Tema 10A: Fermentations. Chapter 14 and Chapter 8 Pages
|
|
- Polly May
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Tema 10A: Fermentations hapter 14 and hapter 8 Pages
2
3 Lactic Acid Bacteria haracteristics: Gram positive, carbohydrate users, proteolysis rare, nonmotile, non-spore forming Strict fermentors, unable to synthesize cytochromes unless heme is added. catalase negative oxidase negative Nutritionally fastidious All make lactic acid (lactate) as predominant end product
4 Lactic Acid Bacteria Types of fermentation omofermentative: glucose to 2 lactic acids, 85-95% of glucose carbon in lactate eterofermentative: glucose to 1 lactate, 1 ethanol, and 1 carbon dioxide, only 50% or less of glucose carbon in lactate. Types of products will define the pathway used and ATP made.
5 Lactic Acid Bacteria Types of organisms Streptococcus: homofermentative Leuconostoc: heterofermentative Pediococcus homofermentative Lactobacillus; heterofermentative or homofermentative.
6 Lactic Acid Bacteria Streptococcus species: Group A, flesh eating, toxin (superantigens and pyrogenic) Pneumonococci: polysaccharides Enterococcus: gut dwellers Lactococcus natural fermentations Lactic acid production: lowers p, preserves and precipitates proteins
7 Lactic acid bacteria omofermentative pathway Uses Glycolytic pathway to make 2 pyruvates from glucose verview: Activation-use 2 ATP Make ß-carbonyl - bond cleavage xidation/reduction Substrate-level phosphorylation
8 omofermentative Pathway in Streptococci Glucose ATP ADP Glucose-6-P Fructose-6-P ATP ADP Fructose-1,6 bis P Lactate dehydrogenase Dihydroxyacetone-P Dihydroxyacetone-P converted to glyceraldehyde-3-p Pathway shows 2 G-3-P's after this step. Reoxidation of NAD 2 pyruvate 2 NAD 2 NAD + 2 lactate Used 2 ATP Made 4 ATP Net ATP yield=2 ATP/glucose 2 Glyceraldehyde-3-P 2 NAD + 2 NAD 2 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 3-phophoglycerate 2 2-phosphoglycerate phosphoenolpyruvate 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 pyruvate
9 Glycolytic Pathway for Glucose Metabolism 2 exokinase or PTS system = 3 P ATP 2 G6P isomerase ADP Glucose Glucose-6-P = 3 P Phosphofructokinase = 3 P Fructose-1,6-bis P aldolase = 3 P 2 2 Glyceraldehyde-3-P 2 + ATP ADP 2 P 3 = 2 Dihydroxyacetone-P Fructose-6-P Fructose-1,6- bisp 2 P = 3 Now have 2 G3P's Triose isomerase
10 Triosephosphate dehydrogenase Glycolytic Pathway for Glucose Metabolism = 3 P 2 NAD + NAD { = 3 P 2 S-Enz } P = 4 Glyceraldehyde-3-P (Metabolism of only one G3P is shown) Phosphoglycerate kinase = 3 P 2 -P = 3 ADP ATP = 3 P 2 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate Phosphoglycerate mutase Enolase P 3 = -P 3 = 2-phosphoglycerate phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate kinase ADP ATP 3 From the 1 and 6 carbons of glucose pyruvate From the 3 and 4 carbons of glucose
11 Isomerization Reaction: reates an electron attracting keto group at the # 2 carbon Mechanism of the isomeration reaction 2 P3 = Glucose-6-P 2 P3 = cis-enolate 2 P3 = Fructose-6-P dissociates from 2 2 electrons shift to form cis enediol from hydroxyl group dissociates 2 electrons shift to form keto group. Forces electrons in enol bond to shift to 1.
12 - bond cleavage: Aldolase Reaction Mechanism of the aldolase reaction 2 P 3 = Enol formation 2 P 3 = P 3 = Dihydroxyacetone-P 2 P 3 = arbonyl beta to arbon with 2 P 3 = Glyceraldehyde-3-P dissociates from 4; 2 electrons shift to form cis enediol from hydroxyl group (4) dissociates 2 electrons shift to form keto group. Forces electrons in enol bond to shift to 1.
13 In conclusion Streptococcus Uses glycolysis to degrade glucose to 2 pyruvates NAD s made in pathway are reoxidized by reducing pyruvate to lactate NAD is key cofactor in oxidation reduction reactions ATP made solely by substrate level phosphorylation.
