Effect of Different Levels of Seaweed in Starter and Finisher Diets in Pellet and Mash Form on Performance and Carcass Quality of Ducks

Transcription

1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 8 (10): , 2009 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2009 Effect of Different Levels of Seweed in Strter nd Finisher Diets in Pellet nd Msh Form on Performnce nd Crcss Qulity of Ducks 1 2 A.A. El-Deek nd A. Mervt Brik 1 Deprtment of Poultry Production, Fculty of Agriculture, (El-Shty), Alexndri University, Egypt 2 Animl Production Reserch Institute, Agriculture Reserch Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Dokki, Egypt Astrct: Two trils were run to ssess the nutritionl vlue of seweed s feedstuff in strter nd finisher diets for ducks. The first tril (strter period): 96, one-dy old commercil ducks were weighed, wing nded nd rndomly distriuted to ttery rooders into 8 tretment groups (3 replictes x 4 ducks ech). The ducks were fed the experimentl diets contined 0, 4, 8 nd 12% seweed, the diets were offered d-liitum in pellet nd msh form from one dy to 5 wks of ge. The second tril (finisher period): 160 commercil ducklings (35 dys of ge) were weighed; leg nded nd distriuted to 16 tretment groups of ten ducks ech. The ducks were fed the experimentl diets contined 0, 5, 10 nd 15% seweed, the diets were offered d-liitum in pellet nd msh form from dys of ge. Results of tril 1 indicte tht there were no significnt differences in Feed Intke (FI), Feed Conversion Rtio (FCR) due to inclusion of seweed up to 12% in strter diet either in msh or pellet form. In generl, ducks given pelleted diets utilized feed more efficiently thn those given the msh one. Results of tril 2 revel tht seweed cn e included up to 15% into ducks finisher diets either in pellet or msh form without dversely ffecting growth nd FCR. The reltive weight of dressing, liver, gizzrd, thigh muscles nd rest muscles were not significntly ffected y including up to 15% of seweed in finisher duck diets. Seweed t 5 nd 10% in the finisher duck diets significntly incresed the reltive weight of rest muscles. Seweed up to 15% in duck diet significntly improved the texture of rest muscles nd 5 nd 10% seweed improved the texture of thigh muscles. There were no significnt differences in the rom, tste, juiciness nd color of met due to seweed up to 15% in duck diets. In conclusion, seweed cn e used in strter nd finisher duck diets up to 12% nd 15%, respectively, without dversely ffecting growth performnce nd crcss qulity. Key words: Seweed, ducks, productive performnce, crcsses, met qulity INTRODUCTION The seweed quculture production (92% of the world seweed supply) douled etween 1996 nd 2004 nd is estimted t 11.3 million wet tones, with 99.7% of the iomss eing cultivted in Asi. Brown seweeds represent 63.8% of the production, while red seweeds represent 36.0% nd the green seweeds 0.2%. The seweed quculture production is vlued t US$ 5.7 illion (gin with 99.7% of the vlue eing provided y Asin countries). Brown seweeds dominte with 66.8% of the vlue, while red seweeds contriute 33.0% nd the green seweeds 0.2% (FAO, 2006). Totl nnul vlue of production is estimted t lmost US$ 6 illion of which food products for humn consumption represent US$ 5 illion. Totl nnul use y the glol seweed industry is out 8 million tones of wet seweed (FAO, 2003). Tody, pproximtely one million tones of wet seweed re hrvested nd extrcted to produce out 55,000 tones of hydrocolloids, vlued t lmost US$ 600 million (McHugh, 2003). Seweed hs plenty of essentil nutrients, especilly trce