DISSECTION 1: SKELETAL MUSCLES
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1 8546d_c01_1-42 6/21/02 1:34 PM Page 4 mac62 mac62:1253_ge: 4 Cat Dissection DISSECTION 1: SKELETAL MUSCLES Many skeletal muscles of the cat are similar to human muscles. This dissection will reinforce your knowledge of human skeletal muscles and allow you to observe the fascia that surrounds, protects, and compartmentalizes these muscles. Assemble your dissection equipment and safety glasses, put on your gloves, and obtain your cat. Position your cat within the dissection tray, including the tail. Keep any remaining preserving fluid in the bag to keep your cat moist and inhibit bacterial and mold growth. Procedure A. Dissecting Skeletal Muscles It is important to carefully remove the fascia to observe the individual muscles. However, using scissors or scalpels may result in cutting muscles or other structures. Blunt dissection is a technique that uses blunt probes and forceps to remove fascia and separate muscles. To observe a deep muscle, you will have to cut the superficial muscle at the midline and reflect (pull back) the edges toward the origin and insertion. B. Muscles of the Head and Neck 1. Refer to Figure C1.1 to locate the following superficial muscles on the cat. Cats have a platysma, but this muscle was most probably removed during the skinning process. Masseter Digastric Mylohyoid Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Sternomastoid (sternocleidomastoid in humans)
2 8546d_c01_1-42 6/25/02 4:32 PM Page 5 mac48 Mac 48: 420_kec: Cat Dissection 5 Masseter Mylohyoid Digastric Sternohyoid Sternomastoid Digastric Masseter Mylohyoid Sternothyroid Sternomastoid Sternohyoid FIGURE C1.1 Superficial muscles of the head and neck.
3 8546d_c01_1-42 6/21/02 1:34 PM Page 6 mac62 mac62:1253_ge: 6 Cat Dissection C. Muscles of the Chest 1. Refer to Figure C1.2a to locate the following superficial muscles on the chest of the cat: Pectoantebrachialis (not in humans) Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Xiphihumeralis (not in humans) Pectoantebrachialis Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Xiphihumeralis Pectoantebrachialis Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Xiphihumeralis (a) Superficial muscles FIGURE C1.2 Muscles of the chest.
4 8546d_c01_1-42 6/21/02 1:34 PM Page 7 mac62 mac62:1253_ge: Cat Dissection 7 2. Cut and reflect the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, and the xiphihumeralis. 3. Refer to Figure C1.2b to locate the following deep muscles on the ventral thorax of the cat: External intercostals Serratus ventralis (serratus anterior in humans) 4. If advised by your instructor, cut and reflect these muscles to observe the internal intercostal muscles that run obliquely to the external intercostals. Pectoralis major (cut) Pectoralis minor (cut) Serratus ventralis External intercostals (b) Deep muscles FIGURE C1.2 Muscles of the chest, continued.
5 8769d_c01_ /15/02 1:11 PM Page 8 ymac6 Yes Mac 6:1st shift:101_lkt:8769d_pd3: 8 Cat Dissection D. Muscles of the Abdomen 1. Refer to Figure C1.3 to locate the following superficial muscles on the abdomen of the cat: Rectus abdominis External oblique 2. Cut and reflect the very thin external oblique to observe the underlying: Internal oblique 3. Cut and reflect the very thin internal oblique to observe the underlying: Transverse abdominis; often, the transverse abdominis is attached to the underside of the internal oblique. Latissimus dorsi Rectus abdominis External oblique Internal oblique Transverse abdominis
6 8546d_c01_1-42 6/25/02 4:32 PM Page 9 mac48 Mac 48: 420_kec: Cat Dissection 9 Rectus abdominis Latissimus dorsi External oblique (cut) Internal oblique (cut) Linea alba Transverse abdominis FIGURE C1.3 Muscles of the abdomen.
7 8546d_c01_1-42 6/25/02 4:32 PM Page 10 mac48 Mac 48: 420_kec: 10 Cat Dissection E. Muscles of the Back and Shoulder 1. Refer to Figure C1.4a to locate the following superficial muscles: Trapezius muscles The cat has three separate muscles, compared with a single human trapezius. Clavotrapezius Acromiotrapezius Spinotrapezius Deltoid muscles The cat has three separate deltoid muscles, compared with one in humans. Clavobrachialis (clavodeltoid) Acromiodeltoid Spinodeltoid Latissimus dorsi 2. Cut and reflect the trapezius muscles and the latissimus dorsi. 3. Refer to Figure C1.4b to locate the following deep muscles: Splenius Levator scapulae ventralis (levator scapulae in humans) Rhomboideus capitis (not in humans) Rhomboideus (rhomboideus major and minor in humans) Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres major Clavotrapezius Acromiotrapezius Spinotrapezius Levator scapulae ventralis Latissimus dorsi Spinodeltoid Acromiodeltoid External oblique Clavobrachialis (clavodeltoid) Triceps brachii Clavotrapezius Clavobrachialis (clavodeltoid) Triceps brachii Acromiodeltoid Levator scapulae ventralis Acromiotrapezius Spinodeltoid Spinotrapezius Latissimus dorsi External oblique (a) Superficial muscles FIGURE C1.4 Muscles of the shoulder.
