Branch of medicine that deals with blood, its formation and disorders is called. Three main functions of cardiovascular system are,, and.

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1 Chapter 19 The Blood Human body must maintain a balance called. Body fluid inside the cells is called fluid; that outside is called or fluid. Two major fluid networks that help in connecting cells are and systems. Branch of medicine that deals with blood, its formation and disorders is called. Functions of cardiovascular system: Three main functions of cardiovascular system are,, and. Physical characteristics: Volume of blood in average human body: Viscosity of blood is about: -. Temperature of blood: 38 or ph of blood: ; which is slightly on the ph scale. Osmotic concentration of blood fluid: % Withdrawing blood: : when blood is withdrawn from a vein closer to surface, lowere BP, smoother flow : when blood is withdrawn from a fingertip, ear lobe, heel; small amount required : when blood is withdrawn from an artery; for monitoring oxygenation Blood is classified as a tissue Liquid Plasma makes up % of the blood. Suspended Formed Elements % of the blood Blood plasma: Blood plasma is about % water and % proteins. Plasma protein that is made by liver, maintains blood viscosity, and transports water-insoluble chemicals (fats and hormones) is called.

2 Plasma protein that is made by liver and WBC, protects against diseases, and transports waterinsoluble chemicals (fats and hormones) is called. Plasma protein that is produced by liver and used for blood clotting 1.5% other solutes is called Ions present in blood plasma are called. Formed elements: The three types of formed elements that are present in blood are red blood cells (also called ), white blood cells (also called ), and platelets (also called ). The process of blood cell formation is called. It takes place in yolk sac, liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes & red bone marrow in an. In an adult, it takes place mostly in present in flat bones and ends of long bones. The stem cells are referred to as the stem cells. These cells divide to form stem cells that form the RBC, platelets, and certain WBC (eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes) and stem cells that form certain WBC (lymphocytes). This process is stimulated by factors such as (erythropoietin and thrombopoietin), cytokines, growth factors and vitamins. Erythrocytes: There are about - million RBC present in each cu mm of blood. They lack a nucleus and are therefore referred to as. They also lack and therefore they produce ATP by anaerobic respiration. Their cytoplasm has a red protein called. They transport gases: most and some. Hemoglobin It is made of: 4 polypeptides called the. Attach ed to each of these proteins is a non-protein pigment molecule called a. Attached to each of these non-protein pigment molecule is. O2 binds to of hemoglobin, and hemoglobin is now called. CO2 binds to of hemoglobin, and hemoglobin is now called.

3 Production of RBCs is called. When oxygen supply is reduced, release an erythropoietic factor, which eventually forms a hormone called. This hormone stimulates stem cell in red bone marrow. Stem cells form that eject their to form enucleated cells called. These enucleated cells migrate from bone marrow to enter the blood stream, circulate for - days, increase their content, and form mature. test refers to the complete blood count that is used in clinics to determine the number of RBC and all the types of WBC. test is used in the clinics to determine the % of RBC in blood. Oxygen deficiency due to decreased oxygen in the atmosphere, decreased number of RBC, lack of blood circulation is referred to as. is when previously stored RBC are injected into the body to increase oxygen to the muscles and performance. This procedure increases blood viscosity and results in increased load on. Hematocrit below 35% causing insufficient hemoglobin is referred to as. - anemia is due to insufficient iron. anemia is due to lack of intrinsic factor needed for absorption of vitamin B12 in stomachâ.needed for RBC production. anemia is due to excessive bleeding. anemia is due to lysis of RBC caused by parasites, toxins, antibodies, or hemoglobin defects. anemia is due to lack of red bone marrow activity caused by radiation or chemotherapy, or toxins. anemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by a mutation of hemoglobin gene and results in production of a defective hemoglobin. RBC become shaped and do not transport and clog blood. RBC breakdown RBC circulate for about days after which the worn out RBC are phagocytized by in spleen and liver. Cell membranes of worn out RBC are recycled and is prcessed by liver. of hemoglobin is a protein which is broken down into acids

4 and recycled to make new proteins. is the non-protein pigment of hemoglobin which is converted by liver to form and and excreted with feces and urine. of hemoglobin is transported by plasma transferrin to bone marrow and recycled for making new hemoglobin. Leukocytes: There are about - WBC in each cu mm of blood. They have a nucleus but do not have, thew pigment found in RBC. Their plasma membrane has antigens used to match cells, tissues and organs during donation procedures. Their main function is to the body against infections. test is used in the clinics to determine the % of each type of WBC in a blood sample. There are two groups of WBC: 1. leukocytes have lobed nucleus and granules in the cytoplasm. Included in this group are the that have 2-6 lobed nucleus and pale lilac granules in the cytoplasm. They are the cells that engulf infections at injuries. Also included in this group are the that have bilobed nucleus and orange-red granules in the cytoplasm. They are involved in reactions and act as phagocytic cells for parasitic. This group also includes that have bilobed nucleus and dark blue-black granules in the cytoplasm. These cells release histamine in allergic reactions and become modified to form cells. 2. leukocytes have a dented nucleus and no prominent granules. Included in this group are that are smaller cells with relatively large nucleus and very little cytoplasm. They are involved in antigen-antibody immunity against viral infections. Also included in this group are the that are larger cells with large dented nucleus and a lot of foamy cytoplasm. These cells are phagocytic cells that become modified to form. Production of WBC: stem cells in red bone marrow divide to form,,, and. Myeloblasts form,, and. Monoblasts form. Lymphoblasts form. When leukocyte number goes above 10,000/cu mm of blood, it is referred to as