elements nd severl other ioctive sustnces. Tht explins why tody seweeds re considered s the food supplement for 21 century s source for st proteins, lipids, polyscchrides, minerl, vitmins nd enzyme (Rimer, 2007). Red nd rown seweeds re lso used to produce hydrocolloids; lginte, gr nd crrgeenn, which re used s thickening nd gelling gents. Asr (1972) indicted tht supplementtion chickens sl diet with 4% seweeds incresed ody weight gin. The use of 3 nd 4% seweed mel s n ingredient in roiler chickens hs no dverse effect on FCR nd slughter trits except dversely ffecting the flvor qulity, so they recommended removing seweed mel from the sl diet during the lst stges of chicken fttening (Tomov et l., 1981). Murice et l. (1984) concluded tht sun dried Brzilin Elode could e used in roiler diets t 5% without dversely ffecting growth, FCR or dressing percentge. El-Ansry et l. (1986) oserved tht liver weight of chicks t 6 wks significntly decresed with incresing grdully y 2.5% the non utoclved seweeds level from 0-10% in sl diet, while, intestinl nd cecl length were significntly incresed. Liver glycogen content nd pncretic mylse ctivity significntly incresed with feeding the seweeds. 1014

2 El-Deek et l. (1987) found tht inclusion of seweeds 0, 5, 10 nd 15% (tril 2) in the strter nd finisher diets, in finisher roiler diets hd no significnt effects on respectively on productive performnce, crcss chickens growth, FI nd FCR. They oserved tht shnk chrcteristics nd met qulity of ducks. pigmenttion incresed due to inclusion of 5 nd 10% of seweed. Gu et l. (1988) concluded tht 2% of mrine lge mel improved roiler performnce nd dressing percentge. Ross nd Dominy (1990) found tht the growth of the chickens fed diets contining up to 6.0% of Spirulin ws not different from tht of the chicks receiving the control diet (0.0%) nd the irds receiving the 12% Spirulin diet grew significntly slower thn the MATERIALS AND METHODS Prepring of dried mrine seweed: Red seweeds Polysiphonis SPP were collected freshly from the cost of Mediterrnen Se of Alexndri. Seweeds were wshed using tp wter severl times in order to get rid of ssocited slts nd snd. The test mteril ws o dried t 60 C for 72 h in cross flow drier, then grinded chicks fed the other Spirulin diets. Crrillo et l. (1990) reported insignificnt difference from 1 dy to 8 wks of ge of roilers fed sorghum-soyen diets contin 0, 5, 10, 15% seweed (Mcrocystis pyrifer) in FI, ut growth significntly nd grdully decresed with incresing seweed level. However, Ernest nd Wrren (1990) oserved tht performnce of Hured mle roiler chickens ws not significntly ffected y incorportion of lue-green lge up to 6% in the diet. Also, Venktrmn et l. (1994) indicted tht sun dried Spirulin pltensis lg t 14 nd 17% did not ffect performnce of roilers nd met qulity except intense color incresed in met of those fed diet contining lg. Ventur nd Cst Anon (1998) reported tht s dietry seweed incresed oth of FI nd growth rte significntly decresed nd they concluded crude U. rigid is not suitle ingredient for poultry diets, t lest t inclusion rtes of 100 g/kg or higher nd seweed did not modify TME of the rest of the diet (stndrd diet or glucose). Inl et l. (1995,) found tht supplemented Jpnese quils diet with Mxicrop, n extrct from the seweed Ascophyllum nodosm t 0, 0.01, 0.1 or 1% did not ffect growth, Mxicrop incresed FI nd decresed FCR while incresed egg yolk color. Also, Mxicrop hd no effect on histology of lymphoid tissue or crcss chrcteristics nd even when fed t to 4% it cused no pthologicl lesion. Studies with lying hens re