Evaluation of phytoextracts against Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. causing rhizome rot of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)

Transcription

1 Evaluation of phytoextracts against Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. causing rhizome rot of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) P.K. Ramteke* and S.S. Kamble Mycology and Plant Pathology Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur , Maharashtra, India * Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is an important commercial crop cultivated throughout India for its rhizome as spice. It has high medicinal value. Ginger is affected by several fungal pathogens during storage (Dohroo, 1993). Among which, rhizome rot caused by Fusarium solani is most common (Kumar, 1977). The pathogen is generally managed by benomyl. However, during last 30 years application of fungicides has plagued with several problems among which development of fungicide resistance in pathogenic organisms is important (Dekker, 1982; Gangawane, 1981; Gangawane, 1990). Use of plant extracts have been found to lower the selection pressure of the fungicides (Gangawane, 1997). The pesticidal compounds of plant origin, in comparison to synthetic compounds, are more effective and have little or no side effects on environment as well human beings (Kumar et al. 1995). Green plants appear to be reservoir of biotoxicants and constitute inexhaustible source of innocuous pesticides (Swaminathan, 1978). Keeping this in view, the present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of phytoextracts against F. solani causing rhizome rot of ginger. Isolation of pathogen: Diseased samples of ginger rhizomes were collected from the different localities of Maharashtra State of India. Fusarium solani was isolated from rotted rhizomes by using Czapek Dox agar medium (Rangaswami and Mahadevan, 2001) and identified according to published descriptions (Barnett and Hunter, 1972; Subramanian, 1971). Sensitivity to benomyl: Sensitivity of fourteen isolates of F. solani to benomyl fungicide was tested by food poisoning technique (Dekker and Gielink, 1979). The sensitive and resistant isolates had minimum inhibitory concentrations i.e. 05 µg/ml and 350 µg/ml, respectively. Both the isolates were selected for further studies. In vitro evaluation of plant extracts: The study was carried out at Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India during Fresh and healthy leaves of Swietenia macrophylla King, Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit., Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thw., Boerhaavia repens L. var. diffusa ( L.) Hook. f., Cassia tora L., Tithonia diversifolia A. Gray., and Tridax procumbens L. were collected from the campus of Shivaji University, Kolhapur situated at an altitude of 574 m above mean sea level, N latitude and E longitude and used fort he study. The leaves were washed under tap water followed by 469

2 sterilized water, shade-dried and pulverised to obtain dry powder. Leaf extract of each plant was prepared with 95 % ethanol (1: 5 w/v) in a beaker and boiled in hot water bath for 30 minutes. The material was homogenized and filtered through double layered muslin cloth. This was taken as 100 % basic stock extract and further diluted to desired concentrations (10, 25, 50 and 75 %) with sterile distilled water before use. The toxicity of stock extracts was determined against benomyl sensitive and resistant isolates of F. solani by food poisoning technique (Mishra and Tiwari, 1992). Petri plates (80 mm diameter) containing Czapek Dox agar (CDA) medium supplemented with different plant extracts at five concentrations. A 8 mm culture disc of Fusarium solani from 7 day old colony was placed upside down in the centre. Three replications were maintained for each treatment. The plates were incubated at room temperature (26 ± 3 ºC). Medium without any plant extract was served as control. The radial growth of the mycelium was measured after 8 days of incubation. Above procedure was also repeated for aqueous extracts of same plants instead of alcoholic extracts. Percentage control efficacy (PCE) of each plant extract against F. solani was calculated by using the formula: PCE = 100 (1- X / Y) Where, X = Radial growth (mm) in treatment, Y= Radial growth (mm) in control The results presented in the table 1 showed that alcoholic leaf extracts of Swietenia macrophylla King, Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit., Polyalthia longifolia ( Sonn.) Thw., Boerhaavia repens L. var. diffusa ( L.) Hook. f., and Tithonia diversifolia A. Gray. had 100 % control efficacy ( PCE ) against both sensitive and resistant isolates of Fusarium solani at 25 % concentration. The aqueous leaf extracts of all the tested plants were also inhibitory, but it was with less than 100 PCE. The present results are correlating with the reports of the following researchers. Shivpuri et al., (1997) observed that ethanol extracts of Azadirachta indica, Datura stramonium, Ocimum sanctum, Polyalthia longifolia and Vinca rosea were more toxic to Alternaria brassicicola, Colletotrichum capsici, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotiana sclertium. Their efficacy was more pronounced at 1000 µg/ml. Bhale et al., (2005) have reported that alcoholic leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica, Polyalthia longifolia, Semicarpus anacardium and Commiphora stockiana completely inhibited both resistant and sensitive isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. spinaciae at 10 % concentration. Bhale et al., (2009) have also been reported that alcoholic extracts of Tridax procumbens, Lantana camara, Oscimum gratissimum significantly showed 100 % control efficacy at 50 % concentration against Alternaria spinaciae. An antifungal property of Polyalthia longifolia has been reported by Datar, (1999). Ghewande, (1989) noted that leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica, Lausonia, Tridax sp. and Pongemia are also useful in managing foliar diseases of groundnut. Khilare and Gangawane, (1997) used medicinal plant extracts in the management of thiophanate methyl resistant Penicillium digitatum causing green mould of sweet orange. Singh, (1999) found that in vitro studies out of selected plants, 10 % leaf extract of Hyptis suaveolens gave maximum inhibition of weed fungi ( Aspergillus flavus, 470