14 eterofermentative Pathway Uses part of the pentose phosphate pathway nly one pyruvate is made ave a decarboxylation and - cleavage to give a 3 and a 2 verview: Activation-use 1 ATP Two oxidations done to make ß-carbonyl - bond cleavage G3P to pyruvate like in Streptococcus Less ATP because more ox/red reactions
15 eterofermentative Pathway in Leuconostoc sp. Glyceraldehyde-3-P PGALD dehydrogenase NAD+ NAD 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate ADP PGA kinase ATP 3-phophoglycerate PGA mutase Glucose ATP hexokinase ADP Glucose-6-P NADP+ G6P dehydrogenase NADP [6-P-Gluconolactone] 2 6-P-gluconate NADP+ 6PG dehydrogenase 2 NADP Ribulose-5-P R5P epimerase Xylulose-5-P 2-phosphoglycerate enolase 2 phosphoenolpyruvate ADP pyruvate kinase ATP pyruvate lactate dehydrogenase phosphoketolase NAD NAD + Lactate Ethanol NADP+ NADP alcohol dehydrogenase Acetaldehyde NADP + acetaldehide dehydrogenase NADP Acetyl-oA P i phosphotransacetylase oa Acetyl-P ADP Acetate ATP What would happen if the organism could Small divert electrons away from ethanol production? amount ATP yield used 1 ATP made 2 ATP net yield= 1 ATP Additional oxidation/reduction reactions decrease potential ATP yield.
16 2 P = 3 Glucose-6-P NADP + NADP G6P dehydrogenase 2 P = 3 6-P-glucono-lactone (enzyme-bound) 6-P-gluconate 2 2 P = 3 NADP + 6PG dehydrogenase NADP P = 3 Ribulose-5-P 6PG dehydrogenase 2 P = 3 3-keto-6-P-gluconate (enzyme-bound)
17 Mechanism of beta-decarboxylation ) arbonyl accepts electrons from - between the 1 and 2 carbons. 2) arbon dioxide and an enolate are formed. 3) Re-shifting of the electrons forms the keto sugar.
18 Phosphoketolase Reaction 2 2 P 3 = -P 3 = 3 Acetyl-Phosphate -P = 3 + Glyceraldehyde-3-P 2 P = 3 Xylulose-5-P Enzyme contains Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) as cofactor the function here is transketolation. E-TPP- 2 E-TPP 2 -P 3 = Acetyl-Phosphate
19 onclusion eterofermentative organisms use a pathway with a greater number of redox reactions than Streptococcus. Make very oxidized and very reduced compounds. More NAD(P) to be reoxidized constrains ATP synthesis, high energy intermediate used as an electron acceptor. Vitamins: essential portions of cofactors that organism can not make de novo
20 Fermentation Analysis In order to understand how an organism makes its energy or what biochemical pathways are present, one must first know what the products of metabolism are. First Law of Thermodynamics: mass is conserved must account for all of the carbon and electrons originally present in the substrate.
21 Fermentation analysis From this, we can then figure out the pathways and amount of ATP made. Also, inspection of the products will allow us to make predictions about the cell s metabolism. Initially, we will look at glucose consumption in rich medium Growth factors from media supply cell carbon Most of glucose goes to products, only 5-10% incorporated into cells. In industry, one must also account for cell mass.
22 Experimental set up Glucose added and inoculated ontrol: inoculated but without glucose; correct for products made from other medium components or brought in with inoculum. Take time zero and time final samples and measure Glucose and product formation.
23 Example: Leuconostoc brevis ompd. Amount (mmol) # of s mmol of Glucose Lactate Glycerol Ethanol Acetate
24 ave we detected all of the products? carbon alculate the carbon recovery by multiplying the amount detected by the number of carbon atoms for each compound, then sum up all of the carbon in the products. arbon in glucose = 6 X 100 mmoles =600 mmoles arbon in products = ( ) mmoles arbon in products = mmoles % recovery = (584.7 mmol/600 mmol) * 100 % recovery = 97.4%
25 ave detected all of the electrons? In a fermentation, electrons removed from glucose are added back to a compound derived from glucose. Thus, the ratio of oxidized products to reduced products must equal 1. Since glucose ( ) has 2 s for every, products with more than 2 s per have been reduced, and products with less than 2 s per have been oxidized.
26 R value of a compound To calculate the R value of a compound, give a numerical score of +1 for every and -1 for every 2 s. Examples: Glucose ( ): 6 is +6, 12 's is -6, 6-6=0 Lactate ( ): 3 is +3, 6's is -3, 3-3=0 Acetate ( ): 2 is +2, 4's is -2, 2-2=0 Glycerol ( ): 3 is +3, 8 's is -4, 3-4 = -1 Ethanol ( 2 6 ): 1 is +1, 6 is -3, 1-3= -2 arbon dioxide ( 2 ): 2 's = +2
27 Example: Leuconostoc brevis ompd Amount (mmol) R value mmol (ox) mmol (red) Glucose Lactate Glycerol Ethanol Acetate
28 /R ratio of the fermentation nce the R value of the compound is determined this is multiplied by the amount detected (see Table) alculate the /R ratio R ratio = 178.6/(-171.8)+(-6.8) R ratio = 178.6/178.6 = 1.0 Ratios close to 1 mean all of the electrons have been accounted for.
