Index. C Calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), 109, 110, 112 Cam deformity, 61 Capsule, 58 Capsulotomy, 60

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1 A Acetabular fossa, 56 Achilles tendon rupture, , 267 assessment, 268 consequences of, 261, 262 incidence, 261 management, 262, 263 mechanism of injury, 261 outcomes, 265 treatment, 264 controlled mobilization phase, 264 early recovery, 264, 265 late recovery, 265, 267 rehabilitation, 264 Acromioplasty, 176 Acute patella dislocation, 153 Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS), 3 Allografts, 295, 296 Anesthesia shoulder arthroscopy, Ankle instability, 346 Ankle sprains, 109 Anterior calcaneal process fractures, 17, 23 Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), 124, 144, 189 Anterior drawer test (ADT), 113 Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), 109, 110, 112 Antero-superior rotator cuff tears, 315 Arthroscopy, 114, 213 anatomic local tissue repair techniques, 114, 117 capsular shrinkage, 117, 118 reconstruction, 117 treatment, 118, 119 Autograft, 295 B Ballet, 343, 345, dance injury incidence, 345 lower extremity foot and ankle injuries, 345, 347 hip injuries, knee injuries, 347 technical and physical demands, 344, 345 treatment foot and ankle injury, 349 hip injury, 350 knee injury, 349, 350 Bankart repair, 222 Beach chair positioning, 71 Biceps tenodesis, indication, 174 LHBT, 174 optimal location, 175 postoperative care, 178 surgical technique arthroscope, 176, 177 glenohumeral joint, 176 patient position, 175 subacromial space, 176 Biodegradable subacromial spacer, 313 Brachial plexus, 182 infraclavicular retrocoracoid approach, 182 Brachial plexus (BP), clinical presentations and indications, 182 endoscopic portals, 180 endoscopic work, 179 exploration, 183 infraclavicular costoclavicular space, 182 exposition, 181 retro-pectoralis minor space, 181 infraclavicular portals, 180 installation, 180 NTOS, 182 subacromial portals, 180 supraclavicular plexus, 180 symptoms, 180 Bridge-Enhanced ACL Repair (BEAR) technique, 252 Bursectomy, 176 C Calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), 109, 110, 112 Cam deformity, 61 Capsule, 58 Capsulotomy, 60 ESSKA 2018 G.M.M.J. Kerkhoffs et al. (eds.), ESSKA Instructional Course Lecture Book, 355

2 356 Care pathways, 81 Cedell fractures, 16, 23, 27 Central compartment (CC), 55, 56 Cerebral blood flow (CBF), 77 Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ), 251 Chondro-Labral lesion cam deformity, 61 classification, 62 diagnosis, 62 treatment, 62 Chronic ankle instability, 112, 114 Chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI), 110 Classical ballet, 347 Constitutional deformity, 140 D Dance, 343 Dance injury incidence, 345 Deep MCL (dmcl), 285 Degenerative meniscus tears, 125 Distal biceps tendon, anatomical and biomechanical aspects, 85, 86 complications, 86 endoscopy, 87, 88 partial tears, 86, 87 rehabilitation after, 90, 91 single- or double-incision technique cortical button, intramedullary repair with, 89, 90 fixation methods, 88 subsequent modification, 88 Distal femoral osteotomy (DFO), 96, treatment/biomechanical problems, 137 E Elbow, 202 injuries, 215, 216 rehabilitation, 215, 216 Extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) muscle, 205 Extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendinopathy, 214 Extra-articular disorders, 48 F Fanelli scale, 280 Fast-track surgery, 82 Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome, 58 capsulotomy, 60 complications, 61 diagnosis, 59 image intensifier, 61 portals, 59 preoperative planning, 59 recovery and rehabilitation, 61 setup, 59 smooth head-neck transition, 60 step-by-step reshaping, 60 First-time glenohumeral dislocations, in high-level athletes, Fixed-bearing UKA, 194 Foot and ankle injury, 345, 349 Foresightful dissection technique, 75 Fovea capitis, 56 G Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD), 202, 203 Global instability, 332 H Hamate fractures, 213 Heterotopic ossification, 90 High tibial osteotomy (HTO), 96, 103, 104, 137 ACL-deficient knee, 145 complications, 99 deformity analysis, 97 diagnosis, 97 fixation technique, 98 frontal plane correction, 98 gap filling and additional bone support, 98 ligament reconstructions, 98 medical history, 96 multiple plane deformity, 98 PCL-deficient knee, 145, 146 postoperative rehabilitation, 147 rehabilitation, 99 simultaneous bilateral, 147 treatment/biomechanical problems, 137 UKA, 191 vs. unicondylar knee prosthesis, 103 constitutional deformity, 103, 104 grade of osteoarthritis, 104 indications, 103 ligament stability, 104 Hinge fractures, 99 Hip arthroscopy, 46 49, anatomy, 55 central compartment, 56 Chondro-Labral lesion (see Chondro-Labral lesion) contraindications, 49 femoroacetabular impingement syndrome, 58 capsulotomy, 60 complications, 61 diagnosis, 59 image intensifier, 61 portals, 59 preoperative planning, 59 recovery and rehabilitation, 61 setup, 59 smooth head-neck transition, 60 step-by-step reshaping, 60 indications, 46 extra-articular disorders, 48 FAI, 47 labral tears, 46 loose body removal, 46 septic arthritis, 46 setting of arthroplasty, 49 traumatic and atraumatic instability, 49