encourging for exmple; Strnd et l. (1998) reported tht fucoxnthin, the mjor crotenoid in seweed mel, is not trnsferred to the yolk. However, fucoxnthin rises the metolites of fucoxnthinol, fucoxnthinol sulphte nd prcentrone, which re scried to enzymtic modifictions occurring in the hens. The difurnoid furoxnthin encountered in the egg yolk ws scried to violxnthin nd/or its furnoid derivtives present in the seweed mel. Pdhi et l. (2003) indicted tht seweeds cn e included in lyer diets t 7.5% without ny dverse effect on FI, FCR, egg production nd qulity. Fredriksson et l. (2006) found tht yolk ftty cid composition ws enhnced in the phospholipids frction (18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3 nd 22:6n-3) nd crotenoid content of egg yolk re improved y ddition of mrine micro lge, Nnnochloropsis ocult to lying hen diets. The im of this study ws to investigte the effect of different dietry levels t 0, 4, 8 nd 12% (tril 1) nd t nd kept in gs until used in the experimentl diets. Experiment 1: This experimentl ws performed to ssess the feeding vlue of seweed s feedstuff in strter duck diets. Ninety six one-dy old commercil ducks were weighed, wing nded nd rndomly divided into 8 tretment groups, ech consisting of 3 replictes of 4 ducks. The ducks were housed in ttery rooders nd fed the experimentl diets contining 0, 4, 8 nd 12 % seweed. The diets were offered d-liitum in pellet nd msh form one dy to 5 wks of ge (Tle 1). Dt were recorded weekly for BW, FI nd FCR. Experiment 2: This experimentl ws designed to study the effects of feeding three levels of seweed e.g. 5, 10 nd 15% on performnce nd crcss trits nd met qulity of ducks during the finisher period (35-63 dys of ge). Up to 35 dys of ge commercil duckling were fed on strter diet (Tle 2). From 35 dys of ge 160 ducklings were weighed, leg nded nd rndomly distriuted to 16 tretments groups. Ech tretment consisted of 2 replictes of 5 ducks ech. The ducks were fed the experimentl diets contining 0, 5, 10 nd 15% seweed d-liitum in pellet nd msh form dys of ge (Tle 2). Dt were recorded weekly for Body Weight (BW), FI nd FCR. At the end of the experimentl period, 4 ducks from ech tretment were rndomly selected, weighed, slughtered nd then dressed to determine the crcss weight nd liver, gizzrd, rest muscles, thigh muscles, nd dominl fts s reltive weight of live ody weight (g/100 BW). Brest length nd width (cm/100g BW) were lso mesured. Brest width ws mesured t the crncl top of the keel one while, the length ws mesured s the keel length. Sensory evlution ws conducted ccording to Tilgner's method (1957) y trined tste pnel which consisted of five judges. A ten point's descriptive scle ws used to score the tste, rom, tenderness nd juiciness. Higher vlues were more cceptle to the pnelist thn the lower ones. Sttisticl nlysis: The sttisticl nlysis ws conducted using SAS (2001) softwre progrm. Men differences were tested y Duncn s New Multiple Rnge Test (Duncn, 1955). 1015

3 Tle 1: Composition of strter duck diets fed in tril 1 Seweed levels (%) Ingredient 0.0% (control) 4% 8% 12% Corn, ground Soyen mel (44%) Concentrte* Seweed** Totl Clculted nlysis Crude protein (%) ME (kcl/kg) Clcium (%) Avi. Phosphorus (%) Lysine Methionine Cystein Linolinic cid Concentrte*: Crude protein (%) 52.00, ME (Kcl/kg) 2440, Ether Extrct (%) 2.00, Crude fier (%) 3.00, Clcium (%) 7.50, Avi. Phosphorus (%) Seweed**:- Crude protein (%) 32.00, ME (Kcl/kg) 3518, Ether Extrct (%) 17.0, Crude fier (%) According to El-Deek nd Brik (2009) Tle 2: Composition of strter nd finishing duck diets fed in tril 2 Strter