CHICKEN CROP MICROSCOPY 707

Transcription

1 CHICKEN CROP MICROSCOPY 707 B. Chawan, Bovine G.I. tract mucosa studied Pritchard, P. J., Digestion of sugars in the crop. with SEM. J. Dairy Sci. 56: Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 43A: Some Effects on Layers of Sodium Sulfate and Magnesium Sulfate in Their Drinking Water! A. W. ADAMS, F. E. CUNNINGHAM AND L. L. MUNGER 2 Departments of Dairy and Poultry Sciences and Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas (Received for publication July 23, 1974) ABSTRACT Potential for increasing contamination of water supplies with such materials as dissolved inorganic solids suggests more precise water quality standards for poultry. Commercial strain S.C.W.L. hens were supplied water containing sodium sulfate ( ) or magnesium sulfate (MgSOJ (, 1,000, 4,000, or 16,000 p.p.m.) on a total sulfate basis in Exp. 1 and on a total salt basis in Exp. 2. All data are expressed as percentages deviated from pre-treatment performance. Four thousand p.p.m. of total sulfate as or significantly depressed feed consumption and hen-day production. Magnesium sulfate (4,000 p.p.m.) had a more depressing effect than (4,000 p.p.m.) on hen-day production (-80.4 vs %). At that level, significantly increased water consumption and fecal moisture content, while significantly decreased water consumption. All hens on 16,000 p.p.m. of either salt died during the experiment. No effect on egg quality was observed before the hens died. On a total salt basis (Exp. 2) 16,000 p.p.m. of either or significantly depressed hen-day production, body weight, and feed consumption, but increased water consumption. Hens receiving 16,000 p.p.m. increased water consumption more than those receiving 16,000 p.p.m. (146.7 and 24.6%). No significant differences between treatments were observed for mortality (Exp. 2). Mortality data suggest that lethal levels of and are between 16,000 and 20,032 or 23,680 p.p.m. total salt, respectively. POULTRY SCIENCE 54: , 1975 INTRODUCTION POTENTIAL for increasing contamination of water supplies with such materials as dissolved inorganic solids suggests that more precise water quality standards are needed for poultry. Standards for human health frequently are applied to poultry because data are limited on effects of various inorganic materials on poultry. For example, the permissible level of either sulfate or chloride 1. Contribution 895, Dairy and Poultry Science Department and 7, Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Medicine, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas Present Address: Wilson and Co., Box 289, Springdale, Arkansas in drinking water for human health is listed as p.p.m. (Anonymous, 1962); but researchers have reported that higher levels do not adversely affect poultry. Keinholz (1968) reported 18,000 p.p.m., when given to turkeys from 0-4 wk. of age, increased their water consumption and fecal moisture content and reduced rate of gain; less salt showed no adverse effects. With laying hens, 10,000 p.p.m. NaCl or reduced egg production; however, 12,000 p.p.m. of NaS0 4 was required to show that effect (Krista et al., 1961). Mulheam (1957) and Olson et al. (1959) suggest that approximately 4,000 p.p.m. total dissolved solids is the upper safe limit for poultry.

2 708 A. W. ADAMS, F. E. CUNNINGHAM AND L. L. MUNGER Data indicate that with poultry some salts are more toxic than others. Krista et al. (1961) found sodium chloride and magnesium sulfate were more toxic in the drinking water of laying hens than sodium sulfate. Pfander (1973) reported that sulfates and magnesium are more toxic than sodium chloride for poultry. Reported here are effects on laying hens receiving various levels of sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate in drinking water. MATERIALS AND METHODS A commerical, egg-type strain of White Leghorn hens, from a previous study (Ogundipe and Adams, 1973) was used. They were housed in an insulated, fan ventilated, windowless cage house. An experimental unit consisted of 2 hens per cage, 6 per block in 2 of 3 cage rows in Exp. 1 and in each of 3 cage rows in Exp. 2. Well water was supplied the hens during a 3-wk. pre-treatment period. Then the hens were switched to water containing various levels of sodium TABLE 1. Effects Salt sulfate sulfate ( ) or magnesium sulfate ( ). Salts were used at,1,000, 4,000, and 16,000 p.p.m. as total sulfate in Exp. 1 and as total salt in Exp. 2. Water was supplied by mixing stock solution with well water, placing resulting solution in a plastic jug, and connecting the jug to plastic-cup waterers (1 cup per cage) via a plastic tube. Additional solution was added as needed. Records were maintained on water consumption, feed consumption, egg production, body weight, and mortality during pre-treatment and 4- and 3-wk. treatments for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. Two hens (1 cage) from each block were weighed at the start of the pre-treatment period and at the start and termination of treatment. Birds used were 53 weeks old at start of pre-treatment period in Exp. 1; those used in Exp. 2 were 62 weeks old when it started. Exp. 1 started June 18; Exp. 2, August 20. Fecal moisture content was determined in Exp. 1 by collecting a sample from each block o/ and (total sulfate basis) in drinking water on performance of hens, Exp. 1 Level (p.p.m.) salt cation Hen-day prod " a -15.2" a a a a -80.4^ b b C C Percent change' Water cons " -16.9" -14.9" b b -15.1" 58.8 a a -47. l c d -63.l c Feed cons. -5.7" 3.2 a -1.2 a -1.7 a 4.1 a 1.2 a ab C -36.2" C -31. l b C Body wt a 0.6 a 0.0 a 2.0 a 4.2 a 3.1 a -0.3 a 4.5 a 2.1 a for for a -50.8" -4.0 a b a a 0.3 a 3.1 a 1 Deviations from pre-treatment performances 100 ± (performance during treatment/pre-treatment performance x 100) ' c Means with different superscripts differ significantly P < All birds died. 2