29 1 to 2 ratio A common - cleavage reaction is 3 --> usually indicating pyruvate is an intermediate. If this occurs in your organism, then expect a 1 / 2 ratio of 1. 1 = 89.3 mmoles 2 = 85.9 mmoles mmoles = 93.2 mmoles 1 to 2 ratio = 89.3 mmoles/ 93.2 mmoles 1 to 2 ratio = 0.96 Value is close to one so probably have pyruvate cleavage.
30 onclusion Fermentation balance is the first step in understanding the metabolism of an organism Must have recovery close to 100% and an /R ratio close to 1. 1 / 2 ratio indicates pyruvate cleavage You can use the above information in the lab to determine what analyses are needed to complete the balance.
31 What happens if an alternate electron acceptor is present in a fermentation? Electron flow dictates carbon flow and energy yield Alternate electron acceptors provide fermentative bacteria a choice The result will be less lactate and ethanol and more acetate and ATP are made. We will study the effect of oxygen on the metabolism of lactic acid bacteria De Felipe et al., J. Bacteriol. vol 180, p 3804, 1998
32 Utilization of oxygen by facultative lactic acid bacteria. Some lactic acid bacteria possess enzymes that reoxidize NAD (and NADP) by reducing oxygen to water (Dolin s enzymes) xidase NAD(P) > NAD(P) + Peroxidase NAD(P) > NAD(P) +
33 What happens when oxygen is present? When oxygen and Dolin s enzymes are present, NAD(P) is reoxidized by reducing oxygen to water rather than pyruvate to lactate or acetyl-p to ethanol. More acetate and ATP, less ethanol and lactate, are made.
34 Make more ATP Acetate kinase acetyl-p + ADP --> acetate + ATP For every acetate made, one ATP is made by substratelevel phosphorylation by this reaction. When Dolin s enzymes and oxygen are present, 1) acetyl-p goes to acetate and ATP rather than to ethanol, and 2) pyruvate is metabolized to acetate and 2 rather than to lactate. 2 Pyruvate Acetyl-oA Acetyl-P Acetate NAD + NAD oa P i ADP ATP
35 Streptococcus sp. and Dolin s enzymes No 2 or Dolin's enzymes Glucose 2 NAD + With 2 and Dolin's enzymes Glucose 2 NAD + 2 ATP net 2 NAD 2 ATP net 2 NAD 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD 2 Pyruvate 2 oa 2 NAD + 2 NAD + 2 Lactate 2 2 NAD 2 2 Acetyl-oA NAD 2 P i 2 oa 2 Acetyl-P 2 ADP 2 ATP NAD + Net of 4 ATP 2 Acetate
36 Summary If there is an alternate electron acceptor, less lactate, more acetate, 2, and ATP
37 Bifidobacterium sp. Bifid or 2 lobes Gram positive, curved rod found in the feces of breast-fed infants, Requires many growth factors, including N-acetylglucosamine Makes 2 lactate and 3 acetate from 2 glucose Makes high-energy intermediate by phosphoketolase reaction rather than ox/red. Matsuki, Takahiro, Koichi Watanabe, Ryuichiro Tanaka, and iroshi yaizu, 1998, "Rapid Identification of uman Intestinal Bifidobacteria by 16S rrna-targeted Species- and Group-Specific Primers," FEMS Microbiology Letters, Vol. 617, pp Bonjoch, X., E. Ballesté, and A. R. Blanch. (2004) Multiplex PR with 16S rrna Gene-Targeted Primers of Bifidobacterium spp. To Identify Sources of Fecal Pollution. AEM V70(5): Schell, M. A. et. al. (2002). The genome sequence of Bifidobecterium longum reflects its adaptation to the human gastrointestinal tract. PNAS V99 N22 p
38 utline of pathway Activation: 2 glucose to 2 fructose-6-p uses 2 ATP Make 2 G3P and 3 acetyl-p from 2 glucose by transketolase, transaldolase, and phsophoketolase reactions 2 G3P to 2 lactate by reactions seen in Streptococcus 3 acetyl-p to 3 acetate and 3 ATP by acetate kinase
39 Synthesis of 2 G-3-P and 3 2 units from 2 glucose. Phosphoketolase : 6 -> 4 + acetyl-p Transaldolase: > Transketolase: > Phosphoketolase: > acetyl-p Net Result: 2 6 -> acetyl-p Uses these enzymes to interconvert hexoses and pentoses.
40 3 -P 3 P i Phosphoketolase: 6 (or 5 ) + P i -> 4 (or 3 ) + acetyl-p + + Transaldolase: > Transketolase > 5 + 5
41 2 glucose -> 2 lactate + 3 acetate 2 Glucose 2 ATP 2 ADP Fructose-6-P + Fructose-6-P Phosphoketolase P i Acetyl-P Erythrose-4-P Transaldolase Glyceraldehyde-3-P Sedoheptulose -7-P 2 lactate 2 NAD + 2 NAD 2 pyruvate 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 phosphoenolpyruvate phosphoglycerate 2 3-phosphoglycerate 2 ATP Xylulose-5-P Ribose-5-P 2 Acetyl-P 2 ADP 2 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate Ribulose-5-P 2 NAD 2 Xylulose-5-P 2 NAD + 2 Glyceraldehyde-3-P hapter 8, Fig Acetyl-P 3 ADP 3 ATP 3 Acetate ATP yield: (7-2)/2 glucose = 2.5 ATP/ glucose
42 Summary Make acetyl-p by phosphoketolase rather than by ox/red reaction Don t have to use acetyl-p as electron acceptor ATP yield higher than other anaerobes for this reason. Avoidance of ox/red leads to higher ATP gain.