3 A. niger, and A. citrinum ) which was followed by Adenocalymma allices and Aegle mormelos as compared to control. Sobti et al.,(1995) showed extracts of Azadirachta indica, Polyalthia longifolia, Oscimum gratissimum are useful to control groundnut pathogens such as Macrophomina phaseolina, Aspergillus flavus and A. niger. In our study, growth inhibition of F. solani might be due to the fungitoxic principle present in the plants. Among two extracts tested, alcoholic extracts showed high inhibition compared to aqueous extracts. The difference observed in fungitoxic activity to the extracts is likely to be due to the solubility of the active compound (s) in water or alcohol. This also agrees with the reports of Qasem and Abu- Blan (1996), Okigbo and Ogbonnaya, (2006) and Olono et al., (1996). CONCLUSION Alcoholic leaf extracts of Swietenia macrophylla King, Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit., Polyalthia longifolia ( Sonn.) Thw., Boerhaavia repens L. var. diffusa ( L.) Hook. f., and Tithonia diversifolia A. Gray. had strong inhibitory activity on the growth of benomyl sensitive and resistant isolates of Fusarium solani. Aqueous plant extracts were less effective. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The first author is thankful to Shrimant Gayatridevi Bhagawantrao Pantpratinidhi, Chairman, Aundh Shikshan Mandal, Aundh (Satara) and Principal, Raja Shripatrao Bhagawantrao Mahavidyalaya, Aundh for granting study leave and to University Grants Commission, Western Regional Office, Pune for awarding Teacher Research Fellowship. REFERENCES Barnett, H.L. and Hunter, B.B Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi, Burgess Publishing Co. Minneapolis, Mn, USA, pp Bhale, U.N., Rajkonda, J.N. and Sarwade, P.P Evaluation of botanicals against Alternaria spinaceae causing leaf spot of spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.), Geobios, 36: Bhale, U.N., Kamble S.S. and Gangawane L.V. 2005, Effect of plant extracts on growth and sporulation in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. spinaciae causing wilt of spinach. Bioinfolet, 2: Datar, V.V Bioefficacy of plant extracts against Macrophomina phaseolina, the incitant of charcoal rot of sorghum. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 29: Dekker, J. and Gielink, A. J Acquired resistance to Pimaricin in Cladosporium f. sp. narcissi associated with decreased virulence. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 85: Dekker, J Introduction to course on fungicide resistance. In fungicide resistance in crop protection (Dekker, J. and Georgopolous, S.G. Eds.) CAPD Wageningen, Netherlands, pp Dohroo, N.P ICAR report on Multilocational project on rhizome 471

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5 mushroom on sugarcane bagasse. Indian Phytopathology, 52:2. Sobti, A.K., Sharma, D.P. and Bhargava, A.K A comparative study of fungicidal compounds and plant extracts against tree pathogens of Arachis hypogea. Indian Phytopathology, 48: Subramanian, C.V Hyphomycetes. An account of Indian species except Cercospora. Indian Council of Agric. Research, New Delhi, pp Swaminathan, M.S Inaugural address, Fruit, Bot. conference, Meerut, India, pp Table 1: Percentage control efficacy of phytoextracts against F. solani Phytoextracts Swietenia macrophylla King Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thw. Boerhaavia repens L. var. diffusa (L.) Hook. f. Tithonia diversifolia A. Gray. Percentage control efficacy* Conc. Sensitive Resistant % Alcoholic Aqueous Alcoholic Aqueous

6 Cassia tora L. Phytoextracts Tridax procumbens L. ISSN Percentage control efficacy* Conc. Sensitive Resistant % Alcoholic Aqueous Alcoholic Aqueous Control SE m ± CD ( 0.05 % ) *Mean of three replications [MS received 17 September 2010; MS accepted 12 March 2011] Disclaimer: Statements, information, scientific names, spellings, inferences, products, style, etc. mentioned in Current Biotica are attributed to the authors and do in no way imply endorsement/concurrence by Current Biotica. Queries related to articles should be directed to authors and not to editorial board. 474