11 - Food and Fuel. Muscles Cont d Hydrolysis vs. cellular respiration. Digestive tract anatomy and function
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1 11 - Food and Fuel Muscles Cont d Hydrolysis vs. cellular respiration Digestive tract anatomy and function *Exam September 30. One week from today *Review session poll forthcoming
2 Exam: Week from today 9/30 Practice Exam: Coming Review: Next week, poll PK scores: Posted w/ Assessments on Drive 2
3 Q. How do muscles generate variable amounts of tension? 3
4 MUSCULAR HYDROSTATS Q: How can a muscle act without a skeletal element to transmit force? Smith and Kier American Scientist 77:29.
5 CONTRACTION ENERGETICS Three metabolic pathways supply ATP for muscle contraction Slow oxidative (SO), fast glycolytic (FG), and fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG) fibers have distinctive traits visible even in histologic section
6 Q: How might dominant fiber type differ among athletes with different specialties???
7 MUSCLE CELL TRADE-OFFS Fiber types in the running muscles of the cheetah (Williams et al. 1997) Proportion SO vs FG up to 83% of vastus lateralis fibers are FOG and FG Glycolytic enzymes (PK = pyruvate kinase / LDH = lactate dehydrogenase) PK and LDH levels are elevated Oxidative enzymes CS = citrate synthase / HOAD = 3-hydroxyactyl-CoA dehydrogenase CS and HOAD levels are depressed Mitochondria Myoglobin concentration 2-4% of volume of muscle fiber within range of other sprinters and endurance runners Q: Is there a downside to being the fastest mammal?
8 Muscle cell volume as a zero-sum system Q: Predict the effects of maximizing: muscle protein mitochondria sarcoplasmic reticulum From: Rome and Lindstedt News Physiol. Sci 13:
9 Q. How does Ca2+ get back within SR? sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium-atpase (SERCA) actively pumps calcium back into the SR 9
10 Calcium transients for three different fibers taken from the oyster toadfish. SO fibers FG fibers Superfast twitch swimbladder fibers Q: which is which? Q: what can you predict about cell composition? audio/fishes/ oystertoadfish/ seconds
11 Q: Which of the muscle profiles belongs to each of the muscles pictured? toadfish swim bladder typical skeletal muscle rattlesnake rattle myofibrils SR mitochondria (force) (Ca++ uptake) (ATP supply)
12 If cell volume is constant, tradeoffs exist. Mitochondria ( fuel tank ) Myofibrillar ( horse power ) Sarcoplasmic reticulum ( accelerator ) 12
13 DIGESTIVE TRACT ANATOMY AND FUNCTION Feeding Mechanical breakdown Storage Chemical breakdown = hydrolysis Absorption of monomers (elimination)
14 Sequential processing of food HEADGUT - food capture, reception, mechanical breakdown, some storage (usually mouth, teeth, lips, tongue, salivary glands) FOREGUT - food conduction, storage, chemical digestion, limited maceration (usually esophagus and stomach) MIDGUT - chemical digestion and absorption (usually small intestine) HINDGUT - water and mineral absorption, waste storage and elimination (usually large intestine / rectum) Transported and assembled into more complex molecules after absorption
15 Examples of EXOCRINE processes in digestion (monomers of macromolecules) salivary amylase, a carbohydrase pepsin, a protease bile is an emulsifier (not an enzyme) bicarbonate adjusts ph (not an enzyme) lipases, carbohydrases, and proteases make up pancreatic juice
16 Examples of ENDOCRINE processes in digestion. gastrin stimulates pepsinogen and acid release secretin stimulates pancreatic release of bicarbonate cholecystokinin simulates release of pancreatic enzymes (and bile)
17 Glucose homeostasis is regulated (in part) by pancreatic hormones β-cells are blue If blood glucose is high.. α-cells are red If blood glucose is low
18 Q: How can external conditions affect glucose levels? The HPA axis CRH = corticotropin releasing hormone ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol, corticosterone)
19 CARNIVORY vs HERBIVORY Q: Which diet is higher quality carnivorous or herbivorous? Hume, 1989
20 Carnivores Slicing dentition Small stomach Short midgut Large liver (bile production) Little storage space Short transit time Q: What makes meat so easy to digest? Q: How is diet reflected in digestive tract anatomy?
21 Q: What is so problematic about a plant diet? Q: What digestive strategies are available to overcome these difficulties?
22 Fermentation of ingested plant material by symbiotic microbes Mean retention time Q: What anatomical innovations are required by the vertebrate host? Q: What constraints might the process of fermentation of low quality food exert on the process of host feeding / digestion? Q: What are the advantages / disadvantages of using different portions of the gut as the fermentation chamber? foregut - BEFORE the small intestine hindgut - AFTER the small intestine
23 Fermentation chambers of foregut fermenters are usually enlarged regions of the esophagus and/or stomach. Rumination = rechewing Large hindgut fermenters usually use a tubular colon for fermentation.
24 Small hindgut fermenters are usually cecum fermenters. Coprophagy is associated with small body size, nesting and cecum fermentation
25 So you think that bunny is cute, do you? Q Why would size indicate coprophagy in hind-gut fermentation? 25
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