diet Seweed level in finisher diets (%) (1-34 dy Ingredient of ge) 0.0 % (control) 5.0% 10.0% 15% Corn, ground Soyen mel (44%) Concentrte* Seweed ** Totl Clculted nlysis Crude protein (%) ME (kcl/kg) Clcium (%) Avi. Phosphorus (%) Lysine Methionine Cystein Linolinic cid ,22 Concentrte*: Crude protein (%) 52.00, ME (Kcl/kg) 2440, Ether Extrct (%) 2.00, Crude fier (%) 3.00, Clcium (%) 7.50, Avi. Phosphorus (%) Seweed**:- Crude protein (%) 32.00, ME (Kcl/kg) 3518, Ether Extrct (%) 17.0, Crude fier (%) According to El-Deek et l. (2009) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Experiment 1: Irrespective of the diet form nd the interction etween level nd diet form, seweed level (0, 4, 8 nd 12%) hd no significnt effect on BW nd BWG t 5 wks of ge (Tles 3 nd 4). Similr results ws reported y Brune (1982) who otined stisfctory results with growing chicks fed Spiruline lge mel t 5 nd 10%, while the growth ws depressed t level ove 20%. Regrdless of seweed level nd the interction etween level nd diet form, ducks received the diets in pellet form significntly incresed the BW nd BWG thn those received the sme diets in msh form. These results re in greement with those reported y Tkems nd Hijikuro (1984), Reece et l. (1986) nd Morn (1987). Jensen et l. (1962) explined the increse in growth with pelleted diet due to less energy expend in prehension of feed therefore, irds hve more energy ville for growth. A significnt interction etween seweed level nd the diet form showed tht diets in pellet form t 0, 4 nd 8% significntly incresed growth compred the corresponding groups, except those fed msh diet included 12% seweed. There were no significnt differences in FI nd FCR due to inclusion seweed t different levels in strter msh or pellet diets for duck (Tle 4). In generl, ducks given pelleted diets utilized feed more efficiently (6.04%) thn those given the msh ones. However, inclusion of seweed up to 12% hd no effect on pltility of the diets y ducks. Similr results were reported y Wilson (1973) nd El-Deek et l. (1987). 1016

4 Tle 3: Body weight (g) of ducks fed different dietry levels of se weed in pellet nd msh form in tril 1 (1-35 d of ge) Initil Body weight (g) Body weight t 5 weeks (g) Level Pellet Msh Men level Pellet Msh Men level Bsel Diet 72.9± ± ± ±51.5 cd ± ±33.9 4% Seweed 67.7± ± ± ±47.1 d ± ±44.8 8% Seweed 69.5± ± ±1.0 c ±54.9 d ± ± % Seweed 74.2± ± ±1.5 cd ±44.9 cd ± ±33.4 Overll mens 71.0± ± ± ± ± ±18.6 Bet. Form (F) NS ** Bet. Levels (L) NS NS Interction (F x L) NS ** cd Mens shring the sme letter in ech column within row re not sttisticl different ccording to the results of Duncn's test Tle 4: Body weight gin (g), feed intke (g) nd feed conversion rtio (g feed/g/gin) of ducks fed different dietry levels of se weed in pellet nd msh form in tril 1 (1-35 d of ge) Body weight gin (g) (1-5 wks of ge) Level Pellet Msh Men level cd Bsel Diet ± ± ±33.5 d 4% Seweed ± ± ±45.0 c d 8% Seweed ± ± ±35.1 cd cd 12%Seweed ± ± ±32.9 Overll mens ± ± ±18.5 Bet. Form (F) ** Bet. Levels (L) NS Interction (F x L) ** Feed Intke(g/duck) Level Pellet Msh Men level Bsel Diet ± ± ±84.9 4% Seweed ± ± ±86.5 8% Seweed ± ± ± %Seweed ± ± ±96.8 Overll mens ± ± ±32.5 Bet. Form (F) NS Bet. Levels (L) NS Interction (F x L) NS Feed conversion rtio (g feed/g gin) Level Pellet Msh Men level Bsel Diet 2.70± ± ±0.08 4% Seweed 2.80± ± ±0.06 8% Seweed 2.70± ± ± %Seweed 3.00± ± ±0.04 Overll mens 2.80± ± ±0.05 Bet. Form (F) NS Bet. Levels (L) NS Interction (F x L) NS cd Mens shring the sme letter in ech column within row re not sttisticl different ccording