Targeted Levels of Minerals in Plant Foods: biofortification & post harvest fortification
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1 Targeted Levels of Minerals in Plant Foods: biofortification & post harvest fortification Erick Boy Workshop: Improving the composition of plant foods for better mineral nutrition June 4, 2012 ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland HarvestPlus c/o IFPRI 2033 K Street, NW Washington, DC USA Tel: Fax: HarvestPlus@cgiar.org
2 Basic Definitions Biofortification: enhancement of iron or zinc in edible portion of a staple food crop through traditional plant breeding without sacrificing agronomic qualities (i.e. yield). No additional cost to consumer. Fortification: addition of lost or missing minerals to a massively consumed or targeted food/condiment vehicle that is consumed regularly in predictable amounts, without affecting the vehicle s organoleptic characteristics.
3 Considerations Legal: vary by country (GMOs, enforcement) Technical: biomarkers, requirements, UL, alteration of organoleptics Biological Plants (natural mineral density range) Humans (bioavailability) Economic Cultural: consumer acceptance
4 Context of Targets: PH Fortification Program Implementation Steps Defining the target population Assessing mineral intake and status Selecting the food vehicle(s) Selecting the mineral fortificant Determining the level of mineral fortificant* Establishing the regulatory parameters Costs: initial investment & recurring Monitoring and evaluation* Communicating and marketing fortification programmes*
5 Establishing the nutrient target level The EAR cut-point method and the probability method give similar results as long as the assumptions underlying them are met. The dietary goal of fortification formally defined: to provide most (97.5%) of individuals in the population group(s) at greatest risk of deficiency with an adequate intake of specific micronutrients, without causing a risk of excessive intakes in this or other groups. WHO (2006) most individuals of the population satisfy 80% of RNI
6 What usually happens is. PH Food fortification programs are devised so as to achieve a level of fortification such that, when the program is in place, the probability of the nutrient intake being inadequate in a given population either insufficient or excessive is acceptably low.
7 However Micronutrient fortification is not universally applicable. High degree of decentralization of food processing activities. Subsistence farming is predominant Source: FAO Food fortification: Technology and quality control
8 INTERVENTIONS OVERLAP Supplementation BIOFORTIFICATION (RURAL POOR) MASS FORTIFICATION (URBAN POOR) TARGETED FORTIFICATION (LIFE CYCLE STAGES)
9 Challenges in Developing & Evaluating biofortified foods as a viable public health intervention Development Challenges: Minimizing losses of mineral during processing Nutrient Retention Consumption Level Estimate target micronutrient content Challenges: Avail. of representative dietary intake data. Bioavailability Evaluation Challenges: Challenges: Efficacy Breeding agronomic traits Determine effect of into biofortified staple. infections on Functional seed extension efficacy. systems. Identify adequate Farmer acceptance if Effectiveness and sensitive sensory characteristics are biomarkers of altered micronutrient status. Creating demand. Hotz & McClafferty, 2007, FNB, 28 (2), S Challenges: Overcoming low bio-avail. of iron. Quantifying +/- effects from whole diets.
10 Genetic Variation, Baseline & Target Levels 45 Target Increment Wolfgang H PFEIFFER
11 What IF we do not have the levels? Case of Iron Biofortification in Cereals Baseline Could be Achieved by breeding by 2013 Target P Maize Wheat Rice l Mill t Iron µgg -1 Wolfgang H PFEIFFER Germplasm still below the 100 % target levels by 2013 for the three main cereals even if breeding would concentrate on increasing iron levels Transgenic approach is only option
12 Biofortification Timeline: Wheat Southeast Asia HarvestPlus c/o IFPRI 2033 K Street, NW Washington, DC USA Tel: Fax: HarvestPlus@cgiar.org
13 Preliminary Biofortification Iron Target and Research Findings for Common Beans and Pearl Millet Additional Iron provides 30% EAR
14 Original Beans and Pearl Millet Iron Breeding Targets for Non Pregnant Non lactating women Nutrient FOOD X "+Nutrient Consumed Concentration (g/day) (mcg/g)" X Nutrient Retained (%) X Absorbed proportion (%) = Nutrient absorbed (μg/day) EAR NP NL Woman (mcg) Iron Beans Iron Pearl Millet 200 x 44.0 x 90 x 5.0 = x 30.0 x 90 x 5.0 = Iron absorbed = % EAR = 27% Beans Iron Required = 28% Pearl Millet
15 Updated Fe Breeding Targets for Beans & Pearl Millet Non Pregnant Non lactating women Nutrient FOOD X " + Nutrient Consumed Concentration (g/day) (mcg/g)" X Nutrient Retained (%) X Absorbed proportion (%) = Nutrient absorbed (μg/day) EAR NP NL Woman (mcg) Iron Beans Iron Pearl Millet 185 x 44.0 x 95 x 5.0 = x 30.0 x 95 x 7.0 = Iron absorbed = % EAR = Iron Required 21% Beans Rwanda = 23% Pearl Millet Maharashtra
16 How much additional iron is needed to have a biological impact? at least an additional intake equivalent to 60% EAR of iron was required to improve iron stores, and at least 90% EAR was needed to decrease nutritional anemia. [fish sauce, salt, refined wheat flour, & wheat flour biscuits).
