Compact Total Mixed Rations for Dairy Cattle (Compact TMR)

Transcription

1 Compact Total Mixed Rations for Dairy Cattle (Compact TMR) Danish TMR School Niels Bastian Kristensen

2 Contents Background for Compact TMR Definition of the Compact TMR concept Milk production response to Compact TMR Compact TMR mixing process Monitoring feed mixers and adjust feed mixers to the Compact TMR challenge Feed bunk management and behavior of cows at the feed bunk The big nutritional loop and in-line NIR

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4 Maintaining chemical composition changing physical structure Short 3 mm sieve Long 30 mm sieve P DM intake, locked % 0.97 Kg/d Rumination time 374 (6,2 h) 490 (8,2 h) 31% Min/d Ruminal ph Medial % 0.42 Ruminal ph Ventral % 0.66 Ruminal motility % 0.34 PRC/min Ruminal pools: DM % 0.01 Kg Liquid % Kg Total % Kg Storm and Kristensen, 2010

5 No risk of over-mixing grass based rations Test of 1X-compact-TMR versus 3X-compact- TMR Mixing 1X-compact TMR Soaking over night 20 min structuring mix 45 min final mix Mixing 3X-compact TMR Soaking over night 20 min structuring mix 45 min final mix 90 min extra mixing Røjen and Kristensen, unpublished

6 Stratification of rumen contents is the key to ruminal health 1 High viscosity Low viscosity 3 2 Hungate, 1966

7 Nutrient composition should not be confused with physical structure although they are often correlated 4,5 400 Milk fat, % 4,0 3,5 3, Starch, g/kg DM 2,5 2, Day on trial Kristensen, unpublished

8 What is dangerous? High Starch, protein or fat level Variation in starch and protein concentration Affects nutrient composition and profile of absorbed nutrients Less dangerous that typically expected

9 Picture from the days before Compact TMR Many postulated TMR s were never been mixed! Long straw Grass silage Pellets and small concentrate particles Corn silage

10 If rations are under-mixed and/or lose particles cows are sorting

11 Feed sorting is much more time consuming than eating therefore cows spend far too many hours at the feed bunk when fed poorly mixed rations

12 The Compact TMR concept The formulated ration for the entire herd 24 x 7 Orts minimum 2% (1 kg/cow) Compact TMR (the ration appears to the cow as one feedstuff and she doesn t attempt to sort it)

13 Farm level short period Relative ECM yield, % of predicted n = 11, P < 0,01 Short term trials with approx. 1 month treatment periods Before With Compact TMR

14 Farm level + 2 years 1,10 Dedicated Compact TMR farms Relative ECM yield 1,05 1,00 0,95 Reference group mixed implementation of Compact TMR 0, / / / / / / / 1 Half year

15 National level Milk production by Danish Holstein population Milk yield, kg milk/year Compact TMR Milk fat + protein, kg/year /9 9/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/ Milk recording year

16 NorFor NEL efficiency, % Feed efficiency (NorFor NEL-efficiency) Before With Compact TMR 16...

17 The standard COMPACT TMR protocol vertical and horizontal auger mixers Mix phase Ingredients Time I SOAKING Pelleted feedstuffs and commodities + Water 1:1 +1 hour Typically over night soaking Dry matter of mix: Vertical auger 36% Horizontal auger 39% II STRUCTURING Mineral premix, grass silage, other fibrous feedstuffs Mixing time min III FINISHING Corn silage Mixing time min

18 The standard COMPACT TMR protocol vertical and horizontal auger mixers Mix phase Ingredients Time I SOAKING Pelleted feedstuffs and commodities + Water 1:1 +1 hour Typically over night soaking North West European version Dry matter of mix: Vertical auger 36% Horizontal auger 39% II STRUCTURING III FINISHING Mineral premix, grass silage, other fibrous feedstuffs Corn silage Mixing time min NOT optimized for the tropical climate Mixing time min

19 Don t add water to mixer on hold november 2017

20 Frozen mix = dangerous 20...

21 The common problem with vertical auger mixers

22 Problem solvers Simple, but absolutely critical

23 Whit small modifications the mixer is mixing

24 In practice, maintenance is some times forgotten the mixer looses impact

25 How is Compact TMR impacting health, productivity and efficiency of dairy cows?

26 With Compact TMR less turmoil and aggressive behavior, subordinate cows protected from fighting at the feed bunk Cows remains laying in stalls Fresh mix

27 Proportion of milking cows at feed bunk Effects of Compact TMR (green squares) on partern and total time at the feed bunk Time

28 Cows feeding on Compact TMR eat from the top of the pile and do not waste the day sorting 28...

29 Cows respond immediately to mixing quality example first Compact TMR feeding in this herd

30 The Compact TMR Analyzer (CTA) is closing the big nutritional loop in dairy production Feed MIX Ingested ration Analysis = = Compact TMR/PMR

31 Sampling TMR (11 times per year)

32 Coning and quartering Q&C used on-farm and at the lab 1. Reduction 2. Reduction 3. Reduction 4. Reduction 60 L reduced to 4 L 23. november 2017

33 Sample handling at CTA lab Sample registration Sample scoring (CTA scoring system) Preprocessing of samples using cutter Sample reduction to approx. 200 g (by coning and quartering) Weigh in for drying Drying in forced air oven (60 C for 48 h) Weigh out from drying Grinding NIR scanning 23. november 2017

34 REPORT INCLUDES CTA scores november 2017

35 In-line NIR close the potential gap between the formulated and mixed ration Plan Mixed & Fed Ingested Analyzed In-line NIR Compact TMR Compact TMR Analyzer

36 Dinamica Generale NIR instruments mounted on feed mixer Mixer used for calibration of in-line NIR therefore 2 NIR

37 Cross validation for in-line NIR dry matter Standard error of prediction (SEP) = 1,1 %

38 Implementing in-line NIR in the mixing process 38.. Commodities Soaking Structuring Final NIR reading to test for operator errors NIR reading after loading 80 % of target amount. Use NIR reading to adjust the second loading. NIR reading after loading 80 % of target amount. Use NIR reading to adjust the second loading.

39 Summary The Compact TMR concept originated from research demonstrating industry over-emphasis on physical structure Compact TMR has become a holistic dairy nutrition school with recommendations for ration formulation, feed mixing, feed bunk management, analytical monitoring of TMR (the big nutritional loop), in-line NIR for dynamic adjustments of the recipe during loading Under Danish conditions Compact TMR has shown to increase productivity and efficiency while maintaining or improving health of cows North West European Compact TMR need modifications to be implemented under tropical or subtropical conditions