* Manuscript received August 25, t Horticultural Research Section, CSIRO, Glen Osmond, South Australia.
|
|
- Rodger Thompson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 SUCROSE BREAKDOWN AND SYNTHESIS IN THE RIPENING GRAPE BERRY* By P. J. HARDyt Sucrse is the majr translcated sugar in the grapevine (Swansn and EIShishiny 1958), but in the berry glucse and fructse tgether make up the bulk f the sugar cntent at all stages f develpment (Kliewer 1965a). The inversin f sucrse t glucse and fructse in ripening berries is suggested by the presence f invertase (Arnld 1965) and by the ccurrence f apprximately equal amunts f glucse and fructse (Kliewer 1965a). During the early stages f berry develpment, glucse and fructse cncentratins are lw, but at the nset f ripening there begins a phase f rapid glucse and fructse accumulatin (Kliewer 1965a). Besides sugar, the ther majr sluble cnstituents f grapes are malate and tartrate. The cncentratins f bth substances increase rapidly in the immature berry, but when ripening cmmences sharp decreases ccur, particularly in the cncentratin f malate (Kliewer 1965b). Sme wrkers believe that malate and tartrate are translcated frm the leaves (Amerine 1956; Peynaud and Maurie 1958) but there is evidence that sme at least f the malate and tartrate is synthesized in the berry (Hale 1962). The mechanisms f the syntheses f malate and tartrate in the berry are nt knwn. In an experiment designed t give infrmatin n the fate f sucrse in the ripening berry, individual excised sultana (cv. Sultanina, Thmpsn Seedless) berries were presented with radiactive sucrse, glucse, r fructse and the distributin f radiactivity in sugars and rganic acids was examined after 7 5 and 24 hr. Each treatment was duplicated. Materials and M etlwds Unifrmly 14C-labelled sucrse (specific activity 22 8 I-'c/I-'mle), glucse (specific activity 87 I-'c/I-'mle), and fructse (specific activity 86 2 I-'c/I-'mle) were btained frm the Radichemical Centre, Amersham, England, and were used withut altering the specific activities. Samples fr cunting were dried n glass planchets and cunted at infinite thinness at 35% efficiency using a thin end-windw gas-flw detectr. A Nuclear Chicag Actigraph III instrument was used, with a 3 mm slit width and set at 1000 cunts/min fr full-scale deflectin. Twelve sultana berries (apprximately 1 1 g fresh weight) were selected frm a bunch f grapes and cut ff leaving a 5-mm length f pedicel attached. 20-mm lengths f Tygn plastic tubing (internal diameter 1 6 mm) were fitted ver the pedicel stumps and 2 I-'c (1 5 X 106 cunts/min) f radiactive sugar in 10 1-'1 distilled water was placed in each tube in cntact with the cut end f the pedicel. The experiment was carried ut at rm temperature. The slutins were cmpletely taken up by the berries in between 1 and 3 hr, after which the plastic tubes were kept full f distilled water. At 7 5 r 24 hr after administratin f the radiactive sugars, the * Manuscript received August 25, t Hrticultural Research Sectin, CSIRO, Glen Osmnd, Suth Australia. Amt. J. Bil. Sci., 1967, 20,
2 466 SHORT OOMMUNICATIONS pedicel stumps were cut ff at the base and the berries placed in biling 80% ethanl. The berries were later extracted in a further fur changes f 5 ml f 80% ethanl fr a ttal f 100 min. The extracts were evaprated dwn t 2 r 3 ml and cleared by centrifugatin. The aqueus extracts were made up t 10 ml with water and 0 5 ml f each was passed dwn a 10 by 1 cm clumn f Dwex 50W, XlO, hydrgen frm, mesh resin t remve basic cmpunds which were afterwards eluted with 100 ml4n NH40H. Recvery frm this resin averaged ±3 15%. The Dwex 50 effluent, cntaining sugars and rganic acids, was chrmatgraphed n Whatman 3MM paper using as slvent the rganic phase f a 24-hr aged mixture f n-butanl-acetic acid-water (4 : 1 : 5 vjv) until the slvent reached the bttm f the paper. An autmatic strip scanner was emplyed t examine the distributin f radiactivity and the psitins f individual cmpunds were lcated by reference t standards. Aliquts f the riginal extracts were used fr determinatin f ttal reducing sugar (Shallenberger and Mres 1957) and ketse (Ashwell 1957). Sucrse TABLE 1 RADIOACTIVITY IN SUGARS AND ORGANIC ACIDS FROM INDIVIDUAL GRAPE BERRIES SUPPLIED WITH [140]SUCROSE, [140]GLUCOSE, OR [140]FRUCTOSE The values fr bth duplicates are given Duratin f Feeding (hr) Radiactivity (10-3 X cunts/min) in Sugars and Organic Acids Berry Supplied Berry Supplied Berry Supplied with 21 C* with 21 C* with 21 c* [140]Sucrse [14O]Glucse [14O]Fructse * 1 5 X 106 cunts/min. determinatins, made after alkaline destructin f fructse (Pntis and Lelir 1962), revealed that the sucrse cncentratin in each berry was less than 0 03 gj100 g fresh weight, and the ketse values were therefre assumed t be due t fructse. Glucse was determined by difference. Results The mean fresh weight f the 12 berries was ±0 1O g. The mean glucse and fructse cncentratins were 3 34±0 32 g and 3 31±0 31 g per 100 g fresh weight, respectively. These values place the berries at the stage f develpment when glucse and fructse cncentratins are increasing rapidly, and when malate and tartrate cncentratins are n the decline (Kliewer 1965a, 1965b). The radiactivity in basic cmpunds (amin acids) frm all berries was small and will nt be discussed further. The ttal radiactivity in sugars and rganic acids fr each berry is shwn in Table 1. At 7 5 hr, the radiactivity in sugars and