to the results of Duncn's test Experiment 2: Level of seweed nd form of diet hd insignificnt effect on BW t 9 wks of ge (Tle 5). A tendency ws oserved towrds etter (3.8%) growth of ducks received diets in pelleted form compred with those received diets in msh form. Ducks fed diets contining 5% seweed gined significntly more weight thn tht of those fed diets contining 15% seweeds (Tle 6). Also, ducks fed 15% seweeds diet hd the lowest BWG compred to the other groups. Regrdless of seweed level, diet form hd no significnt effect on BWG t 9 wk of ge (Tle 6). There ws n interction reveling tht duck fed pelleted diet contining 5% seweed hd significntly hevier BWG thn those given diets in either pellet or msh form t the other levels of seweed (Tle 6). In ccordnce with the present results, severl reserchers showed tht mrine seweed support the growth of chickens nd Jpnese quil (Asr, 1978; Tomov et l., 1981; Murice et l., 1984; El-Deek et l.,1987; Gu et l., 1988; Ross nd Dominy, 1990; Venktrmn et l., 1994 nd Inl et l., 1995,). Results of FI nd FCR indicted no significnt effect due to incorportion of different levels of seweed in ducks diets offered in msh or pellets form (Tle 6). Ducks consumed significntly more (22.4%) feed when the diet ws offered in msh form thn tht in pelleted form. Also, ducks fed diets in pellet form utilized feed more (22%) efficiently thn those fed diets in msh form. No significnt interction etween dietry seweed level nd diet form on FI nd FCR of the ducks were shown. Similrly, Murice et l. (1984), El-Deek et l. (1987) nd Crrillo et l. (1990) indicted tht mrine seweed cn e fed without dverse effect on FI nd FCR for roiler chickens. Also, Coskun et l. (1993) nd Pdhi et l. (2003) showed similr results with lying hens nd Inl et l. (1995,) with Jpnese quil. This result revels tht seweed could e included in the finishing diets for ducks up to 15% in pellet form without dversely ffecting growth nd FCR. Such prctice will hve reflection on etter economic vlue of ducks production due to low price of seweeds compred to other feedstuffs. Dt for reltive weight of crcss trits re presented in (Tles 7, 8 nd 9). The reltive weight for dressing, liver, gizzrd, thigh met, rest length nd rest wide were not significntly ffected y including different levels of seweed in finisher duck diets. However, reltive weight of dominl ft nd rest muscle were significntly ffected. Inclusion of seweed t different levels significntly incresed the reltive weight of 1017

5 Tle 5: Body weight (kg) of ducks fed different dietry levels of seweed in pellet nd msh form in tril 2 (35-63 d of ge) Initil Body weight (kg) Body weight t 9 weeks (kg) Level Pellet Msh Men level Pellet Msh Men level Bsel Diet 1.4± ± ± ±0.04 c 2.5± ±0.03 c 5% Seweed 1.4± ± ± ± ± ± % Seweed 1.4± ± ±0.01 c 2.6± ± ±0.05 c c 15% Seweed 1.4± ± ± ± ± ±0.03 Overll mens 1.4± ± ± ± ± ±0.02 Bet. Form (F) NS NS Bet. Levels (L) NS NS Interction (F x L) NS ** c Mens shring the sme letter in ech column within row re not sttisticl different ccording to the results of Duncn's test Tle 6: Body weight gin (kg), feed intke (kg) nd feed conversion rtio (g feed/g/gin) of ducks fed different dietry levels of seweed in pellet nd msh form in tril 2 (35-63 d of ge) Feed conversion rtio (kg feed/kg Body weight gin (kg) (6-9 wks of ge) Feed Intke(kg/duck) gin) Level Pellet Msh Men level Pellet Msh Men level Pellet Msh Men level c d Bsel Diet 1.30± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.37 cd 5% Seweed 1.40± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.43 cd c 10%Seweed 