3 learning curve, patient positioning, 52 joint access, 53 lateral, 52 portals, 54 supine, 52 trial traction, 55 peripheral compartment, 57 capsule, 58 labrum, 57 synovial folds, 58 Hip injury, Hip instability, 61 Hospital for Special Surgery Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale (HSS Pedi-FABS), 252 Hughston scale, 281 I Infraclavicular brachial plexus costoclavicular space, 182 exposition, 181 retrocoracoid approach, 182 retro-pectoralis minor space, 181 Intra-articular osteotomy, 140 constitutional deformity, 140 for osteoarthritis, 143 historical background, 140 posttraumatic deformities, 140, 143 J Joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS), 223 K Knee injury, 347, 349, 350 Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Children (KOOS-Child), 251 Knee instability, , , 337, 338 avoid, 324 classification, 327 anatomical site, 329 extensor mechanism insufficiency, 332 flexion and extension gap, 329 global instability, 332 isolated ligament insufficiency, 332 loosening of components, 332 plane of instability, 328 suboptimal component, 332 time point, 328 diagnosis, 325 clinical examination, 325 laboratory tests, 327 patient s history, 325 radiological evaluations, 326 patients at risk, 324 anatomic considerations, 324 function, 324 medical conditions, 324 treatment, 333 full-component revision, 334, 337 hinged arthroplasty, 338 isolated polyethylene exchange, 333 single-component revision, 333 L Labrum, 56, 57 Lacertus fibrosus, 210 Latarjet procedure, Lateral collateral ligament (LCL), Lateral decubitus position, 72 Lateral elbow pain, Lateral epicondylitis (LE), Lateral talar process fractures, 16, 21, 22, 27 Lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL), 208 Latissimus dorsi transfer, 183, 184, 315, 317 Ligamentum teres, 56 Lisfranc injury, 17, Long head of biceps brachii tendon (LHBT), 174 Lower extremity foot and ankle injuries, 345 hip injuries, 347, 349 knee injuries, 347 Lower trapezius transfer, M Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) distal biceps tendon, 209 ganglion cyst, 185 knee injury, 4 VEO, 204 Maisonneuve fractures, 15, 17, 26 Massive retracted rotator cuff tears, 310, 311, 313, 315, 317, 318 definition, 310 occur, 310 surgical procedures, 309 treatment, 319 biodegradable subacromial spacer, 313 chronicity and tissue deterioration, 310 scaffold augmentation, 311 superior capsule reconstruction, 311 tendon transfers, 313, 315, 317, 318 Medial collateral ligament complex (MCL), clnical evaluation, 287, 288 imaging, 288 injury, 284 principal structural elements, 285, 287 reconstruction, 292 free allograft/autograft, 293, 294 tenodesis, 292, 293 treatment, 290 and ACL, 290, 291 and PCL, 291 indication, 291, 292 Medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOW HTO), 99