3 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 467 rganic acids frm [14C]sucrse-treated berries represented abut tw-thirds f the ttal supplied radiactivity, but in the berries treated with [14C]glucse r [14C]fructse cnsiderably less radiactivity was present at this time, suggesting that sucrse was the least readily metablized f the three. Mre radiactivity was fund in the sugars and rganic acids f [14C]fructse-treated berries at 7 5 hr than f [14C]glucsetreated berries, suggesting that glucse was the mre readily metablized f the tw exgenusly supplied mnsaccharides. Mter 24 hr, decreases had ccurred in the radiactivity islated frm [14C]sucrse- and [14C]fructse-treated berries, especially in the frmer case. N such decrease ccurred in the berries presented with [14C]glucse. In Table 1 it can be seen that there were cnsiderable differences between duplicates in regard t ttal radiactivity islated. The patterns f distributin f radiactivity [Figs. l(a)-l(c)] in the duplicates were, hwever, remarkably unifrm. In all instances radiactivity was fund in malate shwing that this cmpund can be synthesized frm sugar in the berry. Hwever, n radiactivity was detected in tartrate. When either [14C]glucse r [14C]fructse were supplied, bth mnsaccharides became labelled, demnstrating the presence f a mechanism fr the intercnversin f these sugars. Sucrse synthesis ccurred in all berries presented with radiactive mnsaccharides. 7 5 hr after administratin f [14C]sucrse [Fig. l(a)] fructse ws the predminantly labelled mnsaccharide, suggesting that the glucse miety f the exgenusly supplied sucrse was preferentially metablized. When [14C]glucse was supplied, glucse and fructse were fund t be equally labelled at 7 5 hr [Fig. l(b)] but when [14C]fructse was supplied, the extracted mnsaccharides were labelled mainly in fructse at this time [Fig. l(c)]. At 7 5 hr, a smewhat greater prprtin f the radiactivity was fund in malate frm [14C]glucse- than frm [14C]fructse-treated berries. These bservatins suggest that glucse was the mre readily metablized f the tw exgenusly supplied mnsaccharides. In Figures l(a) and l(b) it can be seen that at 7 5 hr after berries were presented with [14C]sucrse r [14C]fructse, the predminantly labelled mnsaccharide was fructse in bth instances. After 24 hr, fructse remained as the predminantly labelled mnsaccharide in berries treated with [14C]fructse, but in the [14C]sucrsetreated berries, glucse and fructse had becme equally labelled. The ttal radiactivity was als reduced t a greater extent between 7 5 and 24 hr in the [14C]sucrsetreated berries. These findings indicate that at 7 5 hr a prprtin f the exgenusly supplied [14C]fructse had penetrated t a site where it culd nt subsequently be metablized r cnverted t glucse, whereas in the [14C]sucrse-treated berries, much f the fructse which had becme labelled at 7 5 hr was later metablized. Discussin The results indicated that exgenusly supplied glucse was mre readily metablized in the berries than was fructse. This culd result frm the preferential phsphrylatin f glucse r the mre rapid penetratin f glucse t metablic sites in the berry. The predminant labelling f fructse 7 5 hr after administratin f [14C]sucrse culd therefre be the result f the preferential utilizatin f glucse
4 7-5 HR / t \ \ 11 (a) Iii \ ""_,.) v. \ ilwl '\ I \ ; I I ",--,/'V L (b) -.JJ"'-- t... '... _L (c)...,... 'I r-jjl_ ---1JL -/, HR J\.. ". t I-+--i f--i G F T M... _..- J\ t-.j f---i G F T M 5 G F T M Fig. I.-Distributin f radiactivity (in duplicate) in sugars and rganic acids frm individual grape berries 7 5 r 24 hr after administratin f [l4c]sucrse (a), [14C]glucse (b), r [14C]fructse (c). 0, rigin; S, G, F, T, M: psitins f sucrse, glucse, fructse, tartaric acid, and malic acid, respectively.... 0;, 00 rn p;j.., H Z rn I i
5 SHORT OOMMUNICATIONS 469 fllwing inversin f sucrse. The synthesis f sucrse frm exgenusly supplied mnsaccharides, hwever, indicates the activity f ne r bth f the tw sucrse (r sucrse phsphate) synthesizing enzymes knwn t ccur in plants: UDPglucsefructse transglycsylase r UDPglucse-fructse-6-phsphate transglycsylase (UDP = uridine diphsphate). The frmer enzyme catalyses a freely reversible reactin (Cardini, Lelir, and Chiribga 1955): UDPglucse+fructse UDP+sucrse, and it culd cnceivably participate in sucrse breakdwn prvided that UDPglucse can be utilized. This reactin culd therefre accunt fr the predminant labelling f fructse n administratin f [14C]sucrse [Fig. l(a)]. The results f the present wrk prbably apply nly t sultana berries at the stage f rapid sugar accumulatin: at earlier stages f develpment, the cncentratin f glucse may be up t five times that f fructse (Kliewer 1965a). When 14C02 was presented t the leaves f sultana vines bearing clusters f immature grapes, the mnsaccharides afterwards extracted frm the berries were fund t be labelled predminantly in glucse (Kliewer 1964). These results suggest that the changes in sugar cntent at different stages f berry develpment may be assciated with changing mechanisms f sucrse utilizatin. 7 5 hr fllwing the administratin f [14C]glucse and [14C]fructse, the isla ted radiactivity represented less than ne-half f the ttal supplied radiactivity. Mst f the radiactivity remaining at 7 5 hr was still present at 24 hr. The patterns f distributin f radiactivity in sugars and rganic acids were the same at 24 hr as at 7 5 hr. This indicates that a substantial prprtin f the exgenusly supplied glucse and fructse was rapidly metablized whilst the remainder, after underging intercnversin, was transprted t a metablically inactive site. That the exgenusly supplied mnsaccharides which were metablized did nt first equilibrate with the endgenus glucse and fructse is suggested by the apparent preferential utilizatin f glucse whilst the ttal cntents f glucse and fructse in the berries remained equal. When either [14C]glucse r [14C]fructse was supplied, radiactivity appeared in sucrse. Since the ttal cntent f either glucse r fructse was at least 100 times that f sucrse, the specific activity f the extracted sucrse must have been cnsiderably higher than that f either mnsaccharide in all cases. Thus the bulk f the endgenus glucse and fructse did nt. take part in sucrse synthesis. These results suggest that glucse and fructse accumulate in pls separate frm the sites where sugar intercnversin and breakdwn take place, and that the sugar utilized in metablic prcesses is prbably derived primarily frm sugar transprted int the berry. The present results d nt shw whether these separate regins f sugar metablism and sugar strage represent different regins f the berry r separate intracellular cmpartments. Further studies are presently being undertaken t examine the fate f sucrse in berries at different stages f develpment, emplying sucrse labelled nly in the fructse miety.