17 Preliminary Biofortification Target and Research Findings for Zincbiofortified rice Additional Zn provides 40% EAR
18 Rice Intake in rural Bangladesh: as high as assumed Distributions of usual rice intakes of primary female caregivers and children (rice, raw, g/d) WOMEN (n=478) Both districts Mean Median (25 th, 75 th ) (365, 476) P-value CHILDREN 2-4 yr (n=463) 138* 134 (99, 172) No Seasonal effect (p>0.05) *30% EAR 0.08
19 Current and simulated prevalence of inadequate zinc intakes rural Bangladesh (+8 ppm Zn from 12 to 20 ppm) % Trishal Pirgacha 5 0 Current 35% 70% Source: Arsenault J et al AJCN Adequacy level is EAR of 2 mg zinc for 1-3 y old children (IZiNCG) Data from Arsenault et al, J Nutr, 2010
20 Original Zn targets for rice and whole wheat for Non Pregnant Non lactating women Nutrient FOOD X "+Nutrient Consumed Concentration (g/day) (mcg/g)" X Nutrient Retained (%) X Absorbed proportion (%) = Nutrient absorbed (μg/day) EAR NP NL Woman (mcg) Polished Rice W. Wheat 400 x 8.0 x 90 x 25.0 = x 8.0 x 90 x 25.0 = Total Zn absorbed = % EAR = EAR 38% P. polished Rice = 38% Whole Wheat
21 Revised Zn targets for rice and whole wheat for Non Pregnant Non lactating women Nutrient FOOD X "+Nutrient Consumed Concentration (g/day) (mcg/g)" X Nutrient Retained (%) X Absorbed proportion (%) = Nutrient absorbed (μg/day) EAR NP NL Woman (mcg) Polished Rice W. Wheat 422 x 8.0 x 90 x 20.0 = x 8.0 x 95 x 15.0 = total Zn absorbed = % EAR = EAR 33% P. polished Rice = 24% Whole Wheat
22 Summary BIOFORTIFICATION FORTIFICATION TARGET POPULATION RURAL POOR / HOUSEHOLDS (WCBA & C4-6 y) DIETARY/NUTRITIONAL GOAL (% EAR) PREFERRED VEHICLES LIMITED BY GERMPLASM VARIABILITY (30-40% EAR) STAPLE FOODS TARGETABLE TO LIFE CYCLE STAGE & SPECIFIC CONTEXTS LIMITED BY FOOD:FORTIFICANT INTERACTIONS (100% EAR) PROCESSED STAPLES + DEVELOPMENT ~10 YRS <10 YRS SUSTAINABILITY (RECURRING COSTS FORTIF. PROCESS, DISTRIB. SYSTEM, M%E) HIGH (ONE TIME INVESTMENT IN DEVELOPMENT OF EACH VARIETY) MODERATE (VARIES BY COST OF FORTIFICANT, FORTIF. PROCESS AND M&E)
23 Summary POTENTIAL NUTRITIONAL IMPACT BIOFORTIFICATION POPULATION INTAKE/STATUS RIGHT- SHIFT FORTIFICATION POPULATION (M) INDIVIDUAL (T) STATUS IMPROVEMENT; HIGHER CEILING POTENTIAL FOR TOXICITY LOW-NONE LOW RESEARCH NEEDS EFFICACY & EFFECTIVENESS TRIALS EFFECTIVENESS > EFFICACY TRIALS (VARIES BY MINERAL) NUTRIENT RETENTION POST HARVEST POST PROCESSING BIOAVAILABILITY (MARGINALLY FE- DEFICIENT SUBJECTS LOW ZN DIETS) FE: 3-7% MEALS ZN: 5-15% PORRIDGE & FLAT BREAD MORE MODIFIABLE (FE SALTS, enhancers, phytase) SIMILAR to BIOFORTIFIED FOODS
24 Points of discussion 1. Bioavailability in mixed diets: range of values 2. Upper Level of Intake: revise Zn up? 3. Dietary vs nutritional goals (%EAR from fortification that will produce significant nutritional effect(s)) 4. When is it important to estimate the impact of overlapping interventions in a given population? Determine boundaries a priori? 5. Dietary and/or nutritional outcome associated with target level? Thank you
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