Sodium chloride Graduated cylinder Digital scale Flask/beaker Water Weighing boat Paper towels Directions. Task

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1 Saline solution is a mixture of sodium chloride, or salt, in water. Saline solution is normally 0.9% sodium chloride since 0.9% is also the normal concentration of saline within body fluids. An increase or decrease in this concentration can adversely impact cellular, and even organ, function. Saline solution is most commonly used in IV (intravenous) bags and administered through an IV drip for patients who have become severely dehydrated. It is also used to prevent dehydration in patients who cannot consume liquids and nutrients by mouth. Other compounds, such as medications, can also be administered through an IV drip bag. Producing and administering IV solutions is a common procedure in the medical field. Materials Sodium chloride Graduated cylinder Digital scale Flask/beaker Water Weighing boat Paper towels Directions 1 2 Place the weighing boat onto your scale. You have been asked to create a saline solution for a patient. The patient needs a 10% saline solution. Follow the directions below to create the 10% saline solution. 3 4 It is important to take into account the weight of the weighing boat, so depending on the type of scale you will need to obtain the weight of the weighing boat, and subtract it from the weight of the salt. Your scale may have a tare button that can do this for you. To create the saline solution, you must first determine how much salt must be added to how much water to create 10 ml of a 10% saline solution. Using the following simplified equation, determine how much salt and how much water will be needed. For this activity, mass will be measured in grams (g) and volume will be measured in milliliters (ml). (mass of salt / volume of saline solution) x 100 = saline solution percentage Example: [5] g of salt / [10] ml of saline solution x 100 = [50%] saline solution Since 1 gram = 1 milliliter, in this example 5 g of salt should be added to 5 ml of water to produce 10 ml of 50% saline solution (or 50% salt and 50% water). Use the space on your answer sheet to perform your own calculations for the 10% saline solution problem. Check your answer with your instructor before moving on to the next steps!

2 Directions continue on the back Directions continued from the front 5 Record your answer in Table 5 on your answer sheet in grams for the salt and milliliters for the water. 6 Convert the mass from grams (g) to milligrams (mg) and kilograms (kg). 7 Convert the volume from milliliters (ml) to liters (L) and deciliters (dl). 8 Measuring Mass: Place salt into the weighing boat. Using the scale, measure out the amount of salt in grams (g) that was calculated in step 4 to create 10 ml of a 10% saline solution. 9 Measuring Volume: Using the graduated cylinder, measure out the amount of water in milliliters (ml) that was calculated in step 4 to create 10 ml of a 10% saline solution. 10 Pour the water and the salt into the flask/beaker. Carefully swirl the flask/beaker until the salt is completely dissolved. If this were used on a patient, the saline solution would flow through the tubing of an IV drip bag and through a 11 needle that has been inserted into the vein of the patient, allowing the saline to circulate through the patient s body. Dispose of the saline solution by pouring it down the sink. Risne the beaker and return all material to the station. 12

3 You are caring for a 13-year-old patient who has broken the radius and ulna, which are the bones of the forearm. Broken bones are commonly referred to as fractures, and fractures of the forearm are most commonly caused by a direct blow that can result from a sports injury, car accident, or a fall. Fractures during childhood or puberty, especially at the ends of bones, can greatly affect the way a bone develops. The ends of long bones have a growth plate that extends the long bone during development. When the growth plate is damaged, the long bone does not grow correctly, and can result in limbs that are crooked or uneven. Approximately 15 30% of childhood fractures occur at the growth plate. To prevent these deformities, orthopedic surgery is often necessary. Directions It has been a year since your patient fractured the radius and ulna of his right forearm. An x-ray image of the fracture has been provided in image A (other station sheet) for reference. Fractures appear as a dark space on the normally white or light grey bone, and often times the bone is deformed. The x-ray image to the right is an example of a fracture of the ring finger. The patient has been complaining of pain in the right forearm, and the physician has ordered x-rays of both the right and left forearms for comparison. Image B on the other station sheet is the healed right forearm, and Image C is the left forearm. Since the fracture was close to the growth plate, we need to check to make sure that each forearm has been growing equally. Image X-Ray Technology Using the ruler, measure the ulna and radius of the right and left forearms (Images B and C). A reference line has been drawn at the ends of each bone to help with accurate measurements. Record your measurements in Table 8 on your answer sheet in centimeters (cm). 5 Convert the measurements into millimeters (mm) and meters (m). Compare the difference between the measurements for the radius and ulna of the right and left forearms. Record 6 the difference in cm, mm, and m in Table 8.!

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5 A physician has many tools at his or her disposal to use when diagnosing a patient. Some of these tools are qualitative, while others are quantitative. The most common qualitative tool that a physician will use are the senses involved with observation. During the initial physical examination, the physician will note the patient s general appearance, listen to the heart and lungs, and feel the movement of the abdomen and extremities. If any of the observations point in the direction of a particular diagnosis, additional qualitative tests can be performed. For example, when trying to identify whether a mole is cancerous, a physician will first make observations of the mole s shape, size, and color. Following this observation, the physician will order additional tests, such as a biopsy, if he or she suspects the mole may be cancerous. Materials Identifying Skin Cancer sheet Directions Patient Mole images Image 1 You have been asked to make an observation of six patient moles to determine whether they may be cancerous. Using the Identifying Skin Cancer chart, make observations of the patient moles found on the Patient Moles sheet. 2 Record your observations in Table 9 on the answer sheet. 3 Note: Observing skin moles for cancer can be done through self-examination, and initially does not require a physician. If you suspect that you, a friend, or family member has a suspicious mole, make an appointment to have it checked by a physician. The earlier that skin cancer is detected, the easier and often more successful it will be to treat. Saenger, M Annual Physical Examinations. WebMD Medical Reference,

6 The following chart is used to identify whether a mole is normal or may be cancerous. If a physician determines that a mole may be cancerous, he/she can remove a section of the mole, called a biopsy, and have it tested to determine whether cancer cells are present.

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8 Body temperature is a measure of the body's ability to generate and eliminate heat. Body temperature is a chief indicator of normal functioning and health. Human body temperature is held in a narrow range and automatically corrects itself in response to environmental temperatures. Internally, all of the body functions necessitate maintenance of the proper temperature, and thus any serious deviation from the normal body temperature is an indication of ill health. Your body temperature can be measured in many locations on your body. The mouth, ear, armpit, and rectum are the most commonly used places. Temperature can also be measured from the forehead. Normal body temperature is approximately 98.6 Fahrenheit, 37 Celsius, or Kelvin. Directions 1 Place a thermometer cover on the thermometer (for sanitary/reuse reasons). Some thermometers may be digital, while others are manual. Check with your instructor on the proper use of the 2 thermometers belonging to your classroom. 3 Use the thermometer to measure your body temperature at the following locations: Elbow Armpit (outside of shirt) Forehead Pinched between fingers 4 Leave the tip of the thermometer in place for 1-2 minutes if manual. 5 Read and record the temperature (Celsius) in Table Convert each Celsius temperature to Fahrenheit using the following conversion equations. Celsius (C) to Fahrenheit (F) C x = F Example: 37 C x = 98.6 F WebMD First Aid & Emergencies.

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