6 470 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS References AMERINE, M. A. (1956).-Wines & Vines 37(10),27-38; 37(11), ARNOLD, W. N. (1965).-Bichim. Biphys. Acta 110, ASHWELL, G. (1957).-Meth. Enzym. 3, CARDINI, C. E., LELOIR, L. F., and CHIRIBOGA, J. (1955).-J. BiI. Ohem. 214, HALE, C. R. (1962).-Nature, Lnd. 195, 917. KLIEWER, W. M. (1964).-Plant Physil. 39, KLIEWER, W. M. (1965a).-Am. J. Enl. Vitic. 16, KLIEWER, W. M. (1965b).-Am. J. Enl. Vitic. 16, PEYNAUD, E., and MAURIE, A. (1958).-Am. J. Enl. Vitic. 9, PONTIS, H. G., and LELOIR, L. F. (1962).-Meth. Bichem. Analysis 10, SHALLENBERGER, R. S., and MOORES, R. G. (1957).-Analyt. Ohem. 29, SWANSON, C. A., and ELSHISHlNY, E. D. H. (1958).-Plant Physil. 33, 33-7.
REVISION: PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION 18 JUNE 2014
REVISION: PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION 18 JUNE 2014 Lessn Descriptin In this lessn, we revise: the prcess f phtsynthesis the prcesses invlved in cellular respiratin Summary Phtsynthesis (Slutins
More informationThe demonstration of lysosomes by the controlled temperature freezing-sectioning method By LUCILLE BITENSKY
205 The demnstratin f lyssmes by the cntrlled temperature freezing-sectining methd By LUCILLE BITESKY (Frm the Department f Pathlgy, Ryal Cllege f Surgens f England, Lincln's Inn Fields, Lndn, W.C. 2)
More informationBIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 7: Membrane Structure and Function: Life at the Edge
BIOLOGY 101 CHAPTER 7: Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge CONCEPTS: 7.1 Cellular membranes are fluid msaics f lipids and prteins 7.2 Membrane
More informationTHE SURFACE WAXES OF THE SULTANA VINE. By F. RADLER* [Manu8cript received March I, 1965] Summary
THE SURFACE AXES OF THE SULTANA VINE (VITIS VINIFERA cv. THOMPSON SEEDLESS) By F. RADLER* [Manu8cript received March I, 1965] Summary The surface wax frm leaves, fruits, and stems f the sultana vine btained
More informationLecture 9 PCL201 Drug Distribution
Lecture 9 PCL201 Drug Distributin Where d drugs distribute? Drug distributin (and ptentially cncentratin) will depend n bld flw and the physichemical prperties f the chemical Lipid and water slubility
More informationVITAPRO. Detoxification properties of Apple pectin formulation, PROPECTIN. CENTRE D ETUDE ET DE VALORISATION DES ALGUES FINAL REPORT.
CENTRE D ETUDE & DE VALORISATION DES ALGUES 2400 Detxificatin prperties f Apple pectin frmulatin, PROPECTIN. VITAPRO FINAL REPORT PrPectin July 2015 CENTRE D ETUDE ET DE VALORISATION DES ALGUES PRESQU
More informationThe Phosphorylation and Absorption of Sugars in the Rat
Vl. 55 857 The Phsphrylatin and Absrptin f Sugars in the Rat 1. HEXOKINASE ACTIVITY IN THE INTESTINAL MUCOSA By M. P. HELE* Bichemical Labratry, University f Cambridge (Received 14 January 1953) and galactse
More informationSTUDIES IN THE RESPIRATORY AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF PLANT TISSUES
New Phytl. (968) 67, 2327. STUDIES IN THE RESPIRATORY AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF PLANT TISSUES III. THE MECHANISM OF THE 'CLIMACTERIC RISE IN RESPIRATION IN APPLES BY J. BARKER Btany Sclil, Liiiversitv
More informationTest 3 Study Guide: Photosynthesis, Respiration, and the Cell Membrane
Name Blck Date Test 3 Study Guide: Phtsynthesis, Respiratin, and the Cell Membrane Test Dates: December 13 (1 st and 7 th blck) and 12 (6 th blck) SOL: BIO.2d, 3d-e Related Ntes Phtsynthesis Respiratin
More informationTHE UPTAKE OF UREA BY CHLORELLA
Nezu Phytl. (1979) 82, 179-186 THE UPTAKE OF UREA BY CHLORELLA BY LA. BEKHEET* AND P. J. SYRETT Department f Btany and Micrbilgy, University Cllege f Swanseay Wales, {Accepted 2 June 1978) SUMMARY The
More informationMitosis and Meiosis Lecture Notes
Bilgy Mitsis and Meisis Lecture Ntes Name Per Learning Gals Quiz #6: December 6th Describe what happens during interphase Identify steps f mitsis/meisis by picture and functin Explain the diseases that
More informationMetabolism: Oxidative Phosphorylation
Metablism: Oxidative Phsphrylatin Hand-ut fr the CBT versin April 2012 1. On average, hw much ATP is needed each day by ur bdy? 2. Which f the fllwing ccurs during cellular respiratin? Bisynthesis f glycgen
More informationAssessment Field Activity Collaborative Assessment, Planning, and Support: Safety and Risk in Teams
Assessment Field Activity Cllabrative Assessment, Planning, and Supprt: Safety and Risk in Teams OBSERVATION Identify a case fr which a team meeting t discuss safety and/r safety planning is needed r scheduled.
