Impact of Dietary Selenium on Meat Quality. Juan Gomez-Basauri, Ph.D.

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1 Impact of Dietary Selenium on Meat Quality Juan Gomez-Basauri, Ph.D.

2 Meat Quality Characteristics Appearance Color Tenderness Texture Flavor Aroma

3 Purchasing Decision Color Oxidative Stability

4 Oxidative Rancidity/Oxidative Stability Temperature Metals Enzymes Lipid Oxidation PUFA s Light Microorganisms Chemicals Nutrient value Nutrient bioavailability Nutrient Stability Discoloration Drip losses Off flavors Toxic end products

5 The Tools? Low temperature Metal Chelation MAP Antioxidant

6 Antioxidant Systems

7 Natural vs. Synthetic

8 The Beneficial Role of Vitamin E There is fairly strong evidence

9 Effect of Feeding a Natural Antioxidant in Shelflife Stability TBARS (umol/g) Fed Aox, Further Process Stored w/o Aox (6 Mo) Stored w Aox (6 Mo) 0 Synthetic Preventox Antioxidants adapted fromvalenzuela et al., 2004

10 What are the opportunities to enhance the nutritional value of meat, milk, eggs?

11 Selenium Story

2001 Edens: Se part of Thioredoxin reductase (redox regulator) Today recognize Se needed for growth, reproduction, immunity Selenium Story Se Nutrient 1957 Schwarz & Foltz: Se essential trace mineral

12 2001 Edens: Se part of Thioredoxin reductase (redox regulator) Today recognize Se needed for growth, reproduction, immunity Selenium Story Se Nutrient 1957 Schwarz & Foltz: Se essential trace mineral for mammals 1973 Rotruck: Se integral part of GSH-Px 1974 Cantor and Scott: Se supplementation shows response in poultry Burk and Gregory: Se role as a transport protein Ekholm et al., Se response in beef cattle 1992 Behne: Se part of 5 iodothyronine deiodinase

13 Inorganic vs. Organic The source of selenium plays an important role in terms of selenium effectiveness when the source is organic: either from naturally high selenium feeds (Lawler et al., 2004) or supplementation with selenium yeast (Edens, 1996, Mahan and Parret, 1996; Pehrson et al., 1999). Other studies also indicate that the source of selenium plays a role in terms of selenium effectiveness when the source is organic: either from naturally high selenium feeds (Lawler et al., 2004) or supplementation with selenium yeast (Edens, 1996, Mahan and Parret, 1996; Pehrson et al., 1999).

14 Inorganic vs. organic selenium Inorganic selenite is highly oxidized. In contrast, selenoamino acids in plants and useful in metabolism are very reduced. Oxidation state Compound (example) Most reduced Se -2 Selenomethionine Selenides Selenocysteine Se 0 Elemental Se Se +4 Na 2 SeO 3 (Na selenite) Most oxidized Se +6 Selenate ( Na 2 SeO 4 )

15 Inorganic Se is highly absorbed, but most is promptly excreted 3 fates of absorbed dietary selenium Organic Se Selenomethionine Inorganic Se Selenate Selenocysteine Selenite 1. Body protein synthesis (storage) Selenide H 2 Se 2. Excretion via kidney 3. Selenoprotein synthesis (GSH-Px, etc) Little dietary inorganic Se is stored in body proteins

16 How About Meat Quality?

17 Drip Loss

18 Seasonal and Selenium Source Effects on Breast Meat Drip Loss Drip Loss, % Sodium Selenite Sel Plex a a 0.1 ppm 0.3 ppm Adapted from Edens, 1996

19 Effect of dietary selenium supplementation on drip loss for porcine longissimus dorsi muscle Drip Loss (%) Steaks Selenite Steaks Sel-Plex Time Post-Mortem (h) p > 0.5

20 (adapted from Simek et al., 2002) Drip and fluid losses from vacuum packed meat and stored for 4 and 8 days Drip Loss Fluid Loss (%) 4 d (%) 8 d (%) Control a d prior with Sel-Plex a d prior with Sel-Plex b 0.65

Effects of dietary vitamin E and Se on some meat quality parameters Storage at 4 C 0 7 14 OMb TBARS OMb TBARS OMb TBARS Control 73.1 0.24 50.2 1.

21 Effects of dietary vitamin E and Se on some meat quality parameters Storage at 4 C OMb TBARS OMb TBARS OMb TBARS Control E Se E+Se adapted from O Grady O et al., 2001

22 Health Benefits Functional Meat Major dietary source of macronutrients such as protein Excellent source of micronutrients such as zinc, iron, selenium and copper, as well as the vitamins folic acid and B12

23 Selenium and Cancer 1970 s - Schrauzer, Shapiro, Frost, Shamberger, Se deficiency linked to the prevalence of cancer

24 Selenium status and cancer 46% 58% 64% 100 Relative risk, % P<0.001 P=0.04 P<0.03 P< All cancers Lung Colorectal Prostate Clark et al., 1996 Selenium Placebo

25 Adequate Se and Vitamin E Mice that consumed a diet high in PUFA s (menhaden oil) showed severe cardiac muscle damage compared to control diets and diets adequate in Se and vitamin E when exposed to Coxsackie s virus (Beck et al., 1994).

26 What is the Future?

27 Selenopork

28 Branded Se- enriched milk An opportunity to enhance the nutrient value of milk

29 There is a Challenge

30 Take the opportunity to redefine our meat products

ALKOSEL. The Pure Selenium Enriched Yeast Product The Bioavailable Selenomethionine. Lallemand Animal Nutrition

ALKOSEL. The Pure Selenium Enriched Yeast Product The Bioavailable Selenomethionine. Lallemand Animal Nutrition ALKOSEL The Pure Selenium Enriched Yeast Product The Bioavailable Selenomethionine Lallemand Animal Nutrition Selenium and Animal Nutrition ALKOSEL -TrialResults - Selenium s importance in animal nutrition