Fermentation Analysis
Fermentation Analysis In order to understand how an organism makes its energy or what biochemical pathways are present, one must first know what the products of metabolism are. First Law of Thermodynamics:
More informationGlycolysis. BCH 340 lecture 3 Chapter 8 in Lippincott 5 th edition
Glycolysis B 40 lecture hapter 8 in Lippincott 5 th edition All carbohydrates to be catabolized must enter the glycolytic pathway Glycolysis is degradation of glucose to generate energy (ATP) and to provide
More informationChapter 15 Glycolysis and The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Principles of Biochemistry Fourth Edition Donald Voet Judith G. Voet harlotte W. Pratt hapter 15 Glycolysis and The Pentose Phosphate Pathway Page No. 47-490 Introduction Glucose: is major source of metabolic
More informationCHAPTER 16. Glycolysis
CHAPTER 16 Glycolysis Net reaction of Glycolysis Converts: 1 Glucose Hexose stage 2 pyruvate - Two molecules of ATP are produced - Two molecules of NAD + are reduced to NADH Triose stage Glucose + 2 ADP
More informationBiochemistry: A Short Course
Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 16 Glycolysis 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 16 Outline Why is glucose such a prominent fuel in all life forms? 1. Glucose
More informationBCH 4054 Chapter 19 Lecture Notes
BCH 4054 Chapter 19 Lecture Notes 1 Chapter 19 Glycolysis 2 aka = also known as verview of Glycolysis aka The Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway First pathway discovered Common to almost all living cells ccurs in
More informationChem Lecture 8 Carbohydrate Metabolism Part I: Glycolysis
Chem 352 - Lecture 8 Carbohydrate Metabolism Part I: Glycolysis Introduction Carbohydrate metabolism involves a collection of pathways. Glycolysis Hexoses 3-Carbon molecules Gluconeogenesis 3-Carbon molecules
More informationGLYCOLYSIS Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels
GLYCOLYSIS Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels - Catabolic process degradative pathway - Energy stored in sugars (carbohydrates) released to perform biological work - Transforms GLUCOSE to PYRUVATE
More informationJulia Vorholt Lecture 7:
752-4001-00L Mikrobiologie Julia Vorholt Lecture 7: Chemoorganotrophy Nov 5, 2012 Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Twelfth Edition Madigan / Martinko / Dunlap / Clark Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc.,
More informationCellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis (Ch. 6)
Cellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis (Ch. 6) What s the point? The point is to make! 2007-2008 Harvesting stored energy Energy is stored in organic molecules carbohydrates, fats, proteins Heterotrophs
More informationTHE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY. Dr. Gamal Gabr, College of Pharmacy
THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY Dr. Gamal Gabr, College of Pharmacy METABOLISM OF OTHER IMPORTANT SUGARS THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY The pentose phosphate pathway is an alternative metabolic pathway for
More informationMBioS 303 Recitation Introductory Biochemistry, Summer 2008 Practice Problem Set #7: General Metabolism Concepts, Glycolysis and the TCA Cycle
MBioS 303 Recitation Introductory Biochemistry, Summer 2008 Practice Problem Set #7: General Metabolism Concepts, Glycolysis and the TCA Cycle (1) Glucose 1-pohsphate is converted to fructose 6-phosphate
More informationPentose Phosphate Pathway
Pentose Phosphate Pathway An overview of the pathway, its regulation and relationship to glycolysis and other pathways. See chapter 15 of Fundamentals of Biochemisty: Life at the Molecular Level, 4 th
More informationGlycolysis. Degradation of Glucose to yield pyruvate
Glycolysis Degradation of Glucose to yield pyruvate After this Lecture you will be able to answer: For each step of glycolysis: How does it occur? Why does it occur? Is it Regulated? How? What are the
More informationIII. Metabolism - Gluconeogenesis
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Lethbridge III. Metabolism - Gluconeogenesis Carl & Gertrude Cori Slide 1 Carbohydrate Synthesis Lactate, pyruvate and glycerol are the important
More informationRespiration. Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: Autotrophs
Respiration rganisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: Autotrophs Able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis Heterotrophs Live on organic compounds produced by
More informationPentose Phosphate Pathway
Pentose Phosphate Pathway MDSC1101 Digestion & Metabolism Dr. J. Foster Biochemistry Unit, Dept. Pre-clinical Sciences Facult yof Medical Sciences U.W.I., St. Augustine Lecture objectives (33) State the
More informationATP ATP. Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy. The point is to make ATP!