More informationPROTOCOL 1850 Millrace Drive, Suite 3A Eugene, Oregon
PROTOCOL Cmplex II Enzyme Activity Micrplate Assay Kit 1850 Millrace Drive, Suite 3A Eugene, Oregn 97403 MS241 Rev.0 DESCRIPTION Cmplex II Enzyme Activity Micrplate Assay Kit Sufficient materials are prvided
More informationThe Cell Cycle & Cellular Division
The Cell Cycle & Cellular Divisin Name: Perid: Date: I. Cell Divisin: All are derived frm preexisting cells (Cell Thery) is the prcess by which cells prduce new cells Cells grw in number, NOT in Smaller
More informationINTRODUCTION TO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION TO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM What des bld d? 5. What makes this pssible? : In rder fr there t be an efficient exchange f xygen, waste and nutrients there must be a high surface area between the
More informationSugar Rush: The Science of Sweet
Sugar Rush: The Science f Sweet FRAMEWORK I. Scientific and Engineering Practices II. Crss-Cutting Cncepts III. Physical Sciences SKILLS/OBJECTIVES T bserve the results f hands-n experiments and make inferences/draw
More informationPROTOCOL. SOD2 Protein Quantity Microplate Assay Kit. MS746 Rev.0 DESCRIPTION INTRODUCTION
PROTOCOL SOD2 Prtein Quantity Micrplate Assay Kit 1850 Millrace Drive, Suite 3A Eugene, Oregn 97403 MS746 Rev.0 DESCRIPTION SOD2 Prtein Quantity Micrplate Assay Kit Sufficient materials are prvided fr
More informationSTUDIES IN THE RESPIRATORY AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF PLANT TISSUES
New Phytl. (968) 67, 49553. STUDIES IN THE RESPIRATORY AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF PLANT TISSUES V. CHANGES IN RATE OF CO^ OUTPUT AND IN CONTENT OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE COMPOUNDS IN POTATOES BY J. BARKER
More informationFrequently Asked Questions: IS RT-Q-PCR Testing
Questins 1. What is chrnic myelid leukemia (CML)? 2. Hw des smene knw if they have CML? 3. Hw is smene diagnsed with CML? Frequently Asked Questins: IS RT-Q-PCR Testing Answers CML is a cancer f the bld
More informationOHlympia: becoming the PRODIGY. A Special Thanks to Cary K for giving me the opportunity to do this!
OHlympia: becming the PRODIGY A Special Thanks t Cary K fr giving me the pprtunity t d this! Prdigy defined by Webster is a nun described as a persn f unusual talent r marvelus talents, r anything that
More informationPart 1. Saturated and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids
Mass spectra f DMX derivatives. Part 1. Saturated and branched-chain fatty acids MASS SPECTRA F DMX DERIVATIVES Part 1. Saturated and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids a 4,4-Dimethylxazline (DMX) derivatives
More informationTHE RABBIT maintained on a highcholesterol
Fatty Acid Cmpsitin f Serum and Artic Intimal Lipids in Rabbits Fed Lw- and High-Chlesterl Diets By DONALD B. ZILVEKSMIT, PH.D., CHARLES C. SWEELEY, PH.D., AND HOWARD A. I. NEWMAN, PH.D. THE RABBIT maintained
More informationCoding. Training Guide
Cding (Specialty Hspital) Visin 4.3 (January 2013) Training Guide SurceMedical VisinSH Cding Learning Center f Excellence Last change made: January 2013 2013 Surce Medical Slutins, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
More informationMETHOD 8032 ACRYLAMIDE BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
METHOD 8032 ACRYLAMIDE BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 1.1 Methd 8032 is used t determine trace amunts f acrylamide mnmer in aqueus matrices. This methd may be applicable t ther matrices.
More informationA Plasma Humoral Factor of Extrarenal Origin Causing Release of Reninlike Activity in Hypotensive Dogs
A Plasma Humral Factr f Extrarenal Origin Causing Release f Reninlike Activity in Hyptensive Dgs By E. De Vit, C. Wilsn, R. E. Shipley, R. P. Miller, and B. L. Mrtx ABSTRACT Plasma reninlike activity significantly
More informationRisk factors in health and disease
Risk factrs in health and disease Index 1 Intrductin 2 Types f risk factrs 2.1 Behaviural risk factrs 2.2 Psychlgical risk factrs 2.3 Demgraphic risk factrs 2.4 Envirnmental risk factrs 2.5 Genetic risk
More informationSECTION O. MEDICATIONS
SECTION O. MEDICATIONS 1. NUMBER OF MEDICA TIONS (Recrd the number f different medicatins used in the last 7 days; enter "0" if nne used) O1. Number f Medicatins (7-day lk back) Intent: Prcess: Cding:
More informationThe estimator, X, is unbiased and, if one assumes that the variance of X7 is constant from week to week, then the variance of X7 is given by
ESTIMATION PROCEDURES USED TO PRODUCE WEEKLY FLU STATISTICS FROM THE HEALTH INTERVIEW SURVEY James T. Massey, Gail S. Pe, Walt R. Simmns Natinal Center fr Health Statistics. INTRODUCTION In April 97, the
More informationM.J. Guthriel, D.G. Wagner2
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTAL PROTEIN OR GRAIN ON INTAKE AND UTILIZATION OF MEDIUM QUALITY PRAIRIE HAY BY STEERS M.J. Guthriel, D.G. Wagner2 and D.C. Weakley3 Stry in Brief Sixteen 1,053 lb tw-year-ld Herefrd
More informationFDA Dietary Supplement cgmp
FDA Dietary Supplement cgmp FEBRUARY 2009 OVERVIEW Summary The Fd and Drug Administratin (FDA) has issued a final rule regarding current gd manufacturing practices (cgmp) fr dietary supplements that establishes
More informationMASS SPECTRA OF DERIVATIVES OF ALICYCLIC FATTY ACIDS WITH 5- AND 6-MEMBERED RINGS
MASS SPECTRA OF DERIVATIVES OF ALICYCLIC FATTY ACIDS WITH 5- AD 6-MEMBERED RIGS The dcument des nt aim t be a cmplete accunt f mass spectrmetry f all cyclic fatty acids, but rather is a persnal accunt
More informationThe data refer to persons aged between 15 and 54.