4 358 Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction, 153 anterior femoral insertion, 163 clinical challenge, 159 complications, 161 isolation, 159 overtensioning, 163 plain lateral radiographs, 162 reconstruction, 304 rupture, 303 surgical intervention, 161 TT-TG distance, 162 types, 163 in young patient, 304 Medial retinaculum, 153 Meniscal allograft, 40 Meniscal injuries, 33, 34, augmentation, 36 animal model, 36 arthroscopic skills, 37 results, 38 with scaffold, 37 outcome success, 40 resection, surgery, 41 transplant cost, 40 description, 38 history, 38 patient selection, 38 surgical technique, treatment, Meniscal scaffold, 40 Meniscus Cartilage unit, 124, 125 clinical scenarios, 126 daily activity and sports, 126, 127 topographic standpoint, 124 treatment alignment, 124 depending on adjacent cartilage, 125 depending on adjacent meniscus, 125 reconstructive, 124 stability, 124 traumatic meniscus tears, 125 Metaphyseal osteotomy, 143 Minimal incision surgery (MIS), 139, 192 Minimally invasive osteotomy, Mobile-bearing UKA, 193 Multi-ligament knee injuries, 3 9, , 280, 281, 284 acute treatment diagnosis, 3, 4 non-operative, 5 repair vs. reconstruction, 5 timing of surgery, 6 classification, 1 definition, 1 future treatment options, 10 graft selection, 294, 296 knee dislocation, 1 MCL (see Medial collateral ligament complex (MCL)) medial-sided injuries, 3 patient demographics, 2 PCL, 273, 276 clinical examination, 274 history, 274 proprioception, 274 radiological diagnostics, 275 reconstruction (see PCL reconstruction) treatment, 275, 276 PLC, 280 anatomy, 280 grading systems, 280 treatment, 281, 284 surgical treatment avoiding tunnel convergence, 6 outcomes, 8, 9 rehabilitation, 8 tensioning sequence, 7 N National Ballet, 343 Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS), 179, 183 O Obesity, 189 Open wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO), 147, 148 Orthopaedic surgeon, 343 Orthopaedic surgery, 123 Osteochondral talar fractures, 16, 20 Osteotomy, 93 99, 103, 104, aims of correction, 95 allograft, 100 autologous bone graft, 100 cruciate deficient knee anatomy and biomechanics of slope, 144 HTO, 145 deficient knee anatomy and biomechanics of slope, 144 deflexion, 145 double and triple varus, 146, 147 HTO, deformity correction, 95 definition, 95 deformity correction, 94 gap size, 100, 101 graft vs. no graft research, 101, 102 hardware selection, 96 HTO, 96 complications, 99 deformity analysis, 97 diagnosis, 97 fixation technique, 98 frontal plane correction, 98 gap filling and additional bone support, 98 ligament reconstructions, 98

5 medical history, 96 multiple plane deformity, 98 rehabilitation, 99 vs. unicondylar knee prosthesis, 103, 104 intra-articular, 140, 143 modern plates, 100 physical examination correlation, 95 range of motion, 93 sagittal plane, 94 radiological deformity analysis anatomical and mechanical axes, 94 correlation, 95 femoral mechanical axis, 94 frontal plane analysis, 94 malalignment analysis, 95 risks and complications, 102, 103 surgical plan, 93, 94 surgical tactic, 96 synthetic grafts, 100 treatment, 101, 102 Overhead athletes, wrist injuries, 211 biomechanics, 211 ECU tendinopathy, 214 future research, 214 hamate fractures, 213 scapholunate and perilunate injuries, 212 TFCC lesions, 213 OWHTO, see Open wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO) P Pain, 216 Partial meniscectomy, 36 Partial tears, of distal biceps clinical findings, 209 diagnosis, 208 imaging, 209 management, 209 endoscopic techniques, 209, 210 open techniques, 210 Patella instability, 304, 305, 307 biomechanical causes, 302, 303 clinical relevance, 303, 304 MPFL (see Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL)) tibial tubercle transfer, 304, 305 trochleoplasty, 305, 307 congenital causes, 301, 302 Patellofemoral joint, 301 Patellofemoral joint instability (PFJI), 159, acute dislocation, 158 aetiology, 155 bony procedure, 159, 161 clinical examination, 156 management, 155 MPFL reconstruction, 159 anterior femoral insertion, 163 clinical challenge, complications, 161 isolation, 159 overtensioning, 163 plain lateral radiographs, 162 surgical intervention, 161 TT-TG distance, 162 types, 163 nonoperative management, 164 operative management, 164, 165 radiologic assessment, 156, 158 Patellofemoral osteoarthritis (PFOA), 188 Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) CHQ, 251, 252 KOOS-Child, 251 Pedi-IKDC, 250, 251 types, 250 PCL, see Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) Pectoralis major transfer, 315 Pectoralis minor transfer, 317 Pediatric anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, clinical studies, 242 physical activity, 242 risk factors, 242 treatment BEAR technique, 252 clinical outcomes, concomitant knee lesions, 249 conservative, 244 growth disturbances, 249 PROMs, prospective cohort study, 243 risks and benefits, 243 Scandinavian groups, 243 surgical, Pediatric International Knee Documentation Committee (Pedi-IKDC), 250 Peripheral compartment (PC), 57, 58 Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), 327 Physeal scars, 56 Physical Activity Score (PAS), 267 PLC, see Posterolateral corner (PLC) Posterior ankle impingement (PAI) pain, 346 Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) biomechanics, 274 clinical examination, 274 history, 274 isolation, 273 proprioception, 274 radiological diagnostics, 275 treatment, 275, 276 Posterior interosseous nerve (PIN), 207 Posterior interosseous nerve injury, 86 Posterior malleolus fractures, 15, 18 Posterior oblique ligament (POL), 286 Posterolateral corner (PLC), 280 anatomy, 280 clinical examination, 281 grading systems, 280 treatment,