ellular Respiration Harvesting hemical Energy 1 The point is to make! 2 Harvesting stored energy Energy is stored in organic molecules carbohydrates, fats, proteins Heterotrophs eat these organic molecules
More information3.2 Aerobic Respiration
3.2 Aerobic Respiration Aerobic Cellular Respiration Catabolic pathways Breaks down energy-rich compounds to make ATP Requires oxygen Occurs in different parts of the cell C 6 H 12 O 6 (s) + 6O 2 (g) 6CO
More informationEscherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus. Make lactic, acetic, succinic, formic acids
Enterics Emphasize novel pyruvate enzymes Example of free radicals involved in C-C bond cleavage. Gram negative bacteria that ferment sugars to acids and gas. All use glycolysis Mixed acid group: Escherichia,
More informationCellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy You should be able to: 1. Explain how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges. Name and describe the three stages of cellular respiration;
More informationPart III => METABOLISM and ENERGY. 3.2 Glucose Catabolism 3.2a Glycolysis Pathway 3.2b Glycolysis Regulation 3.2c Fermentation
Part III => METABOLISM and ENERGY 3.2 Glucose Catabolism 3.2a Glycolysis Pathway 3.2b Glycolysis Regulation 3.2c Fermentation Section 3.2a: Glycolysis Synopsis 3.2a - Dietary starch (eg bread, rice and
More informationComparison of catabolic and anabolic pathways
Comparison of catabolic and anabolic pathways Three stages of catabolism Glucose Synthesis of compounds e.g. lactose glycolipids Glucose-6-P Pentosephosphate Pathway Glycolysis Glycogenesis Acetyl-CoA
More informationCellular Respiration Stage 1: (Glycolysis) AP Biology
Cellular Respiration Stage 1: (Glycolysis) What s the point? The point is to make! Glycolysis: Breaking down glucose glyco lysis (splitting sugar) glucose pyruvate 6C 2x 3C In the cytosol? Why does that
More informationCellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with
More informationChapter 10. Cellular Respiration Pearson Education Ltd
Chapter 10 Cellular Respiration Life Is Work a) Living cells require energy from outside sources b) Some animals, such as the giraffe, obtain energy by eating plants, and some animals feed on other organisms
More informationReview of Carbohydrate Digestion
Review of Carbohydrate Digestion Glycolysis Glycolysis is a nine step biochemical pathway that oxidizes glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid. During this process, energy is released and some of it
More informationNAME KEY ID # EXAM 3a BIOC 460. Wednesday April 10, Please include your name and ID# on each page. Limit your answers to the space provided!
EXAM 3a BIOC 460 Wednesday April 10, 2002 Please include your name and ID# on each page. Limit your answers to the space provided! 1 1. (5 pts.) Define the term energy charge: Energy charge refers to the
More informationMajor Pathways in Carbohydrate Metabolism
Major Pathways in Carbohydrate Metabolism 70 Stage 1: Digestion of Carbohydrates In Stage 1, the digestion of carbohydrates Begins in the mouth where salivary amylase breaks down polysaccharides to smaller
More informationPhotosynthesis in chloroplasts. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. ATP powers most cellular work
Light energy ECOSYSTEM CO + H O Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic molecules + O powers most cellular work Heat energy 1 becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes
More informationIII. Metabolism Glucose Catabolism Part II
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Lethbridge III. Metabolism Glucose Catabolism Part II Slide 1 Metabolic Fates of NADH and Pyruvate Cartoon: Fate of pyruvate, the product of glycolysis.
More informationDerived copy of Bis2A 07.1 Glycolysis *
OpenStax-CNX module: m56968 1 Derived copy of Bis2A 07.1 Glycolysis * Erin Easlon Based on Bis2A 07.1 Glycolysis by OpenStax Mitch Singer This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative
More informationChapter 9. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Photosynthesis generates O 2 and organic molecules, which are used in cellular respiration
More informationChapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism
Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism Metabolism of Foods Food is broken down into carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and sent through catabolic pathways to produce energy. Glycolysis glucose 2 P i 2 ADP
More informationChem 109 C. Fall Armen Zakarian Office: Chemistry Bldn 2217
Chem 109 C Fall 2014 Armen Zakarian ffice: Chemistry Bldn 2217 o Catabolism of carbohydrates: 10 reactions of glycolysis Chapter 25 C C 2 C 2 D-glucose α-d-glucopyranose aworth projection α-d-glucopyranose
More information14 Glycolysis W. H. Freeman and Company
14 Glycolysis 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company 1 Central Importance of Glucose Glucose is an excellent fuel. - Yields good amount of energy upon oxidation. - Can be efficiently stored in the polymeric form.