5 . When leukocyte number goes below 5,000/cu mm of blood, it is referred to as. Cancer of leukocytes is called. Thrombocytes: These are actually fragments There are - platelets in each cu mm of blood. They are involved in blood. They circulate for - days in the blood stream. Formation: stem cells in red bone marrow divide to form whose cytoplasm breaks up to form. is when number of platelets goes up and excessive clots may be formed. is when number of platelets goes down and excessive internal bleeding occurs. refers to the process by which bleeding stops. There are three major steps of this process: o is where smooth muscle in the wall of the blood vessels contract to reduce the opening and blood flow. o formation is where platelets migrate to endothelial cells in the wall of the blood vessels (platelet ), become irregular and stick to each other (platelet ), and form a mass (platelet ). Platelets release chemicals such as ADP, prostaglandins, serotonin, enzymes, calcium ions and clotting. o is the third step and refers to blood clotting. is a soft mass of protein fibers and blood cells. Substances needed for clot formation are Ca 2+, enzymes from, chemicals released by and cells. Vitamin is made by intestinal bacteria and used for making liver factors II, VII, IX and X. There are two pathways for blood clotting : and pathways. In both pathways, and Ca 2+ convert prothrombin to. Thrombin and Ca 2+ convert soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibers. Fibrin fibers trap cells to form a soft mass â is formed

6 Extrinsic pathway: A very rapid processâ.takes place within a few. Damaged tissue releases tissue that along with Ca 2+ activate factor. This activated factor combines with factor V and Ca 2+ to form. Then, prothrombinase and Ca 2+ convert to form thrombin. and Ca 2+ convert soluble to form insoluble fibrin fibers. fibers trap blood cells to form a soft mass â clot is formed. Intrinsic pathway: More complex and slower process, takes place within a few. Damaged endothelial lining of blood vessels initiate to come in contact with collagen fibers in the basement membrane. Damaged, factors XII, X, phospholipids and Ca 2+ together combine to form. Then, prothrombinase and Ca 2+ convert to form thrombin. and Ca 2+ convert soluble to form insoluble fibrin fibers. fibers trap blood cells to form a soft mass â clot is formed. is a clot formed in an unbroken blood vessel. is the process of clot formation. refers to slower blood flow that can cause thrombosis. A clot can detach and travel to other body parts to cause and leading to multisystem organ failure. is a traveling clot Pulmonary is where an embolus lodges in the lungs and blocks blood circulation in the lungs. is caused by embolus in blood vessel going to the brain. refers to continued bleeding due to lack of clotting factors. Clot retraction, repair of the blood vessel and fibrinolysis: Clot temporarily seals the blood vessel and platelets pull on the fibers to bring the edges closer. An outside clot dries to form a, and as the tissue heals, the fall off. A thrombus formed inside a blood vessel and slowly dissolves â a process called. An inactive plasma enzyme is converted to active enzyme. This enzyme dissolves the clot. Chemicals that dissolve a clot such as plasminogen activator, stroptokinase, are called. Chemicals that prevent clot formation such as heparin, warfarin, EDTA, are called.

7 Blood Groups: Determining blood groups is referred to as. : Examples -ABO, Rh : Specific proteins on RBC or antigens - is mixing of donor and recipient blood for compatibility. Testing is done by using commercially available specific or antibodies. ABO groups: Four types:,,,. Antigens A and/or B are present on. Corresponding antibodies A or B are present in. Antibodies recognize and bind to specific antigens, cause clumping of cells, termed as. Rh groups: Two types: and. Rh antigen is present on of Rh+ blood type; Rh antigen is absent on blood type. Corresponding Rh antibody is normally absent in and blood types. If a person with Rh- blood is given a transfusion of blood, the person starts making Rh. If mother is carrying Rh+ fetus, mixing of blood at birth stimulates mother 's body starts making Rh antibodies. During second pregnancy, if the fetus is, mother's Rh antibodies cross placenta, cause of fetal RBC and, eventually leading to fetal death. shot is given to the mother soon after the first delivery, miscarriage or abortion. This shot is antibodies that bind to fetal that may have entered the mother and removes it from body before mother makes Rh.