6 360 Post-meniscectomy syndrome, 39 Prophylactic meniscal transplant, 39 R Radial tunnel syndrome (RTS) causes, 206 diagnosis, 207 incidence rate, 206 management, 207 pathophysiology and anatomy, 206, 207 Radiculopathy, 208 Radiofrequency devices, 70 Radiographic imaging, 23 Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty, 318 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 188 RTS, see Radial tunnel syndrome (RTS) S Scapholunate and perilunate injuries, 212 Scapular dyskinesia, 224 Schenck s knee dislocation classification, 2 Shoulder, 202, 216, 217 Shoulder arthroscopy, 70 anesthesia, 75, 78 patient positioning, 70, 72 performance, 69 surgical technique, 73, 75 technical equipment, 70 visual clarity, 69 Shoulder instability, Bankart vs. Latarjet, bony and soft tissue procedure, 232 bony tissue complications, 235 coracoid transfer, 234 Hill-Sachs lesion, 232, 235 labrum repair, 231 risk factors, 232 treatment, 232, 233 incidence, 221 kinetic chain, 225 management, 221 nonoperative management, 222 pain and fear, 225 scapula control, 224 soft tissue, 233, 234 Stanmore classification, 223 strength, 224 treatment and duration, 225 Shrier s Strategic Assessment of Risk and Risk Tolerance (StARRT), 268 Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SONK), 147, 148 Standard operating procedures (SOP), 75 Stellate crease, 56 Stress fractures, 346 Stress radiography, 289 Superficial MCL (smcl), 285 Superior capsule reconstruction (SCR), 311 Supra-acetabular fossa, 56 Suprascapular nerve anatomy, 184 diagnosis, 185 geometry, 184 nonoperative treatment, 185 operative treatment, 185 Synovial folds, 58 T Tendinosis, 205 Tendon transfers, 313, 315, 317, 318 for antero-superior irreparable cuff tears latissimus dorsi transfer, 317 pectoralis major transfer, 315 pectoralis minor transfer, 317 reverse total shoulder arthroplasty, 318 for postero-superior irreparable cuff tears latissimus dorsi transfer, 315 lower trapezius transfer, 315 teres major transfer, 315 Teres major transfer, 315 TFCC, see Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) 3D planned and printed osteotomy bone models, 129 concept, 129 Implant selection, 136 posttraumatic deformity correction, 130 results, 136 Throwing athletes complications, 211 GIRD, 202, 203 lateral collateral ligament, 207, 208 lateral elbow pain, partial tears, of distal biceps, proximal kinetic chain, 202 radiculopathy, 208 rehabilitation, 210 results, 211 throwing motion, 202 treatment, 211 upper extremity injuries, 201 upper limb, of rehabilitation, 215 valgus extension overload, Tibial tubercle transfer, 304 Tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT-TG), 303 Tibial tuberosity, 165 Tibial tuberosity osteotomy (TTO), 160 Tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG), 156 Tillaux fractures, 16, 18, 27 Tönnis classification, 62 Total knee arthroplasty (TKA), 187, 323 causes, 323 instability after (see Knee instability) UKA, 190 Total knee replacement (TKR), 137 Traumatic meniscus tears, 125 Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC), 213 Trochlear dysplasia, 157, 165, 303, 305 Trochleoplasty, 160, 307

7 361 U Ultrasound (US), 209 Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA), , 192 biological factors, contraindications, 188 custom-made, 196 fixed-bearing, 194 HTO, 191 indications, 188 lateral compartment, 195 mechanical factors, medial compartment fixed-bearing, 195 medial compartment mobile-bearing, 194 mobile-bearing, 193 outcomes, 191 robotic surgery, 196 TKA, 190 treatment, 192 V Valgus extension overload (VEO), 203 arthroscopic surgical techniques, 205 evaluation, 204 pathomechanics, 204 treatment, 204 W Wrist injuries, 211 biomechanics, 211 ECU tendinopathy, 214 future research, 214 hamate fractures, 213 scapholunate and perilunate injuries, 212 TFCC lesions, 213 Z Zona orbicularis (ZO), 58