Main Points. 2) Metabolism and allometries -- universal patterns in ecology -- example: allometries for population density in carnivores
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1 Main Points 1) Diet -- primitive monogastric, cecal fermentation, and ruminant fermentation -- ruminant digestion and an adaptive radiation -- example: the global distribution of mammalian herbivores 2) Metabolism and allometries -- universal patterns in ecology -- example: allometries for population density in carnivores Terms: cellulose, meristem, frugivory, coprophagy, fermentation, cud, succession, metabolic rate, allometry, energy-equivalence rule Pre-reading: Wednesday 11 October = NA Monday 16 October = Emlen and Oring 1
2 Diet: Insectivores and Carnivores insectivory (including myrmecophagy) and carnivory -- simplest digestive tract -- no fermentation or cecum (or cecum is very small) -- food is readily digested, because of high energy content, no cell walls, and low fiber 2
3 Diet: Herbivores Plants as mammal food: -- leaves are low in protein -- sugars less concentrated -- protected by biotic, chemical, and mechanical defenses barrel cactus w/mechanical defense (spines) bullhorn acacia w/mechanical (thorns) and biotic defense (ants) chili w/chemical defense (capsaicin) 3
4 Diet: Herbivores Plants as mammal food -- cellulose in cell walls -- ontogeny of plants -- graminoid vs. forb meristems 4
5 Diet: Herbivores primitive monogastric digestion -- simple alimentary canal (AKA digestive tract) -- often leads to frugivory or omnivory collared peccary bearded pig giant forest hog 5
6 Diet: Herbivores hindgut or cecal fermentation -- enlarged cecum houses fermentation -- short rate of passage, low cellulose utilization -- may lead to coprophagy in smaller species mountain tapir 6
7 foregut or ruminant fermentation -- fermentation occurs in four-chambered stomach -- long rate of passage, high cellulose utilization, cuds American bison Diet: Herbivores 7
8 Discussion Q: Families Bovidae and Cervidae have proliferated in the past 15,000 years, while rhinos, horses, and equids have declined in number. Come up with a hypothesis for why this has happened. 15,000 5 MYA 34 MYA 8
9 elk vicuna saiga saola water chevrotain 9
10 succession = predictable changes through time in ecological communities 10
11 succession = predictable changes through time in ecological communities Grazing succession -- materials pass twice as fast through cecal fermenters -- protein assimilation less efficient than ruminants 11
12 Grazing succession -- smaller animals have higher mass-specific metabolic rates -- smaller animals have higher relative energy demands, but lower absolute energy demands -- for smaller animals, intake is less, but assimilation must be high 12
13 Metabolism and body size metabolic rate = energy consumption or expenditure, typically measured in kj or kcal consumed per day 13
14 Metabolism and body size metabolic rate = energy consumption or expenditure, typically measured in kj or kcal consumed per day allometry = change in trait or process with body size that is non-linear 14
15 Log rostrum size Metabolism and body size allometry = change in trait or process with body size that is non-linear 1:1 line Positive allometry Rostrum size increases steeply (slope >1) with skull size Log skull size 15
16 Log head size Metabolism and body size allometry = change in trait or process with body size that is non-linear Negative allometry Head size increases slowly (slope <1) with body size 1:1 line Log body size 16
17 Kcal/day Kcal/day Metabolism and body size metabolic rate allometry linear axes log 10 axes Kcal/kg/day Kcal/kg/day body mass (kg) body mass (kg) 17
18 Metabolism and body size metabolic rate allometry total metabolism (kj) = a(mass^0.75) mass-specific metabolism (kj) = a(mass^-0.25) 18
19 Metabolic rate (W) Metabolism and body size Slope = 0.75 body mass (kg) 19
20 Density (inds / km 2 ) Metabolism and body size Slope = body mass (g) From Brown
21 metabolism of population Metabolism and body size Energetic-equivalence rule = change in abundance with body size is offset by change in metabolic rate with body size, so that populations exhibit invariance in energy use with respect to size. body mass (g) body mass (g) body mass (g) 21
22 Metabolism and body size K. Roy How to be an elephant 22
23 Digestion and global diversity of ungulates Predictors of plant quantity: -- more rain = more plants -- higher soil fertility = more plants 23
24 Digestion and global diversity of ungulates Predictors of plant quality: -- more rain = lower N and P content -- higher soil fertility = higher N and P content 24
25 Digestion and global diversity of ungulates Plants are most abundant in wet, high-fertility environments klipspringer ~20 kg plains zebra ~200 kg buffalo ~800 kg 25
26 Digestion and global diversity of ungulates Plants are most abundant in wet, high-fertility environments Plants are most nutritious in dry, high-fertility environments klipspringer ~20 kg plains zebra ~200 kg buffalo ~800 kg 26
27 Dicussion Q: in light of the fact that plant quantity is most important to large ungulates, and plant quality is most important to small ungulates, come up with a hypothesis for where ungulate diversity should be highest. klipspringer ~20 kg plains zebra ~200 kg buffalo ~800 kg 27
28 Global diversity of ungulates 3000 kg 15 kg Plant available moisture Plant available N From Olff et al
29 Global diversity of ungulates 3000 kg 15 kg Plant available moisture Plant available N From Olff et al
30 Global diversity of ungulates Plant available moisture Plant available N 30
31 Global diversity of ungulates High correspondence between predicted and observed diversity of large herbivores, based on rain and soil fertility Suggests that plant-available nutrients and moisture maintain species diversity of ungulates 31
Main Points. 2) Metabolism and allometries -- universal patterns in ecology -- example: allometries for population density in carnivores
Main Points 1) Diet -- primitive monogastric, cecal fermentation, and ruminant fermentation -- ruminant digestion and an adaptive radiation -- example: the global distribution of mammalian herbivores 2)
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