Nutrition and Behavior

Transcription

1 Nutrition and Behavior

2 Human Nutrition A COMPREHENSIVE TREATISE General Editors: Roslyn B. Alfin-Slater, University of California, Los Angeles David Kritchevsky, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3A Volume 3B Volume 4 Volume 5 Nutrition: Pre- and Postnatal Development Edited by Myron Winick Nutrition and Growth Edited by Derrick B. Jelliffe and E. F. Patrice Jelliffe Nutrition and the Adult: Macronutrients Edited by Roslyn B. Alfin-Slater and David Kritchevsky Nutrition and the Adult: Micronutrients Edited by Roslyn B. Alfin-Slater and David Kritchevsky Nutrition: Metabolic and Clinical Applications Edited by Robert E. Hodges Nutrition and Behavior Edited by Janina R. Galler A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.

3 Nutrition and Behavior Edited by Janina R. Galler Boston University School of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts PLENUM PRESS. NEW YORK AND LONDON

4 Main entry under title: Nutrition and behavior. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data (Human nutrition; v. 5) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Malnutrition - Complications and sequelae - Addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Human behavior-nutritional aspects-addresses, essays, lectures. 3. Malnutrition in children - Complications and sequelae - Addresses, essays, lectures. 4. Malnutrition - Complications and sequelae - Animal models - Addresses, essays, lectures. 5. Nutrition-Psychological aspects-addresses, essays, lectures. 6. Food preferences-addresses, essays, lectures. I. Galler, Janina R., II. Series. [DNLM: 1. Behavior. 2. Diet therapy. 3. Diet-Adverse effects. 4. Nutrition disorders. QU 145 H v. 5] QP141.H78 vol ' ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOl / Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1984 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

5 This volume is dedicated to the late HERBERT G. BIRCH, who inspired it, and to HAMISH N. MUNRO, who encouraged its fruition.

6 Contributors Arnold E. Andersen. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland David E. Barrett. Children's Hospital Medical Center; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts M. W. P. Carney. Northwick Park Hospital and Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex HAl 3UJ, United Kingdom Patricia Coleman. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S la3, Canada C. Keith Conners. Children's Hospital National Medical Center, Washington, D.C Mary A. Crawford. Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Susan F. Fleischer. Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York Janina R. Galler. Division of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Robin B. Kanarek. Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts Magdalena Krondl Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S IA3, Canada L. Thomas Kucharski Department of Child Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Daisy Lau Brescia College, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G IH2, Canada Loy D. Lytle Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106; Kellogg Co., Battle Creek, Michigan Robin Marks-Kaufman. Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts vii

7 viii Contributors Jean Mayer. President, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts Ellen Messer. Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut Mark F. Nelson. Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106; Kellogg Co., Battle Creek, Michigan Nilla Orthen-Gambill Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts Henry N. Ricciuti Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York David Rush Rose F. Kennedy Center, Bronx, New York 10461; Division of Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, Departments of Pediatrics and of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York Gerald Turkewitz Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10021; Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York Carla S. Whitacre Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106; Kellogg Co., Battle Creek, Michigan 49106

8 Preface After the appearance of the four-book series Human Nutrition: A Comprehensive Treatise, it became apparent to the editors that an important area of nutrition had been overlooked, namely, behavioral aspects of nutrition. There are two areas in which nutrition and behavior interact. On the one hand, malnutrition may play a major role in determining behavior; alternatively, often aspects of behavior influence the eating habits of populations and individuals and thus affect their nutritional status. Volume 5 of this series speaks eloquently to both features of this important topic. Various aspects of the influence of behavior modification and nutrition have been explored by a number of qualified investigators. It is hoped that this volume will prove a valuable addition to the subjects covered in the other volumes. Los Angeles and Philadelphia Roslyn B. Alfin-Slater David Kritchevsky ix

9 Contents Introduction: The Challenge of Nutrition and Environment as Determinants of Behavioral Development.... Janina R. Galler References... 5 Part I Nutritional Deficiencies or Excesses Modifying Behavioral Outcome Chapter 1 Methological Requirements for Conceptually Valid Research Studies on the Behavioral Effects of Malnutrition David E. Barrett 1. Introduction Statistical-Conclusion Validity Internal Validity External Validity Construct Validity of Putative Causes and Effects Conclusions and Recommendations References Chapter 2 The Use of Animals for Understanding the Effects of Malnutrition on Human Behavior: Models vs. a Comparative Approach Susan F. Fleischer and Gerald Turkewitz I. Introduction Malnutrition as a "Social Disease" Use of Animal Models xi