3 SULFATE IN DRINKING WATER 709 during the week before the solutions were administered and once each week during treatment. Samples were collected by placing wax impregnated paper on a metal pan placed below each cage block. Twenty-four hours later a composite sample of feces was collected in a metal container, mixed 60 sec. with a portable mixer, and a sample placed in an aluminum weigh pan. After being weighed, the samples were placed in a drying oven and dried 48 hr. at 98 C, and reweighed for moisture-content calculations. In Exp. 1 egg quality measurements were made once each week the last two weeks of the pre-treatment period and each week of treatment. At each sampling, all eggs laid in each block during 2 days were collected, weighed, and broken for Haugh unit and shell thickness determinations. Analysis of the well water used showed 590 p.p.m. total dissolved solids. Major solids, in p.p.m., were Mg-29, Na-34, S , Ca-128, and Cl-22. In the first experiment, all mortalities and 2 hens remaining at the end of the experiment in each treatment were submitted to the K.S.U. Diagnostic Laboratory for necropsy. All data were converted to performance percentages using this formula: (performance during treatment/pre-treatment performance x 100). Data were analyzed by analysis of variance when warranted. Except for Table 3, all data are expressed as deviation (±) percentages of treatment performance from pre-treatment performance. RESULTS Experiment 1. Comparison of means (Table Level of total sulfate PPm Level of total salt PPm FIG. 1. Effect of and on hen-day production.

4 710 A. W. ADAMS, F. E. CUNNINGHAM AND L. L. MUNGER Level of total sulfate- ppm Level of total salt ppm FIG. 2. Effect of and on water consumption. 1) for type of salt shows depressed hen-day egg production significantly more than (-50.8 vs %). This depressant effect was particularly evident at 4,000 p.p.m. total sulfate. Hen-day production of hens fed declined 80.4% during treatment. Although total salt content of the 4,000 p.p.m. of total sulfate as was higher (912 p.p.m.) than the 5008 p.p.m. from, did not significantly depress egg production. At 16,000p.p.m. total sulfate, both salts severely depressed egg production, significantly more than. Orthogonal contrasts of means indicated both salts had a linear effect on egg production (Fig. 1). Both type and level of salt significantly affected water consumption (Table 1); 4,000 p.p.m. total sulfate as significantly increased (58.8%) water consumption but significantly depressed water consumption (-43.3%). exhibited a quadratic effect on water consumption (Fig. 2). Both salts at 16,000 p.p.m. depressed water consumption, significantly morethan (-79.2 vs %). Hens

5 SULFATE IN DRINKING WATER 711 Fxp > 1) o Level of total sulfate-ppm Level of total salt-ppm FIG. 3. Effect of Na,SO, and MgSO. on feed consumption. fed 4,000 p.p.m. Na,S0 4 (total sulfate) consumed approximately two times more water than those getting less of or (Table 3). In contrast, hens fed 16,000 p.p.m. of either salt consumed much less water than hens on lower levels, suggesting that 16,000 p.p.m. makes water very unpalatable to hens. and at 4,000 p.p.m. total sulfate significantly depressed feed consumption (Table 1 and Fig. 3). Effect of type of salt on feed consumption was not consistent. was significantly more depressing than NaS0 4 at 4,000 p.p.m.; vice versa for 16,000 p.p.m. As data show in Table 1, neither type of salt nor level of total sulfate significantly affected body weight, but no data were available for 16,000 p.p.m. because of 100% mortality. Mortality differed significantly between groups: 100 percent mortality occurred by an average of 7 and 12 days post treatment, respectively, among birds fed water containing 16,000 p.p.m. of total sulfate as

6 712 A. W. ADAMS, F. E. CUNNINGHAM AND L. L. MUNGER Days after start trt. FIG. 4. Effect of and on mortality. losing cellular detail. Similar conditions, much less developed, existed in birds receiving 4,000 p.p.m. level total sulfate. Although wide variation between samples for moisture content precluded significant treatment effects, visual observation indicat- or as (Fig. 4). Necropsies of birds receiving 16,000 p.p.m. total sulfate showed extreme emaciation and visceral gout. Microscopic examination of kidney tissues showed urate accumulation and focal necrosis consisting of individual glomeruli, and tubules