Drug-related hspital stays in Australia 1993-2005 Prepared by Amanda Rxburgh and Luisa Degenhardt, Natinal Drug and Alchl Research Centre Funded by the Australian Gvernment Department f Health and Ageing
More informationChem 464 Biochemistry Third Hour Exam
Name: Chem 464 Bichemistry Third Hur Exam Multiple chice (5 pints apiece): 1. Which f the fllwing statements cncerning fatty acids is crrect? A) One is the precursr f prstaglandins. B) Phsphatidic acid
More informationModule 3. Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism. Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions Metabolism Two general types of metabolic reactions: o :
Mdule 3 Chapter 5 Micrbial Metablism Catablic and Anablic Reactins Metablism Tw general types f metablic reactins: : : Recall frm Chapter 2: Energy can be when bnds Energy can be when bnds Catablism Purpse
More informationPart 5. Trienoic Fatty Acids
MASS SPECTRA OF METHYL ESTERS OF FATTY ACIDS Part 5. Trienic Fatty Acids As cautined in the Intrductin t these dcuments, the mass spectra f methyl esters btained under electrn-impact inizatin affrd limited
More informationUNIT 2: mapping bananas
Oxfam Educatin www.xfam.rg.uk/educatin UNIT 2: mapping bananas Age range: 7-11 years Outline Learners will investigate sme f the cuntries where the bananas we eat in the UK are grwn. They will first lcate
More informationPart 3. Monoenoic Fatty Acids
MASS SPECTRA OF METHYL ESTERS OF FATTY ACIDS Part 3. Mnenic Fatty Acids As cautined in the Intrductin t these dcuments, the mass spectra f methyl esters btained with electrn-impact inizatin ften affrd
More informationMonensin and Extruded Urea-Grain for Range Beef Cows
Mnensin and Extruded Urea-Grain fr Range Beef Cws R. P. Lemenager, F. N. Owens, w. E. Sharp, Merwin Cmptn and Rbert Ttusek Stry in Brief Tw trials were cnducted t evaluate the supplemental value f mnensin
More informationHuman papillomavirus (HPV) refers to a group of more than 150 related viruses.
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS This infrmatin may help answer sme f yur questins and help yu think f ther questins that yu may want t ask yur cancer care team; it is nt intended t replace advice r discussin between
More informationThe Multiplication Cycle of Tobacco Rattle Virus in Tobacco Mesophyll Protoplasts
J. gen. Virl. (I976), 33, 237-248 Printed in Great Britain 237 The Multiplicatin Cycle f Tbacc Rattle Virus in Tbacc Mesphyll Prtplasts By B. D. HARRISON, S. KUBO,* D. J. ROBINSON AND AILEEN M. HUTCHESON
More informationKetone-Body Utilization by Adult and Suckling Rat Brain in vivo
Bichem. J. (1971) 122, 13-18 13 Printed in Great Britain Ketne-Bdy Utilizatin by Adult and Suckling Rat Brain in viv By R. A. HAWKINS, D. H. WILLIAMSN AND H. A. KREBS Metablic Research Labratry, Nuffield
More informationDATA RELEASE: UPDATED PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS ON 2016 HEALTH & LIFESTYLE SURVEY ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE QUESTIONS
DATA RELEASE: UPDATED PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS ON 216 HEALTH & LIFESTYLE SURVEY ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE QUESTIONS This briefing has been specifically prepared fr the Ministry f Health t prvide infrmatin frm this
More informationHuon Logistics Isolation & Lockout Work Instruction 1. LOCKOUT DEVICES 2. LIGHT VEHICLE POSITIVE ISOLATION POINTS - 1 -
Hun Lgistics Islatin & Lckut Wrk Instructin Prcedure 1. LOCKOUT DEVICES Explanatin When an islatin f any mbile plant r equipment is required befre safe access t a machine can be prvided the fllwing must
More informationField Epidemiology Training Program
Field Epidemilgy Training Prgram Cancer Curriculum: Principles f Cancer Registries Case Study: Hspital-Based Cancer Registries FACILITATOR GUIDE FETP Cancer Curriculum: Principles f Cancer Registries Case
More informationSwindon Joint Strategic Needs Assessment Bulletin
Swindn Jint Strategic Needs Assessment Bulletin Swindn Diabetes 2017 Key Pints: This JSNA gives health facts abut peple with diabetes r peple wh might get diabetes in Swindn. This helps us t plan fr medical
More informationThe Excretory System. 4 The Excretory System.notebook. May 24, 2017
4 The Excretry System.ntebk The Excretry System OSMOREGULATION (WATER BALANCE) Mst marine invertebrates are smcnfrmers, meaning the cncentratin f slutes in their bdy fluid is equal t that f their envirnment.