10 xii Contents 2. The Rat as a Model for Human Malnutrition Different Techniques for Producing Malnutrition in Rats and Their Effects on Mother-Young Interaction Mechanisms through Which Malnutrition Affects Mother- Young Interaction Malnutrition and Mother-Young Interactions in Humans Comparison of Effects of Malnutrition in Rats and Humans Parallels between Rats and Humans Limitations of the Rat Model Alternative Models for Human Malnutrition: Subhuman Primates Advantages of the Primate Model Limitations of the Primate Model Comparative Approach for Understanding the Effects of Malnutrition References Chapter 3 The Behavioral Consequences of Malnutrition in Early Life Janina R. Galler 1. Introduction Evidence from Human Studies General Considerations Concurrent Effects of Malnutrition Intermediate Effects of Malnutrition Long-Term Effects of Early Malnutrition Study of Barbadian Schoolchildren General Background Physical Growth and Development Intelligence Quotients Academic Performance Classroom Behavior Overview of the Interrelationships among Malnutrition, School Performance, and Socioeconomic Status in Barbadian Children Summary References Chapter 4 The Behavioral Consequences of Protein-Energy Deprivation and Supplementation in Early Life: An Epidemiological Perspective David Rush 1. Introduction Aims of This Review

11 Contents xiii 1.2. Theoretical Model for Relating Nutrition to Behavior Distinctions between Current and Past Malnutrition Limitations of Retrospective Observational Studies Relating Malnutrition to Behavior Summary of Observational Studies Malnutrition as an Index of More General Deprivation Sibling-Control Studies as an Attempt to Isolate the Effects of Deprivation of Food..., Low Birth Weight and Lowered Intelligence as Results of Prior Environmental Deprivation Short Stature as a Surrogate for Nutritional Deprivation Severity of Organic Illness and Family Function Summary Nutritional Differences Unrelated to Family Environment Introduction Undernutrition in Infancy and Childhood Secondary to Organic Disease (Table I) Nutritional Interventions Limited to or Beginning during Pregnancy (Table IIA) Nutritional Intervention during Pregnancy and Early Childhood with Subjects Partially Self-Selected: Guatemala Study (Table lib) Nutritional Intervention during the Neonatal Period on Long Island (Table IIC) Cognitive Intervention among Malnourished Children Cognitive Intervention during Hospitalization for Protein- Energy Malnutrition (Table IlIA) Cognitive Intervention during and after Hospitalization for Protein-Energy Malnutrition: Jamaica Study (Table IIIB) 4.3. Summary Cognitive Stimulation and Nutritional Supplementation among Poor Stunted Preschool Children: Cali Study (Table IV) Conclusion Summary of Results General Activity Level Measures of Attention and Alertness Cognition References.... Chapter 5 Nutritional Therapy in Children C. Keith Conners Introduction Breakfast, Behavior, and Cognitive Function in Children

12 xiv Contents 3. Food Toxicity Intentional Food Additives Food Allergies Unintentional Food-Additive Toxicity Sugar and Behavior Deficiency States... : Iron Possible Role of Essential Fatty Acids Vitamins Summary and Conclusions References Chapter 6 Vitamin Deficiencies and Excesses: Behavioral Consequences in Adults M. W. P. Carney 1. Introduction Vitamin Deficiency Drugs and Vitamin Deficiency Problems of Assessment Fat-Soluble Vitamins Vitamin A (Retinol) Vitamin D Vitamin K Comment on Fat-Soluble Vitamins Water-Soluble Vitamins Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) Comment on Ascorbic Acid Deficiency Thiamine (Vitamin B t ) Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Niacin (Nicotinic Acid, Nicotinamide, Vitamin B3) Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6 ) Comment on Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, and Pyridoxine Deficiency Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin Bd Folic Acid (Pteroylgutamic Acid) Comment on Vitamin B\2 and Folic Acid Deficiency Other Water-Soluble B Vitamins Megavitamin Dosage Summary References