7 SULFATE IN DRINKING WATER 713 TABLE 2. Effect o/ and (total salt basis) in drinking water on performance of layers, Exp. 2 Salt salt Level (p.p.m.) sulfate cation Hen-day prod. 6.5" -8.3" -0.9" 26.7" -3.1" 11.8" 0.5" 1.2" -43.7" -23.2" 0.8" b Percent change' Water cons bc C -9.5 b -2.0 bc c -11. l b C -9.6 C -10.8" 146.7" 24.6 b 85.7" Feed cons. 13.3" 12.8" 13.1" -1.3" 2.9" 0.8" b 8.1" 13.5" 10.8" -23.5" -5.4" b Body wt. 9.0" -2.9" 3.1" 1.3" -3.9" -1.3" 1.1" -4.1" -1.5" -14.7" -5.4" b for for -2.5" -8.4" 32.6" -5.4 b -0.8 a 5.9" -0.8" -4.1" 1 Deviations from pre-treatment performances = 100 ± (performance during treatment/pre-treatment performance x 100). " bc Means with different superscripts significantly differ P < ed feces of hens fed 4,000 p.p.m. total sulfate as were most fluid. No significant relationship was observed between level of total sulfate, egg weight, Haugh unit values, or shell thickness or between type of salt and any of those parameters (data not shown). Experiment Salt TABLE 3. Effect Level (p.p.i n.) fected hen-day production (Table 2). Egg production of birds fed 16,000 p.p.m. total salt dropped significantly more than that of hens getting less total salt. Orthogonal comparison of the means indicated that effect was linear (Fig. 1). Type, level of salt, and salt x level interaction significantly affected water consumption (Tables 2 & I 3 and Fig. 2). Hens fed 16,000 o/ and MgSO 4 on water and feed consumption < of layers sulfate (Exp. 1) salt significantly af- Water cons. (ml./hen-day) salt (Exp. 2) sulfate (Exp. 1) Feed cons. (gm./h en-day) salt (Exp. 2) Na 2 SO

8 714 A. W. ADAMS, F. E. CUNNINGHAM AND L. L. MUNGER p.p.m. total salt drank significantly more water than hens on lower levels; hens fed, significantly more than those fed (146.7 vs. 24.6%). Comparison of means show only 16,000 p.p.m. total salt as or significantly depressed both feed consumption and body weight. No mortality occurred in Experiment 2. DISCUSSION Results of this study show it is important to use total salts, sulfates, or chlorides when expressing amounts of various total solid salt components in water. In Exp. 1, 4,000 p.p.m. total sulfate as (5008 p.p.m. total salt) significantly depressed egg production and feed consumption. In contrast, in Exp. 2, only 16,000 p.p.m. of markedly depressed egg production. Krista et al. (1961) reported reduced egg production by hens fed 10,000 p.p.m. or 12,000 p.p.m. MgSO (total salt basis). Although we analyzed data from each experiment separately, comparing our egg production data showed the toxic threshold on a total salt basis between 4,000 and 20,032 or 23,680 p.p.m. total salt, respectively for and. Differences between egg production of hens fed 16,000 p.p.m. of or (Exp. 2) and those fed a lower level were not significant, a depressant effect was indicated by the significant total salt effect. A comparison of salt type x salt level interaction means for our hen-day production data confirms that is more toxic for chickens than, particularly at 4,000 p.p.m. total sulfate (Table 1) as Krista et al. (1961) and Pfander (1963) reported. Although analysis of variance did not show significant differences between treatments for fecal moisture, approximately 4,000-10,- 816 p.p.m. total sulfate as increased water consumption (58.8 and 146.7% increases in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively) and observed fecal moisture contents. mortality of hens fed 16,000 p.p.m. total sulfate (20,032 and 23,680 p.p.m. total salt for and, respectively) and 100% Iivability of hens on 16,000 p.p.m. total salt in Exp. 2 suggests that lethal levels of and are between 16,000 and 20,032 or 23,680 p.p.m. total salt, respectively. REFERENCES Anonymous, U. S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards. U.S. Dept. Health, Education and Welfare, Washington, D.C. Kienholz, E. W., Effects of salts in drinking water of turkeys. An. Nutr. Health, 23: 3. Krista, L. M., C. W. Carlson and O. E. Olson, Some effects of saline waters on chicks, laying hens, poults and ducklings. Poultry Sci. 40: Mulhearn, C. J., Assessing the suitability of water for livestock. Dept. Agric. S. Australia, 61: Ogundipe, S. O., and A. W. Adams, Practicaltype, raw unextracted soybean meal diets for eggtype pullets. Poultry Sci. 52: Olson, O. E., L. B. Embry, M. A. Hoelscher, R. C. Wahlstrom, C. W. Carlson, L. M. Krista, W. R. Borox and G. F. Gastler, Salinity and Livestock Water Quality. South Dakota Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull Pfander, W. H., Toxic substances in water. An. Nutr. Health, 28: 4, 5-7. SEPTEMBER 5-11, FIFTH EUROPEAN POULTRY CONFERENCE, MALTA JUNE 22-26, ANNUAL MEETING, AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE OF CANADA, BRANDON UNIVERSITY, BRANDON, MANITOBA JULY 28-30, th ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ANIMAL SCIENCE, COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, FORT COLLINS, COLORADO