More informationTHE SORPTION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS BY CHICKEN ERYTHROCYTES*
THE SORPTION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS BY CHICKEN ERYTHROCYTES* BY THOMAS P. MAGILL, M.D. (Frm the Department f Micrbilgy and Immunlgy, State University f New Yrk Cllege f Medicine at New Yrk City) (Received
More informationSOLUBLE URANIUM DEFINITION FOR REGULATORY COMPLIANCE
SOLUBLE URANIUM DEFINITION FOR REGULATORY COMPLIANCE Rland Benke, Ph.D., CHP (Center fr Nuclear Waste Regulatry Analyses) Tanya Oxenberg, Ph.D. (U.S. Nuclear Regulatry Cmmissin) James Webb (U.S. Nuclear
More informationMANITOBA HEALTH, HEALTHY LIVING & SENIORS WEEKLY WEST NILE VIRUS SURVEILLANCE REPORT (WEEK 27)
MANITOBA HEALTH, HEALTHY LIVING & SENIORS WEEKLY WEST NILE VIRUS SURVEILLANCE REPORT (WEEK 27) The weekly West Nile Virus Surveillance Reprt utlines the mst current surveillance data and is psted weekly
More informationABIOpure TM Total RNA (version 2.0)
ABIOpure TM Ttal RNA (versin 2.0) Bld Extractin Handbk Cat N: M541RP50-B FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY Table f Cntents Cntents Page Kit Cmpnents 3 Precautins 3 Stability & Strage 4 General Descriptin 4 Limitatins
More informationSTUDIES ON THE BIOGENESIS OF SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM MEMBRANES IN RATS
STUDIES ON THE BIOGENESIS OF SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM MEMBRANES IN HEPATOCYTES OF PHENOBARBITAL-TREATED RATS II. The Site f Phsphlipid Synthesis in the Initial Phase f Membrane Prliferatin JOAN A.
More informationBenefits for Anesthesia Services for the CSHCN Services Program to Change Effective for dates of service on or after July 1, 2008, benefit criteria
Benefits fr Anesthesia Services fr the CSHCN Services Prgram t Change Effective fr dates f service n r after July 1, 2008, benefit criteria fr anesthesia will change fr the Children with Special Health
More informationRuminal Availability of Phosphorus and Its Effect on Digestion
Table 2. Trial results Cncentratin f Captan,ppm liem 0 160 320 640 Dry matter digestibility (%) Ruminal 65.1 72.8 69.4 74.3 Ttal 82.1 81.9 82.4 82.0 Starch digestin (%) Ruminal 87.7 93.6 89.3 92.2 N digestibility
More informationSimultaneous Determination of Urinary
Simultaneus Determinatin f Urinary Ascrbic Acid and Creatinine by Highperfrmance Liquid Chrmatgraphy (Accepted n Mar. 26, 1996) Yshihir Shimada Sanae K Key wrds : Urinary Ascrbic Acid, Creatinine, High-perfrmance
More informationCompleting the NPA online Patient Safety Incident Report form: 2016
Cmpleting the NPA nline Patient Safety Incident Reprt frm: 2016 The infrmatin cntained within this dcument is in line with the current Data Prtectin Act (DPA) requirements. This infrmatin may be subject
More informationImaging tests allow the cancer care team to check for cancer and other problems inside the body.
IMAGING TESTS This infrmatin may help answer sme f yur questins and help yu think f ther questins that yu may want t ask yur cancer care team; it is nt intended t replace advice r discussin between yu
More informationOPENDER KOUL POTENTIATION EFFECTS OF SOME NON-AZADIRACHTIN LIMONOIDS IN NEEM AGAINST LEPIDOPTERAN LARVAE
PENDER KUL PTENTIATIN EFFECTS F SME NN-AZADIRACHTIN LIMNIDS IN NEEM AGAINST LEPIDPTERAN LARVAE STATUS F NEEM LIMNIDS MRE THAN 120 BILGICAL ACTIVE STRUCTURE IDENTIFIED MLECULES REPRESENTING 16 CLASSES F
More informationDaily Balancing in Maestro
Daily Balancing in Maestr Successful Daily Balancing in Maestr is based n utilizing reprts that cntain key peratinal and financial infrmatin based n yur prperty s requirements Maestr has 3 Key Daily Reprts
More informationThe Digestive System. May 16, The Digestive System.notebook
3 The Digestive System.ntebk The Digestive System THE BASIC CONCEPTS Animals btain energy by breaking fd mlecules int smaller pieces. The basic fuel mlecules are amin acids, lipids and carbhydrates. The
More informationName: Date: Period: Notes: The Blood and Lymphatic System
Name: Date: Perid: Cmpsitin f Bld and their Functins Red Bld Cells (aka ) Structure Ntes: The Bld and Lymphatic System D nt have a like ther cells d Cntain a specialized prtein called Hemglbin cntains
More information2N diploid cell replicates division - two daughter cells, each 2N division (without replication)- four daughter cells, each N (haploid)
Chrmsme - a linear DNA mlecule Hmlgus chrmsmes - chrmsmes that have the same kind f genes in the same rder 1 cpy frm father, 1 cpy frm mther humans have 46 chrmsmes with 23 hmlgus pairs als knw as sister
More informationPart 3. Dienoic Fatty Acids
MASS SPECTRA OF 3-PYRIDYLCARBIOL ESTERS Part 3. Dienic Fatty Acids This sectin describes mass spectra f 3-pyridylcarbinl ester derivatives under the headings Methylene-interrupted dienic fatty acids Cnjugated
More informationVariation in Tissue Carnitine Concentrations with Age and Sex in the Rat
Bichem. J. (1978) 176, 677-681 Printed in Great Britain 677 Variatin in Tissue Carnitine Cncentratins with Age and Sex in the Rat By PEGGY R. BORUM Divisin fnutritin, Department fbichemistry, Vanderbilt
More informationMaking Medicare + Medi-Cal Work for California s Dual Eligibles
Making Medicare + Medi-Cal Wrk fr Califrnia s Dual Eligibles Hw MyCareMyChice.rg Wrks Infrmatin cllected Results Radmap MyCareMyChice.rg Walkthrugh Hmepage Sample questins Results Care chice sample Other
More informationThe Control of Sugar Uptake by Metabolic Demand in Isolated Adult Rat Heart Cells
157 The Cntrl f Sugar Uptake by Metablic Demand in Islated Adult Rat Heart Cells Rbert A. Hawrth and Herbert A. Berkff Frm the Department f Surgery, University f Wiscnsin Clinical Science Center, Madisn,
More informationTick fever is a cattle disease caused by any one of the following blood parasites:
Tick fever Tick fever is a cattle disease caused by any ne f the fllwing bld parasites: Babesia bvis Babesia bigemina Anaplasma marginale These parasites are all transmitted by the cattle tick (Bphilus
More informationBIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles: Variations on a Theme
BIOLOGY 101 CHAPTER 13: Meisis and Sexual Life Cycles: Variatins n a Theme Meisis and Sexual Life Cycles: Variatins n a Theme CONCEPTS: 13.1 Offspring acquire genes frm their parents by inheriting chrmsmes
More informationP02-03 CALA Program Description Proficiency Testing Policy for Accreditation Revision 1.9 July 26, 2017
P02-03 CALA Prgram Descriptin Prficiency Testing Plicy fr Accreditatin Revisin 1.9 July 26, 2017 P02-03 CALA Prgram Descriptin Prficiency Testing Plicy fr Accreditatin TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS...
