3. Fall or Dormant Early fall better than late fall Use rate that doesn t defoliate quickly

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48 Nursery Trees in Pots Application to Dormant Shoots 68 ZnSO 4 vs. 68 ZnO % of Applied Taken Up 3 a 2 b % Uptake 1 c c 0 d UTC 68 ZnSO 4 68 ZnO Treatment November January

49 Strategies with Zinc Sulfate (Timing, Rate, etc) 1. Spring Phytotoxicity concerns Zn Oxide or Neutral Zn? 2. All Season Low rate Efficiency? 3. Fall or Dormant Early fall better than late fall Use rate that doesn t defoliate quickly Fall better than dormant