Importance of Animal-Source Foods: Nutrition and Developmental Health of Children and Pregnant and Lactating Women

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1 Importance of Animal-Source Foods: Nutrition and Developmental Health of Children and Pregnant and Lactating Women Photo Credit Goes Here Gbola Adesogan Professor and Director Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems, University of Florida

2 Outline 1. Undernutrition and malnutrition 2. Important nutrients in animal-source foods (ASF) 3. ASF vs. single nutrient supplements 4. Livestock ownership/ consumption, diet diversity and nutrient adequacy 5. The global growing demand for animal products 6. Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems

3 Impacts and costs of undernutrition 45% child deaths due to undernutrition WHO 2011, Black et al. 2013; Ianotti et al., 2016 (FAO)

4 Stunting Best summary measure of chronic malnutrition (Semba, 2016) Worldwide, 25% of children are stunted, 15% are underweight, 8% are wasted Stunting causes decreased survival, impaired cognitive and motor development, reduced economic productivity, and higher adult poverty Can begin during pregnancy; causes nearly irreversible brain damage by age 2 (World Food Program) Pathogenesis poorly understood but associated with malnutrition and infections (de Onis et al., 2013; Black et al., 2013, UNICEF/WHO/World Bank, 2015; Semba et al., 2016).

5 Global prevalence of stunting Childhood malnutrition costs 20 to 30 $billion (Horton and Ross. Food Policy. 2003; 28: R Martorell et al. J. Nutrition. 2010; 140: (Adapted from Ianotti, 2014)

6 Important quotes Malnourished children are lost to the country!!! Issa Martin, Bikienga, Former Minister of Agriculture, Burkina Faso. Stunting in the first 1000 days condemns children to a life time of underachievement and underperformance!!! - Roger Thurrow. Former Wall Street Journal Foreign Correspondent Stunting in the first 1000 days is associated with nearly irreversible brain damage!!! - Senior nutritionist, World Food Program. Some animal-source food consumption is needed for the growth and cognitive development in children and infants Catherine Woteki, USDA Undersecretary for Agriculture

7 Johns Hopkins Malawi Study Hypothesized that amino acid deficiency is a key cause of stunting. Took blood samples of 313 Malawian children Stunting in Malawian children 38% Stunted Not stunted 62% Photo credit: Heifer International (Semba et al., 2016; Ebiomedicine)

8 Stunted children had less of important metabolites Stunted children had significantly lower concentrations of: All 9 essential AA, which are best sourced from ASF citrulline 6 sphingomyelins 14 phosphatidylcholines (Semba et al., 2016; Ebiomedicine)

9 μg RAE per 100g μg per 100g % % Protein value and vitamin concentrations in animal and plant source foods Biological value of protein Meat Milk Eggs Rice Beans Corn Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores Meat Milk Egg Rice Beans Corn Pot 72 (Michaelsen et al. 2009) Vitamin A Vitamin B Meat Milk Eggs Rice Beans Corn Potato USDA, ARS Meat Milk Eggs Beans Corn Potato Dror and Allen (2011) and Neumann et al. (2002) & USDA, ARS

10 Vitamin B12 in breast milk of women relative to that representing adequate Intake (AI) (Allen, 2016) Recent Kenyan study (Williams et al. 2016) 286 women 1-6 months postpartum 60% had less vitamin B12 than recommended level 89% had less B12 than recommended levels

11 mcg/100gm Iodine concentrations of animal and plant source foods Pork Roast Beef Chicken Milk Eggs Rice Beans Corn Potatos Pennington et al. Young et al., 1995;

12 mg per 100g mg per 100g Zinc and iron concentrations of animal and plant source foods Zinc Iron Meat Milk Eggs Rice Beans Corn Potato Meat Milk Eggs Rice Beans Corn Potato USDA, ARS USDA, ARS Many plant foods have higher zinc and iron levels but they are bound to phytate and fiber and therefore less available

13 Importance of iron Iron deficiency is among the most prevalent global nutritional problems (affects billion; about 50% of women worldwide (Yip, 2002; Beard, 2001) Important for motor development and neurological functioning including learning and memory (Beard, 2003) Iron deficiency in infants can irreversibly affect neural development and behavior (Beard, 2003) Cognitive function altered in iron-deficient adolescent girls; iron supplementation improved verbal learning and memory (Bruner et al. 1996)

14 Maternal prenatal iron intake (purple) correlates with fetal brain tissue organization Credit: Bradley Peterson, MD, (Monk et al., 2015; sciencedaily.com)

15 Quantity of foods a woman requires to meet recommended daily iron intake (18 mg) (Gupta, 2012) Iron absorption from different foods (Neumann et al., 2002) (Dominguez-Salas and Bruyn) Corn alone Corn + meat

16 Animal-source foods: Naturally nutrient-rich and diverse May be more effective /sustainable than single nutrient supplements, food fortification and biofortification of crops UDSA Daily value based on a 2000 calorie intake for adults beefambassador.com ext.vt.edu Egg nutrition roundtable;

17 Brain Food: Clever Eating (Gupta, 2016; Nature) Early human meat eaters developed bigger brains than plant eaters. Iron is crucial for the growth and branching of neurons in the womb; Zinc is found in high concentrations in brain regions for learning and memory; Vitamin B12 maintains the sheaths that protect nerves; Deficiencies in micronutrients in meat linked with brain-related disorders, - low IQ, autism, depression and dementia.