More informationLyme Disease Surveillance in North Carolina
Lyme Disease Surveillance in Nrth Carlina 2008-2014 Carl Williams DVM Megan Sanza MPH Cmmunicable Disease Branch Divisin f Nrth Carlina Public Health Lyme Disease Surveillance in Nrth Carlina 2008-2014
More information1.6. Topic 1: Cell Biology (Teacher) Essential Idea: Cell division is essential but must be controlled. 1.6 Cell Division
Tpic 1: Cell Bilgy (Teacher) 1.6 Essential Idea: Cell divisin is essential but must be cntrlled. 1.6 Cell Divisin Why d cells divide: - Sa:Vl Rati - Allws fr grwth f the rganism - Allws fr cell differentiatin
More informationTriumeq (abacavir, dolutegravir and lamivudine) Product Backgrounder for US Media
Triumeq (abacavir, dlutegravir and lamivudine) Prduct Backgrunder fr US Media What is Triumeq and wh is Triumeq fr? Triumeq (abacavir 600mg, dlutegravir 50mg and lamivudine 300mg) is the first dlutegravir-based
More informationExtraction of oleic acid from jojoba oil, soybean oil and olive oil Phase diagrams
IndianJurnalfChemicalTechnlgy Vl.3, Nvember1996,pp. 299-305 Extractin f leic acid frm jjba il, sybean il and live il Phase diagrams JaimeWisniak*,AlexanderApelblat&Ahu-AkelKhaled epartmentfchemicalengineering,ben-gurianuniversityf
More informationTopic 1: Cell Biology (Student) Essential Idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure that prokaryotes.
Tpic 1: Cell Bilgy (Student) 1.2 Essential Idea: Eukarytes have a much mre cmplex cell structure that prkarytes. 1.2 Intrductin t Cells i. Prkarytes have a simple cell structure withut cmpartmentalizatin.
More informationCONSENT FOR KYBELLA INJECTABLE FAT REDUCTION
CONSENT FOR KYBELLA INJECTABLE FAT REDUCTION INSTRUCTIONS This is an infrmed cnsent dcument which has been prepared t help yur Dctr infrm yu cncerning fat reductin with an injectable medicatin, its risks,
More informationLATENT VIRAL INFECTION OF CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE BY JOHN P. BADER, PH.D., AND HERBERT R. MORGAN, M.D.
Published Online: 1 February, 1961 Supp Inf: http://di.rg/1.184/jem.113.2.271 Dwnladed frm jem.rupress.rg n August 22, 218 LATENT VIRAL INFECTION OF CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE VII. ROLE OF V~ATER-SOLUBLE
More informationHead and neck cancers are often treated with radiotherapy. Radiotherapy can lead to faster rates of tooth decay and poor healing in the mouth.
DENTAL EXTRACTION This infrmatin aims t help yu understand the peratin, what is invlved and sme cmmn cmplicatins that may ccur. It may help answer sme f yur questins and help yu think f ther questins that
More informationBiology 30S Unit Test Review: Digestion
Bilgy 30S Unit Test Review: Digestin Test utline: Multiple Chice: 10 Questins, 1 mark each. Shrt Answer: 5 Questins (answer 3 f them), 5 marks each. Lng Answer: 2 Lng Answer Questins, 10 marks each. Tasks
More information1A Human Biology Food, Digestion and Associated Body Systems
1A Human Bilgy Fd, Digestin and Assciated Bdy Systems Human Bilgy Fd, Digestin and Assciated Bdy Systems Fd Fd is ne f the basic human needs and the digestive system enables the bdy t cnvert it int a frm
More informationA pre-conference should include the following: an introduction, a discussion based on the review of lesson materials, and a summary of next steps.