1.20± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.29 d cd 15%Seweed 1.10± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.27 Overll mens 1.30± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.16 Bet. Form (F) NS ** ** Bet. Levels (L) * NS NS Interction (F x L) ** NS NS cd Mens shring the sme letter in ech column within row re not sttisticl different ccording to the results Tle 7: Crcss weight (g), dressing (%) nd dominl ft (%) of 63-d Tle 8: Liver (%), gizzrd (%) nd rest met (%) of 63-d old ducks old ducks fed different dietry levels of seweed in pellet nd fed different dietry levels of seweed in pellet nd msh form msh form in tril 2 (35-63 d of ge) in tril 2 (35-63 d of ge) Crcss weight (g) Liver (g/100g BW) Level Pellet Msh Men level Level Pellet Msh Men level Control (0.0%) ± ± ±40.20 Control (0.0%) 8.0± ± ±0.21 5% seweed ± ± ±34.2 5% seweed 7.9± ± ± % seweed ± ± ± % seweed 7.5± ± ± % seweed ± ± ± % seweed 7.9± ± ±0.23 Overll mens ± ± ±18.5 Overll mens 7.8± ± ±0.21 Bet. Form (F) NS Bet. Form (F) NS Bet. Levels (L) NS Bet. Levels (L) NS Interction (F x L) NS Interction (F x L) NS Dressing (g/100 g BW) Gizzrd (g/100g BW) Level Pellet Msh Men level Level Pellet Msh Men level Control (0.0%) 60.2± ± ±0.39 Control (0.0%) 9.6± ± ±0.31 5% seweed 60.7± ± ±0.51 5% seweed 9.1± ± ± % seweed 60.6± ± ± % seweed 8.9± ± ± % seweed 60.1± ± ± % seweed 8.4± ± ±0.45 Overll mens 60.4±± ± ±0.44 Overll mens 9.0±± ± ±0.24 Bet. Form (F) NS Bet. Form (F) NS Bet. Levels (L) NS Bet. Levels (L) NS Interction (F x L) NS Interction (F x L) NS Adominl ft (g/100g BW) Brest met (g/100g BW) Level Pellet Msh Men level Level Pellet Msh Men level Control (0.0%) 7.5± ± ±0.42 Control (0.0%) 26.3± ± ±0.33 5% seweed 9.1± ± ±0.34 5% seweed 26.9± ± ± % seweed 8.0± ± ± % seweed 25.8± ± ± % seweed 8.8± ± ± % seweed 21.9± ± ±0.59 Overll mens 8.4± ± ±0.44 Overll mens 25.2± ± ±0.44 Bet. Form (F) NS Bet. Form (F) NS Bet. Levels (L) * Bet. Levels (L) ** Interction (F x L) NS Interction (F x L) ** c c Mens shring the sme letter in ech column within row re not Mens shring the sme letter in ech column within row re not sttisticl different ccording to the results of Duncn's test sttisticl different ccording to the results of Duncn's test 1018

6 Tle 9: Thigh met (%), rest width (%) nd rest length (%) of 63-d old ducks fed different dietry levels of seweed in pellet nd msh form in tril 2 (35-63 d of ge) Thigh met (g/100g BW) Brest width (cm) Brest length (cm) Level Pellet Msh Men level Pellet Msh Men level Pellet Msh Men level Control (0.0%) 21.4± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.38 5% seweed 21.8± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± % seweed 22.5± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± % seweed 21.9± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.19 Overll mens 21.9± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.34 Bet. Form (F) ** NS NS Bet. Levels (L) NS NS NS Interction (F x L) ** NS NS c Mens shring the sme letter in ech column within row re not sttisticl different ccording to the results of Duncn's test Tle 10: Sensory evlution of rest nd thigh muscles of 63-d old ducks fed different dietry levels of seweed in pellet nd msh form in tril 2 (35-63 d of ge) Texture Arom Tste Level Brest Thigh Brest Thigh Brest Thigh 0.0% (Contrl) P 8.18± ± ± ± ± ±0.25 M 7.64± ± ± ± ± ±0.24 B B Men level 7.91± ± ± ± ± ±0.17 5% seweed P 8.64± ± ± ± ± ±0.16 M 8.54± ± ± ± ± ±0.21 A A Men level 8.59± ± ± ± ± ± % seweed P 8.74± ± ± ± ± ±0.19 M 8.91± ± ± ± ± ±0.28 A A Men level 8.82± ± ± ± ± ± % Seweed P 8.45± ± ± ± ± ±0.18 