13 Contents xv Chapter 7 Mechanisms of Nutritient Action on Brain Function Loy D. Lytle, Carla S. Whitacre, and Mark F. Nelson 1. Introduction Brain Neurons, Neurotransmitters, and Nutritional Status Serotoninergic Neurotransmission: An Overview Nutrition-Induced Changes in Brain Serotoninergic Neurotransmission Tryptophan Metabolism and Fate Nutritional Changes in Brain Serotoninergic Neurotransmission: Meal Effects Nutritional Changes in Brain Serotoninergic Neurotransmission: Meal Effects on Fetal Neurochemistry Nutritional Changes in Brain Serotoninergic Neurotransmission: Effects of Malnutrition Nutritional Status and Brain Function: A Prospectus Nutritional Changes in Other Brain or Peripheral Neurotransmitter Chemicals or in Both Possible Changes in Neurotransmitter Function following Nutrient-Induced Alterations in Neurotransmitter Synthesis Summary References Part II Behavioral Determinants of Food Intake and Nutritional Status Chapter 8 The Role of Mother-Infant Interaction in Nutritional Disorders Janina R. Galler, Henry N. Ricciuti, Mary A. Crawford, and L. Thomas Kucharski 1. Introduction Normative Patterns of Mother-Infant Interaction Rats Monkeys Humans

14 xvi Contents 3. Mother-Infant Interaction and Effectiveness of Early Feeding Practices in Humans Early Infant-Feeding Practices Breast Feeding Mother-Infant Interaction and Moderate to Severe Nutritional Disorders Human Studies Parallels in Nonorganic Failure to Thrive Related Animal Studies Complexity of the Human Situation Appendix Major Methods in the Study of Mother-Infant Interaction Common Measurement Problems References Chapter 9 Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia: Biological, Psychological, and Sociocultural Aspects Arnold E. Andersen 1. Introduction History Diagnosis Presentation to Medical Specialists Differential Diagnosis Animal Models Epidemiology of Anorexia Nervosa Natural History of the Eating Disorders Behavior Biology of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Psychological Aspects of Anorexia Nervosa Preillness Characteristics Precipitating Factors Psychological Characteristics of Acute Illness Chronic Illness Outcome Psychological Testing in the Eating Disorders Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa Summary References

15 Contents xvii Chapter 10 Obesity: Possible Psychological and Metabolic Determinants Robin B. Kanarek, Nilla Orthen-Gambill, Robin Marks-Kaufman, and Jean Mayer 1. Introduction A Psychological Perspective on the Determinants of Obesity Do Obese Humans Behave Like Brain-Damaged Rats? The Search for Behavioral Determinants of Human Obesity Metabolic Obesity: The New Direction for the 1980s? A Hypothesized Role for Brown Adipose Tissue and Diet- Induced Thermogenesis in Obesity Involvement of the Metabolic Sodium-Potassium Pump in Obesity Conclusions References Chapter 11 Psychological Factors Affecting Food Selection Daisy Lau, Magdalena Krondl, and Patricia Coleman 1. Introduction Physiological, Sensory, and Cognitive Factors Physiological Factors Sensory Factors Cognitive Factors Individualization and Changeability in Food Selection Heredity and Food Choices Gender and Cultural Individuality Changeability of Food Selection Integration of Factors through Food Perceptions " Holistic Concept and Perceptions Food Perceptions Perceptions and Food Selection Conclusions References

16 xviii Contents Chapter 12 Sociocultural Aspects of Nutrient Intake and Behavioral Responses to Nutrition Ellen Messer 1. Introduction Anthropological Studies Social Anthropological Studies Psychological Anthropological Studies Symbolic Anthropological Studies Cognitive and Ethnoscientific Anthropological Studies Ecological and Biocultural Anthropological Studies Anthropological and Related Studies of Nutrition and Economic Development Summary Sociocultural Determinants of Food Intake Sensory Characteristics Cultural Symbolic Dimensions Health Factors Economic Factors Status Factors Dietary Structure Social Factors: Food Distribution and Sharing Eating Behaviors: Hunger, Satiety, and Body Image Nutritional and Health Consequences of Dietary Practices Adaptive Value of Food Classifications, Dietary Structure, and Eating Behaviors Nutrient Intake and Function References Glossary Index