NAU Mdel Observatin Prtcl The mdel prtcl was develped with supprt and expertise frm the Natinal Institute fr Excellence in Teaching (NIET) and is based in great part n NIET s extensive experience cnducting
More informationGenetic and Population Studies of Quantitative Levels of Adenosine Triphosphate in Human Erythrocytes
Bichemical Genetics 1:25-34 (1967) Genetic and Ppulatin Studies f Quantitative Levels f Adensine Triphsphate in Human Erythrcytes Gerge J. Brewer 1 Received 5 Dec. 66--Final 30 Jan. 67 The mean cntent
More informationRelationship Between Fertility and the Nonprotein Sulfhydryl Concentration of Seminal Fluid in the Thoroughbred Stallion
Relatinship Between Fertility and the Nnprtein Sulfhydryl Cncentratin f Seminal Fluid in the Thrughbred Stallin Frederick M. Haag, D.V.M., * and N. T. Werthessen, Ph.D. IN AN EARLIER REPORT! it was shwn
More informationCnsideratin fr Optimizatin: Optimizatin is a prgram transfrmatin technique, which tries t imprve the cde by making it cnsume fewer resurces (i.e. CPU, Memry) and deliver high speed. In ptimizatin, high-level
More informationPain relief after surgery
Pain relief after surgery Imprtant infrmatin fr patients www.mchft.nhs.uk We care because yu matter This leaflet is designed t help yu cntrl any pain yu may have at hme fllwing yur peratin. Please read
More informationData Fusion for Predicting Breast Cancer Survival
Data Fusin fr Predicting Breast Cancer Linbailu Jiang, Yufei Zhang, Siyi Peng Mentr: Irene Kaplw December 11, 2015 1 Intrductin 1.1 Backgrund Cancer is mre f a severe health issue than ever in ur current
More information(From the Laboratories of the International Health Division of The Rockefeller Foundation, New York)
THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS AND ANTIBODIES BY MEANS OF RED CELL AGGLUTINATION BY GEORGE K. HLRST, M.D. (Frm the Labratries f the Internatinal Health Divisin f The Rckefeller Fundatin,
More informationTeacher Ntes fr "Hw d muscles get the energy they need fr athletic activity?" 1 In this activity, students analyze hw aerbic cellular respiratin and anaerbic fermentatin cntribute t ATP prductin in muscle
More informationProtocol. Preparation Protocol for the Non-Targeted Vevo MicroMarker Contrast Agent
Prtcl Preparatin Prtcl fr the Nn-Targeted Vev MicrMarker Cntrast Agent System Cmpatibility: This guide cntains instructins and suggestins fr wrk n the Vev2100, VevLAZR, Vev 3100 systems and transducers
More informationInstructions regarding referral of patients to the Persistent Pain Service
Prtsmuth Persistent Pain Service Lng Term Cnditins Suite Grund Flr, Blck A St Mary s Cmmunity Health Campus Miltn Rad Prtsmuth Hampshire PO3 6AD Tel: 23 9268 485 Fax: 23 9268 21 Dear GP Instructins regarding
More informationGetting Started. Learning Guide. with Continuous Glucose Monitoring for the MiniMed 530G with Enlite. CGM Foundations
Getting Started with Cntinuus Glucse Mnitring fr the MiniMed 530G with Enlite Learning Guide CGM Fundatins Cntinuus Glucse Mnitring Learning Guide MiniMed 530G with Enlite - Cntinuus Glucse Mnitring Settings
More informationPart 1. Introduction, Saturated and Branched-Chain Acids
MASS SPECTRA OF FATTY ACID PYRROLIDIDES Part 1. Intrductin, Saturated and Branched-Chain Acids Intrductin t Pyrrlidide Derivatives Fatty acid pyrrlidine derivatives r a O pyrrlidides r acyl-pyrrlidines
More informationCholesterol Accumulation in Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells Exposed to Low Density Lipoproteins. Contribution of Free Cholesterol Transfer
Chlesterl Accumulatin in Artic Smth Muscle Cells Expsed t Lw Density Lipprteins Cntributin f Free Chlesterl Transfer J. Peter Sltte, Alan Chait, and Edwin L. Bierman Incubatin f cultured arterial smth
More informationLEVELS OF CHOLESTEROL IN BLOOD SERUM AND GONADS IN RELATION TO MATURATION IN ETROPLUS SURATENSIS (BLOCK)
241 LEVELS OF CHOLESTEROL IN BLOOD SERUM AND GONADS IN RELATION TO MATURATION IN ETROPLUS SURATENSIS (BLOCK) A. D. DlWAN AND L. KRISHNAN Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cchin 682031. ABSTRACT
More informationCancer Association of South Africa (CANSA)
Cancer Assciatin f Suth Africa (CANSA) Fact Sheet and Psitin Statement n Cannabis in Suth Africa Intrductin Cannabis is a drug that cmes frm Indian hemp plants such as Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica.
More informationIntestinal Hormones Inhibit: Intestinal Hormones Promote:
1 QUIZ/TEST REVIEW NOTES SECTION 3 INTESTINAL PHASE OF DIGESTION DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CHAPTER 21 I. INTESTINAL PHASE AND FEEDBACK SIGNALS a. Intr Net result f gastric phase is Digestin f prteins in the stmach
More informationLESSON 10: NEITHER PLANT NOR ANIMAL
LIFE IN GENERAL LESSON 10: NEITHER PLANT NOR ANIMAL READING & RESEARCH Read KSE Fungi and Lichens, p. 55. Read USE Fungi, pp. 284-285. Read DSE Fungi, p. 315. DEFINITIONS Define the fllwing terms, nting
More informationIntegrity of Energy Stores in Cat Papillary Muscle
Integrity f Energy Stres in Cat Papillary Muscle EFFECT OF CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE AND FREQUENCY OF NTRACTION ON HIGH ENERGY PHOSPHATE STORES By Peter E. Pl, M.D., Brian M. Chandler, M.D., Edmund H. Snnenblick,
More informationTREATMENT OF POLYCYTHEMIA VERA
RUSSELL L. HADEN, M.D. Plycythemia vera is characterized by an increase in the number f red bld cells. This disease is insidius in rigin, chrnic, and withut pathgnmnic symptms r physical findings. Early
More informationPATIENT INFORMATION. effective for the treatment of the flu in people with long-time (chronic) heart problems or breathing problems.
PATIENT INFORMATION capsules, fr ral use fr ral suspensin What is TAMIFLU? TAMIFLU is a prescriptin medicine used t: treat the flu (influenza) in peple 2 weeks f age and lder wh have had flu symptms fr
More informationOsteoporosis Fast Facts
Osteprsis Fast Facts Fast Facts n Osteprsis Definitin Osteprsis, r prus bne, is a disease characterized by lw bne mass and structural deteriratin f bne tissue, leading t bne fragility and an increased
More information