M 8.64± ± ± ± ± ±0.30 A B Men level 8.54± ± ± ± ± ±0.17 Bet. Form (F) NS NS NS ** NS NS Bet. Levels (L) ** ** NS NS NS NS Interction (F x L) NS NS NS * NS NS Juiciness Color Level Brest Thigh Brest Thigh 0.0% (Contrl) P 8.54± ± ± ±0.12 M 8.00± ± ± ±0.12 Men level 8.27± ± ± ±0.08 5% seweed P 8.82± ± ± ±0.10 M 8.64± ± ± ±0.07 Men level 8.73± ± ± ± % seweed P 8.45± ± ± ±0.10 M 8.27± ± ± ±0.20 Men level 8.36± ± ± ± %Seweed P 8.27± ± ± ±0.19 M 8.18± ± ± ±0.18 Men level 8.23± ± ± ±0.13 Bet. Form (F) NS NS NS NS Bet. Levels (L) NS NS NS NS Interction (F x L) NS * NS NS AB or Mens shring the sme letter in ech column under similr tretment re not sttisticl different ccording to the results of Duncn's test P = pellet diet M = msh diet dominl ft, my e to incresing in energy contining 15% seweed significntly incresed reltive vilility. Seweed t 5 nd 10% in the finisher diets weight of rest muscle. Similrly, El-Deek et l. (1987) significntly increse the reltive weight of rest met nd Murice et l. (1984) reported no dverse effect on compred to the other levels, regrdless of diets form or ducks nd roiler crcss qulity due to different dietry the interction (Tle 8). seweed levels. However, Wilson (1973) nd Choi et l. All crcss trits except for reltive thigh met were not (1986) indicted tht duckling nd chickens fed diets in significntly ffected y diet form. Ducks fed msh diet msh form significntly incresed gizzrd thn those fed 1019

7 pellets diet. This result in contrry to the present result El-Deek, A.A., M.A. Asr, M.A. Sf Hmdy, M.A. Kos tht msh nd pellet forms did not ffect gizzrd nd M. Osmn, Nutritionl vlue of mrine percentge significntly. seweed in roiler diets. J. Agric. Sci. Mnsour A significnt improvement in the texture of rest muscle Univ., 12: of ducks ws detected due to inclusion seweed up to El-Deek, A.A. nd Mervt A. Brik, Nutritionl nd 15% compred to those fed control diet (Tle 10). iologicl evlution of mrine seweed s However, the inclusion of 5 nd 10% seweed improved feedstuff nd s pellet inder in poultry diet. Int. J. the thigh texture of ducks compred to those fed either Poult. Sci., 8: (In press). the diets with zero (control diet) or 15% seweed. Ernest, R. nd D. Wrren, The nutritionl vlue of There were no significnt differences in the rom, dehydrted, Blue-Green lge Spirulin Plntensis tste, juiciness nd color due to feeding vrious levels for poultry. Poult. Sci., 69: of seweed. FAO, A guide to the Seweed industry. Food nd The form of seweed diet hd no significnt effect on ll Agriculture Orgniztion of the United Ntions, sensory trets except the thigh rom which significntly incresed y feeding the diets in msh form thn those fed diets in pellet form. There ws significnt interction indicting tht only the rom nd juiciness of thigh muscle ws ffected. Inclusion of 15% seweed in the diets offered in pellet form decresed rom in ducks thigh met when compred with the other groups. Juiciness of thigh met showed no meningful trend. Tomov et l. (1981) found tht using 4% seweed in roiler finishing diet dversely ffected flvor qulity. The results of this reserch indicted tht seweed cn e included in strter nd finisher duck diets up to 12% nd 15%, respectively, without dversely ffecting growth performnce nd crcss qulity. Rome. REFERENCES Asr, M., The use of some weeds in poultry nutrition. M.Sc. Thesis. Alexndri University. Asr, M., The use of new sources of protein in poultry nutrition. Ph.D Thesis. Alexndri University. Brune, H., Zur vertrglickeit der Einzellerlgen Spirulin mxim und Scenedesmus cutus ls lleininge Eiwei Bquelle fur