More informationCarbohydrate Metabolism I
Carbohydrate Metabolism I Outline Glycolysis Stages of glycolysis Regulation of Glycolysis Carbohydrate Metabolism Overview Enzyme Classification Dehydrogenase - oxidizes substrate using cofactors as
More informationBiochemistry sheet (11)
Biochemistry sheet (11) Made by: wael abu-anzeh corrected by: abd. salman DATE: 3/11/2016 Some explanations about the previous lectures: 1- Glucose is the only form of sugar that circlet in the blood,
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh
number 11 Done by حسام أبو عوض Corrected by Moayyad Al-Shafei Doctor Nayef Karadsheh 1 P a g e General Regulatory Aspects in Metabolism: We can divide all pathways in metabolism to catabolicand anabolic.
More informationPoints 1. Following is the overall reaction catalyzed by the Calvin-Benson cycle:
BCH 4054 February 22, 2002 HOUR TEST 2 NAME_ Points 1. Following is the overall reaction catalyzed by the Calvin-Benson cycle: CO 2 + 3ATP + 2NADPH 1/3 glyceraldehyde-3-p + 3ADP + 2NADP + Give the structures
More informationCellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis
Cellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis 2007-2008 What s the point? The point is to make! 2007-2008 Glycolysis Breaking down glucose glyco lysis (splitting sugar) glucose pyruvate 6C 2x 3C In the cytosol?
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh
number 17 Done by Abdulrahman Alhanbali Corrected by Lara Abdallat Doctor Nayef Karadsheh 1 P a g e Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) Or Hexose Monophosphate Shunt In this lecture We will talk about the
More informationCHEM121 Unit 2: Carbohydrate Metabolism
CHEM121 Unit 2: Carbohydrate Metabolism Lecture 3 At the end of the lecture, students should be able to: Define metabolism Discuss the structure and function of ATP in metabolism Discuss glycolysis in
More informationYield of energy from glucose
Paper : Module : 05 Yield of Energy from Glucose Principal Investigator, Paper Coordinator and Content Writer Prof. Ramesh Kothari, Professor Dept. of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot - 360005
More informationFermentation and Cellular Respiration
Harriet Wilson, Lecture Notes Bio. Sci. 4 - Microbiology Sierra College Fermentation and Cellular Respiration Chemoheterotrophs such as animals, fungi, protozoa and many bacteria use preformed organic
More informationCellular Respiration and Fermentation
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION
More informationCellular Respiration and Fermentation
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION
More informationBIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Figure 9.2 Light energy
More informationOVERVIEW OF THE GLYCOLYTIC PATHWAY Glycolysis is considered one of the core metabolic pathways in nature for three primary reasons:
Glycolysis 1 Supplemental Reading Key Concepts - Overview of the Glycolytic Pathway Glycolysis generates a small amount of ATP Preview of the ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions of glycolysis - Stage 1: ATP
More informationChapter 11 Catabolism of Hexoses. Glucose is the focal point of carbohydrate breakdown.
hapter 11 atabolism of Hexoses Glucose is the focal point of carbohydrate breakdown. Glycolysis: A pathway made up of 10 steps in which glucose ( 6 H 12 6 ) is transformed into 2 molecules of pyruvate
More informationPortal module: m Glycolysis. First Last. 1 First Half of Glycolysis (Energy-Requiring Steps)
Portal module: m10399 1 Glycolysis First Last This work is produced by Portal and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 Abstract By the end of this section, you will be able to do
More informationFate of glucose in living systems. Glycolysis: Derived from Greek words; Glucose + 6O 2 = 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O δg o = kj/mol
Glycolysis: Derived from Greek words; Glykys = Sweet, Lysis = splitting During this process one molecule of glucose (6 carbon molecule) is degraded into two molecules of pyruvate (three carbon molecule).
