Evaluation of Natamycin Seed Treatments for Stemphylium botryosum & Other Necrotrophic Pathogens of Spinach
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1 Evaluation of Natamycin Seed Treatments for Stemphylium botryosum & Other Necrotrophic Pathogens of Spinach Lindsey du Toit, Mike Derie, & Barbara Holmes, Washington State University Pop Vriend Seeds, Andijk, The Netherlands DSM Food Specialties B.V., Delft, The Netherlands ASTEC Global, Maarssen, The Netherlands International Spinach Conference, February 2018, Murcia, Spain
2 Seedborne Pathogens of Spinach >40 plant pathogens of spinach fungal, bacterial, viral, phytoplasma, nematode a minority are seedborne & seed transmitted Important spinach pathogens that can be seedborne Downy mildew - Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae Verticillium wilt Verticillium dahliae Fusarium wilt Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae Cladosporium leaf spot Cladosporium variabile Stemphylium leaf spot Stemphylium botryosum Anthracnose Colletotrichum dematium f. sp. spinaciae CMV Cucumber mosaic virus Opportunistic/saprophytic, necrotrophic fungi on spinach seed: Acremonium, Alternaria, Ascochyta, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Botrytis, Doratomyces, Epicoccum, Melanospora, Penicillium, Phoma, Phomopsis, Rhizopus, Ulocladium,
3 Seed Treatments with Efficacy Against Some Seedborne Pathogens of Spinach Downy mildew - Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae mefenoxam, metalaxyl Verticillium wilt Verticillium dahliae hot water, thiabendazole, thiophanate methyl Fusarium wilt Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae hot water, thiabendazole, thiophanate methyl Cladosporium leaf spot Cladosporium variabile hot water, chlorine, thiram, iprodione, fludioxonil, azoxystrobin, Stemphylium leaf spot Stemphylium botryosum iprodione, azoxystrobin + fludioxonil, pyraclostrobin + boscalid Anthracnose Colletotrichum dematium f. sp. spinaciae hot water, thiabendazole, azoxystrobin + fludioxonil
4 Need for Organic Spinach Seed Treatments 1. Hot water, chlorine, other disinfectants insufficient for internal infections &/or thermo-tolerant pathogens 2. No highly effective organic seed treatments 3. Natamycin: Produced by Streptomyces natalensis, found in Pietermaritzburg, Natal, South Africa by Prof. Johanna Westerdijk (Netherlands) Natamycin isolated in 1955 (Struyk 1957, Antibiotics Annual): Initially named pimaricin, changed to natamycin by WHO Effective against true fungi, not oomycetes Binds to ergosterol, inhibits amino acid & glucose transport across plasma membrane Used in food industry: e.g., dairy products >150 countries No resistance risk evident natamycinvgp.com
5 Materials & Methods Two spinach seed treatment trials: 1. Trial 1 (du Toit et al Plant Dis. Mgt. Rep. 12:V050) a. Rates of natamycin: 0, 0.5, 1.5, 4.5 g/kg seed b. Priming duration: none, short, medium, long (proprietary) 2. Trial 2 a. Rates & formulations of natamycin b. Priming vs. coating For each trial, 4 reps of 100 seed/treatment: 1. AOSA blotter seed germination assay 2. Freeze-blotter seed health assay
6 Seed germination at 7 days (%) Trial 1: Seed germination assay (du Toit et al Plant Dis. Mgt. Rep. 12:V050) ANOVA Pr < = highly significant differences None Short priming Medium priming Long priming
7 Seed germination at 21 days (%) Trial 1: Seed germination assay (du Toit et al Plant Dis. Mgt. Rep. 12:V050) ANOVA Pr = None Short priming Medium priming Long priming
8 Stemphylium botryosum (%) Trial 1: Seed health assay (du Toit et al Plant Dis. Mgt. Rep. 12:V050) ANOVA Pr < None Short priming Medium priming Long priming
9 Verticillium spp. (%) Trial 1: Seed health assay (du Toit et al Plant Dis. Mgt. Rep. 12:V050) ANOVA Pr < None Short priming Medium priming Long priming
10 Alternaria spp. (%) Trial 1: Seed health assay (du Toit et al Plant Dis. Mgt. Rep. 12:V050) ANOVA Pr < None Short priming Medium priming Long priming
11 Actinomycetes (%) Trial 1: Seed health assay (du Toit et al Plant Dis. Mgt. Rep. 12:V050) None Short priming Medium priming Long priming ANOVA Pr <
12 Trial 2: Seed germination assay Seed germination: No significant differences among treatments at 7, 14, or 21 days: P Similarly for % rotten seed, % abnormal germination, and % non-germinated seed Seed germination at 21 days (%) Pr + None Primed Ct Pr Ct Pr Ct Pr Ct Pr ct Ct Pr
13 Stemphylium botryosum (%) ab a Trial 2: Seed health assay Stemphylium botryosum: Highly significant differences among treatments (P < ) b c defg cde de efgh def defgh ghi cd fghi hi hi hi i
14 Verticillium spp. (%) Trial 2: Seed health assay Verticillium spp.: Highly significant differences among treatments (P < ) a a ab bc cde cde defg cd def cde defg efgh defgh cd h gh fgh
15 Fusarium spp. (%) Trial 2: Seed health assay Fusarium spp.: Highly significant differences among treatments (P < ) a b bc bcd bcd bcd d cd cd bcd d cd d d d d cd
16 Summary Spinach seed treatment with natamycin at 0.5 to 1.5 g/kg seed with a short priming duration: Highly effective against all necrotrophic fungi detected No effect on potentially beneficial actinomycetes No phytotoxicity at these rates, potential phytotoxicity at higher rates Not effective for downy mildew Additional research: Additional seed lots, field trials Pursue registration on spinach seed for conventional & organic crops
This article is from the December 2005 issue of. published by The American Phytopathological Society
This article is from the December 2005 issue of published by The American Phytopathological Society For more information on this and other topics related to plant pathology, we invite you to visit APSnet
This article is from the February 2006 issue of. published by The American Phytopathological Society
This article is from the February 2006 issue of published by The American Phytopathological Society For more information on this and other topics related to plant pathology, we invite you to visit APSnet
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