Broiler, Z. Tierphysiol Tierernehr. Futtermittelked, 48: Crrillo, D.S., V.M.M. Css, G.M.I. Cstro, G.I. Perez nd V.R. Grci, The use of Mcrocystis pyrifer seweed in roiler diets. Investigtion Agrri Production Snidd Animls, 5: Choi, J., B. So, K. Ryu nd S. Kng, Effects of pelleted or crumed diets on the performnce nd the development of the digestive orgns of roilers. Poult. Sci., 65: Coskun, B., F. Inl, E. Seker, N. Gulsen nd H.D. Arik, The effect of seweed solule powder Mxicrop on performnce in hens. Veteriner Fkultesi Dergisi Selcuk Universitesi., 9: Duncn, D.B., Multiple rnge nd Multiple Test. Biometrics, 11: El-Ansry, E., A.A. El-Deek, M.A. Asr nd M.A. Kos, Response of lood glucose level, liver glycogen content nd pncetic mylse ctivity of roiler chick fed non nd utouclved seweed. Egyptin Poult. Sci. J., 6: y4765e00.htm. FAO, The stte of world quculture Food nd Agriculture Orgniztion of the United Ntions, FAO Fisheries Technicl Pper 500, Rome. www. fo.org/docrep/009/0874e/0874e00.htm. Fredriksson, S., K. Elwinger nd J. Pickov, Ftty cid nd crotenoid composition of egg yolk s n effect of microlge ddition to feed formul for lying hens. Food Chem., 99: Gu, H.Y., Y.G. Liu nd Z.Z. Shu, Nutrient composition of mrine lge nd their feeding on roilers. Chinese J. Anim. Sci., 3: Inl, F., B. Coskun, I. Celik, S. Inl, Gulsenn nd Z. Yener, Use of seweed extrct in diets for Jpnese quils, 2.The effects of seweed extrct on growth performnce. Vet. Bilimleri Dergisi, 11: Inl, F., Coskun, Ciftcimk nd Gulsenn Use of seweed extrct in diets for Jpnese quils, 2. The effects of seweed extrct on egg yield. Vet. Bilimleri Dergisi, 11: Jensen, L., H. Louis, C. Reddy nd J. McGinnis, Oservtion on eting ptterns nd rte of food pssge of irds fed pelleted nd unpelleted diets. Poult. Sci., 41: Murice, D.V., J.E. Jones, C.R. Dillon nd J.M. Weer, Chemicl composition nd nutritionl vlue of Brzilin elode Egeri dens for the chick. Poult. Sci., 63: McHugh, D.J., A guide to the seweed industry. FAO Fisheries Technicl Pper. No Morn, E.T., Jr Effect of pellet qulity on the performnce of met irds. London, UK. Butterworth, pp: Pdhi, M.K., R.B. Rim, P. Chndr, S. Senni, S.K. Sh nd S.P.S. Ahlwt, Effect of feeding se weeds on performnce of Nicori lyer. Anim. Sci., 73: Reece, F.N., B.D. Lott nd J.W. Deton, Effect of environment temperture nd corn prticle size on response of roilers to pelleted feed. Poult. Sci., 65:

8 Rimer Ir. Indy, Why sewees. M.Sc Fculty of Tomov, D., I. Mndev, D. Chotinski, I. Tsvtnov nd E. Fisheries nd Mrine Sciences, Sm Rtulngi Dunev, Testing poultry mixed feeds University, Jln. Kmpus Bhu, Mndo 95115, contining seweeds, influence on roiler Indonesi. performnce indictors. Cited in Nutr. Ast. nd Ross, E. nd W. Dominy, The nutritionl vlue of Rev., 1982 (52). dehydrted, lue-green lge (Spirulin pltensis) Venktrmn, L.V., T. Somsekrn nd E.W. Becker, for poultry. Poult. Sci., 69: Replcement vlue of lue-green lg SAS, SAS user s guide, Sttistics, Version 10th Spirulin pltensis for fishmel nd vitmin Edn. SAS institute Inc., Cry NC. minerl premix for roiler chicks. Br. Poult Sci., 35: Strnd, A., O. Herstd nd S. Lien Jensen, Fucoxnthin metolites in egg yolks of lying Ventur, M.R. nd J.I.R. Cst Anon, The nutritive hens. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. vlue of seweed Ulv lctuc for gots. Smll Apr., 1194, Rumin. Res., 29: Tkems, M. nd S. Hijikuro, Possiility of Wilson, B.J., Effects of diets form on the seweed s pellet inder. J. Poult. Sci., 21: 231- performnce of tle duckling. Br. Poult. Sci., 14: Tilgner, D.J., Anliz orgnoleptyczn, Polnd. 1021