More information7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge Overview: Life Is Work Living
More information7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge Overview: Life Is Work Living
More informationMetabolism. Metabolic pathways. BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 11: Metabolic Pathways
BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 11: Metabolic Pathways http://compbio.uchsc.edu/hunter/bio5099 Larry.Hunter@uchsc.edu Metabolism Metabolism is the chemical change of
More informationCHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions
CHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions Glucose metabolism 1. Below is depicted glucose catabolism. Indicate on the pathways the following: A) which reaction(s) of glycolysis are irreversible B) where energy
More informationPentose Phosphate Pathway. Dr. Abir Alghanouchi Biochemistry department Sciences college
Pentose Phosphate Pathway Dr. Abir Alghanouchi Biochemistry department Sciences college The pentose phosphate pathway is an alternate route for the oxidation of glucose where ATP (energy) is neither produced
More informationBIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Life Is Work Living cells
More informationGlycolysis. Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information Highlights. Biochemistry Team 437
Glycolysis Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information Highlights Biochemistry Team 437 ﺑ ﺳ م ﷲ اﻟرﺣﻣن اﻟرﺣﯾم Objectives: Recognize glycolysis as the major oxidative pathway of
More informationMETABOLISM Biosynthetic Pathways
METABOLISM Biosynthetic Pathways Metabolism Metabolism involves : Catabolic reactions that break down large, complex molecules to provide energy and smaller molecules. Anabolic reactions that use ATP energy
More informationGlucose is the only source of energy in red blood cells. Under starvation conditions ketone bodies become a source of energy for the brain
Glycolysis 4 / The Text :- Some Points About Glucose Glucose is very soluble source of quick and ready energy. It is a relatively stable and easily transported. In mammals, the brain uses only glucose
More information7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION
More informationCh. 9 Cell Respiration. Title: Oct 15 3:24 PM (1 of 53)
Ch. 9 Cell Respiration Title: Oct 15 3:24 PM (1 of 53) Essential question: How do cells use stored chemical energy in organic molecules and to generate ATP? Title: Oct 15 3:28 PM (2 of 53) Title: Oct 19
More informationIntegration of Metabolism
Integration of Metabolism Metabolism is a continuous process. Thousands of reactions occur simultaneously in order to maintain homeostasis. It ensures a supply of fuel, to tissues at all times, in fed
More informationCellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Assemble polymers, pump substances across membranes, move and reproduce The giant panda Obtains energy for its cells by eating plants which get
More informationMetabolic Biochemistry 3350 Dr. Melissa Kelley Exam II October 31, 2005
Metabolic Biochemistry 3350 Dr. Melissa Kelley Exam II ctober 31, 2005 1. (16 points) Dave, an UA track star who had not had any biochemistry course yet, celebrated his 100yars sprint victory by drinking
More informationCellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Edited by Shawn Lester PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated
More informationCourse: PGPathshala-Biophysics Paper 3: THERMODYNAMICS OF LIVING SYSTEMS AND BIOENERGETICS Module 13: ENERGY GENERATION: GLYCOLYSIS
Course: PGPathshala-Biophysics Paper 3: THERMODYNAMICS OF LIVING SYSTEMS AND BIOENERGETICS Module 13: ENERGY GENERATION: GLYCOLYSIS Content Writer: Dr. Radhika Bakhshi, Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied
More informationPathway overview. Glucose + 2NAD + + 2ADP +2Pi 2NADH + 2pyruvate + 2ATP + 2H 2 O + 4H +
Glycolysis Glycolysis The conversion of glucose to pyruvate to yield 2ATP molecules 10 enzymatic steps Chemical interconversion steps Mechanisms of enzyme conversion and intermediates Energetics of conversions
More informationCampbell Biology 9. Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation. Chul-Su Yang, Ph.D., Lecture on General Biology 1
Lecture on General Biology 1 Campbell Biology 9 th edition Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Chul-Su Yang, Ph.D., chulsuyang@hanyang.ac.kr Infection Biology Lab., Dept. of Molecular & Life
More informationCellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with
More informationBiochemistry. Glycolysis. Metabolism of Carbohydrates. Dr.S.K.Khare, Professor IIT Delhi. Principal Investigator.
Paper : 04 Metabolism of carbohydrates Module :03 Principal Investigator Paper Coordinator Content Reviewer Content Writer Dr.S.K.Khare, Professor IIT Delhi. Dr. Ramesh Kothari, Professor UGC-CAS Department
More informationBIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Life Is Work Living cells
More information7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge Overview: Life Is Work Living
More informationBiochemistry of carbohydrates
Biochemistry of carbohydrates الفريق الطبي األكاديمي Done By: - Hanan Jamal لكية الطب البرشي البلقاء التطبيقية / املركز 6166 6102/ In the last lecture we talked about Pyruvate, pyruvate is a central intermediate;
More informationChapter 9: Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work. Living cells. Require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work Living cells Require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks Biology, 7 th Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece The
More informationPhotosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 + H2O. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. powers most cellular work. Heat energy
Figure 9-01 LE 9-2 Light energy ECOSYSTEM Photosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 + H2O Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic + O molecules 2 powers most cellular work Heat energy LE 9-UN161a becomes
More informationTransport. Oxidation. Electron. which the en the ETC and. of NADH an. nd FADH 2 by ation. Both, Phosphorylation. Glycolysis Glucose.
Electron Transport Chain and Oxidation Phosphorylation When one glucose molecule is oxidized to six CO 2 molecules by way of glycolysiss and TCA cycle, considerable amount of energy (ATP) is generated.
More informationCellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP
Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP 2006-2007 What s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP 2006-2007 Harvesting stored energy Energy is stored in organic molecules carbohydrates, fats,
More informationPRINT your Name Student (FAMILY, first name) Midterm 7:00 P.M.
PRINT your Name Student No. (FAMILY, first name) BIOCHEMISTRY 311A VERSION 1 (ONE) Midterm 7:00 P.M. Examiners: Dr. R. E. MacKenzie (69%) Dr. A. Storer (18%) Dr. W. Mushynski (13%) READ THE QUESTIONS CAREFULLY!!