18 Lulun Egg Project, Ecuador (Ianotti, 2016) RCT to test effects of daily egg consumption among children 6-9 mo for six months (n=163) Eggs purchased from small-medium size producers Outcomes: anthropometry, biomarkers of choline, vitamin B 12, lipids and amino acids

19 Effect of eggs on undernutrition (Ianotti, 2016) Effect size 95% CI p value Stunting ( ) Underweight ( ) Wasting ( ) BMI ( ) Adjusted for child age, sex, and baseline

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21 buzzkenya.com/wp-content

22 ASF supplementation effects on children s test scores Adapted from Weldon, 2016 ELANCO

23 Meat group Highest Raven scores Higher Vit. B12 status More physical activity More Arm muscle mass More leadership Higher test scores More playful Milk group Improved growth Higher test scores Higher B12 status Adapted from Demment, 2013

24 Heifer International s gifts to Nepal govt. in late 1950s Passing on the Gifts Photo credit: Heifer international

25 Heifer International s gifts to Nepal women in recent times

26 Benefits of Heifer International livestock gifts (Rwanda and Kenya studies) (Rawlings et al., 2013) Dairy cow recipients consumed a more diverse diet, nearly tripled dairy consumption, and their children had less stunting and underweight Households that receive a goat had nearly double the meat intake of control households and their children had lower underweight and wasting. Benefits of such interventions greater when targeted at women (Jin and Ianotti, 2014) Proper livestock management and messaging on the importance of ASF for childrens nutrition and health is vital for such efforts to succeed (USAID SPRING)

27 beautifulworld.com

28 Global meat consumption in vs. 2050

29 PROJECTED MILK SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN RWANDA OVER 10 YEARS

30 ETHIOPIA ASF PROJECTIONS Figure 1. Production and consumption requirement projections from 2013 to 2028, with and without investment (Source: LMP)

31 Billion people Drivers of increased demand for ASF Urbanization Income growth Population growth 70% more food needed for 9 billion people in 2050 (Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat)

32 Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems Photo credit: Heifer International, Nepal Photo Credit Goes Here

33 Vision To sustainably intensify smallholder livestock systems through innovative research, technology application, and capacity building. To increase animal-sourced food production in order to increase the incomes, livelihoods, nutrition and health of vulnerable people. Photo credit: International Livestock Research Institute

34 Funds and Grants Funding Source Amount (US$) USAID Leader Award $49,000,000 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation $8,000,000

35 FOCAL COUNTRIES West Africa Burkina Faso and Niger East Africa Ethiopia, Rwanda & Uganda South Asia Nepal and Cambodia

36 KG/CAPITA/YEAR Total Meat Consumption per Country FAO 2013, Current Worldwide Annual Meat Consumption per capita, Livestock and Fish Primary Equivalent, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, viewed 31st March, 2013, <

37 KG/CAPITA/YEAR Milk Consumption Per Country Milk Consumption - Excluding Butter (Total) (kg/capita/yr), FAO Statistics Division 2011, viewed 19th May, 2011, <

38 % OF POPULATION Stunting Levels per Country

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40 Target Country Innovation Platform Meetings Livestock Systems Innovation Lab External Advisory Board meeting, March 8, 2016 Dr. Gbola Adesogan Photo Credit Goes Here

41 Nepal grants Title PI Institution Designing and evaluating innovations for development of smallholder female livestock cooperatives in Nepal Conner Mullaly University of Florida Empowerment of village women for detection and control of livestock diseases in Nepal Richard A. Bowen Colorado state university

42 Rwanda grants Enhancing production, quality and consumption of milk for income and improved nutrition in Rwanda Emily Ouma ILRI Assessment and mitigation of aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in animal feeds in Rwanda Milk production practices, udder health and the impact on milk quality, safety and processability in Rwanda Dirk E. Maier Jean Baptiste Ndahetuye Iowa State University Univ. of Rwanda/Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Shisha Wumva Rwanda

43 Ethiopia grants Improving the evidence and policies for better performing livestock systems in Ethiopia Linking Cattle Nutrition to Human Nutrition: A value chain approach to improving the production, handling, and consumption of animal source foods in Ethiopia Bart Minten Jessie L. Vipham IFPRI Kansas State University (KSU) Addressing young stock mortality in smallholder farms and pastoral herds of Ethiopia Woutrina Smith UC Davis

44 Take home messages Almost half of global children s deaths are caused by undernutrition Infant malnutrition can cause long term developmental and neurological problems Animal-source foods should be used to diversify the diets of infants and pregnant and lactating women in resource-poor countries Strategies that increase access, availability, affordability, safety and consumption of ASF are greatly needed

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