More informationBCH Graduate Survey of Biochemistry
BCH 5045 Graduate Survey of Biochemistry Instructor: Charles Guy Producer: Ron Thomas Director: Glen Graham Lecture 45 Slide sets available at: http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/teach/guyweb/bch5045/index.html
More informationGlycolysis. Biochemistry of Metabolism. glucose-6-phosphate. ATP adenosine triphosphate
Biochemistry of Metabolism opyright 998-007 by Joyce J. Diwan. All rights reserved. Gibbs Free Energy hanges Rxn# Enzyme ΔG '(kj/mol) ΔG(kJ/mol) exokinase -.7 -. Phosphogluco-isomerase +.7 -. Phosphofructokinase
More information2 2,3,4,6 tetramethyl glucose 4 2,3, 6 trimethyl glucose. What can you deduce about the structure of the hexasaccharide?
1. A Draw the structure of glucose using either a ring or straight chain representation. Explain how (i) mannose and (ii) galactose differ from glucose. Which are (a) epimers; (b) enantiomers; (c) diastereomers?
More informationCellular Respiration and Fermentation
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
More informationChapter 20 - The Calvin Cycle and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. - Recall the relationship between the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis:
hapter 20 - The alvin ycle and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway Pages: 550-555 + notes, 563-566, 568, 571-572. Dark Reactions - The alvin ycle - Recall the relationship between the light and dark reactions
More informationCarbohydrate. Metabolism
Carbohydrate Metabolism Dietary carbohydrates (starch, glycogen, sucrose, lactose Mouth salivary amylase Summary of Carbohydrate Utilization Utilization for energy (glycolysis) ligosaccharides and disaccharides
More informationChapter 07. Cellular Respiration.
hapter 07 ellular Respiration 1 http://www.mobento.com/video/diyoea5mc **Important study hints** Draw out processes on paper and label structures and steps Keep working on those flash cards! http://getyournotes.blogspot.com/2012/01/cellular-respiration-aerobic-and.html
More informationCellular Respiration. Overview of Cellular Respiration. Lecture 8 Fall Overview of Cellular Respiration. Overview of Cellular Respiration
Overview of Cellular Respiration 1 Cellular Respiration Lecture 8 Fall 2008 All organisms need ATP to do cellular work Cellular Respiration: The conversion of chemical energy of carbon compounds into another
More informationATP. Principles of Energy Harvest. Chapter 9~ The point is to make ATP! Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy. What s the point?
Chapter 9~ Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy What s the point? The point is to make! 2006-2007 Principles of Energy Harvest Catabolic pathway Fermentation Cellular Respiration C6H126 + 62
More informationBIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH.9 - RESPIRATION.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: REDOX REACTIONS Redox reaction a chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another Oxidation loss of electrons Reduction gain of electrons
More informationCARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
Note (Study Glycolysis, fermentation and their regulation, Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, Metabolism of galactose, TCA cycle and Amphibolic role of the cycle, and Glyoxalic acid cycle, HMP shunt in
More informationCELLULAR RESPIRATION. Glycolysis
CELLULAR RESPIRATION Glycolysis Sources of Energy Carbohydrates glucose most usable source of energy cells turn to other fuels only if glucose supplies have been depleted stored in glycogen (animal) &
More information10/25/2010 CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION. Life is Work. Types of cellular respiration. Catabolic pathways = oxidizing fuels
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION Life is Work Living cells require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks: Chemical work Transport work Mechanical work Energy stored in the
More informationBIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Photosynthesis in chloroplasts. Light energy ECOSYSTEM. Organic molecules CO 2 + H 2 O
9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Figure 9.1 Figure 9.2
More informationATP. And how do we do that? Cellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis. The point is to make ATP! What s the point? ATP synthase.
ellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis A 007-008 Biology What s the point? The point is to make! A 007-008 Biology And how do we do that? synthase set up a + gradient allow + to flow through synthase
More informationit s a specific enzyme, the mechanism is that the intermediate which is the thioester ( aldehyde, substrate ) is covalently bound to the enzyme.
Oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate : glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate on carbon1 it s an aldehyde group, which is oxidized and converted to carboxylic group ( aldehyde - becomes carboxylic acid ) this is
More informationChemical Energy. Valencia College
9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Valencia College 9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Chapter objectives: How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? What Are the Aerobic Pathways of
More informationCH 7: Cell Respiration and Fermentation Overview. Concept 7.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
CH 7: Cell Respiration and Fermentation Overview Living cells require energy from outside sources Some animals obtain energy by eating plants, and some animals feed on other organisms Energy flows into
More informationAerobic Respiration. The four stages in the breakdown of glucose
Aerobic Respiration The four stages in the breakdown of glucose 1 I. Aerobic Respiration Why can t we break down Glucose in one step? (Flaming Gummy Bear) Enzymes gently lower the potential energy until
More information14 BACTERIAL METABOLISM
14 BACTERIAL METABOLISM 14.1. ENERGY-GENERATING METABOLISM The term metabolism refers to the sum of the biochemical reactions required for energy generation and the use of energy to synthesize cell material
More information