8 8546d_c01_1-42 6/25/02 4:32 PM Page 11 mac48 Mac 48: 420_kec: Cat Dissection 11 Levator scapulae ventralis Clavotrapezius Clavobrachialis (clavodeltoid) Rhomboideus capitis Acromiodeltoid Triceps brachii Levator scapulae ventralis Spinodeltoid Acromiotrapezius Spinotrapezius Latissimus dorsi Rhomboideus Supraspinatus Teres major Infraspinatus Spinalis dorsi Longissimus Iliocostalis External oblique Superficial Deep Splenius Levator scapulae ventralis Supraspinatus Rhomboideus Teres major Triceps brachii Infraspinatus Latissimus dorsi (cut) (b) Deep muscles FIGURE C1.4 Muscles of the shoulder, continued.
9 8546d_c01_1-42 6/25/02 4:32 PM Page 12 mac48 Mac 48: 420_kec: 12 Cat Dissection F. Muscles of the Arm and Forearm 1. Using Figure C1.5a, locate the following muscles on the lateral arm: Brachialis Triceps brachii lateral head Triceps brachii long head 2. Cut and reflect the lateral head of the triceps brachii muscle and identify the: Triceps brachii medial head 3. Using Figure C1.5a, locate the following muscles on the lateral forearm. These muscles are listed from anterior to posterior: Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor digitorum communis Extensor digitorum lateralis Extensor carpi ulnaris 4. Lift the extensor carpi radialis longus to observe the underlying muscle (see Figure C1.5b): Extensor carpi radialis brevis 5. Using Figure C1.5b, locate the following muscles on the medial arm: Biceps brachii Cut and reflect the pectoantebrachialis muscle to better observe the biceps brachii Epitrochlearis (not in humans) 6. Using Figure C1.5b, locate the following muscles on the medial forearm: Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Pronator teres
10 8769d_c01_ /15/02 1:11 PM Page 13 ymac6 Yes Mac 6:1st shift:101_lkt:8769d_pd3: Cat Dissection 13 Brachioradialis Clavodeltoid Acromiodeltoid Brachialis Triceps brachii (medial head) Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digitorum lateralis Extensor digitorium communis Extensor carpi radialis longus Spinodeltoid Triceps brachii (lateral head) cut Triceps (long head) Brachioradialis Clavodeltoid Acromiodeltoid Brachialis Triceps brachii (medial head) Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digitorum lateralis Extensor digitoris communis Extensor carpi radialis longus Triceps brachii (lateral head) cut Triceps brachii (long head) (a) Lateral view FIGURE C1.5 Muscles of the arm and forearm.
11 8546d_c01_1-42 6/25/02 5:42 PM Page 14 mac48 Mac 48: 420_kec: 14 Cat Dissection Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Clavobrachialis Biceps brachii Pectoantebrachialis Pectoralis major Epitrochlearis Pronator teres Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Clavobrachialis Biceps brachii Pectoantobrachialis Pectoralis major Epitrochlearis Flexor carpi ulnaris Pronator teres (b) Medial view FIGURE C1.5 Muscles of the arm and forearm, continued.
12 8546d_c01_1-42 6/25/02 4:32 PM Page 15 mac48 Mac 48: 420_kec: Cat Dissection 15 G. Muscles of the Thigh 1. Thighs of four-legged animals have broad lateral and medial surfaces. Note how the quadriceps and hamstring muscles are distributed on the lateral and medial surfaces of the cat, and compare this with the distribution in humans. Using Figure C1.6a, locate the following superficial muscles on the lateral thigh: Sartorius Tensor fasciae latae Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Caudofemoralis (not in humans) Vastus lateralis Biceps femoris Semitendinosus 2. Using Figure C1.6b, locate the following superficial muscles on the medial thigh: Sartorius Adductors Gracilis 3. Cut and reflect the sartorius and the gracilis muscles. 4. Using Figure C1.6c, locate the following deep muscles on the medial thigh: Iliopsoas Pectineus Adductor longus Adductor femoris (adductor magnus in humans) Vastus lateralis Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Semimembranosous Gluteus maximus Caudofemoralis Biceps femoris Gluteus medius Tensor fasciae latae Fascia latae Sartorius Semitendinosus Gastrocnemius Vastus lateralis (a) Superficial muscles, lateral view FIGURE C1.6 Muscles of the thigh.
13 8546d_c01_1-42 6/21/02 1:34 PM Page 16 mac62 mac62:1253_ge: 16 Cat Dissection Femoral artery Femoral vein Adductors Sartorius Gracilis Femoral artery Femoral vein Adductors Sartorius Gracilis (b) Superficial muscles, medial view FIGURE C1.6 Muscles of the thigh, continued.
14 8546d_c01_1-42 6/26/02 7:10 AM Page 17 mac48 Mac 48: 420_kec: Cat Dissection 17 Sartorius (cut) Iliopsoas Rectus femoris Pectineus Adductor longus Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Sartorius (cut) Gracilis (cut) Gracilis (cut) Adductor femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Sartorius (cut) Iliopsoas Vastus lateralis Pectineus Adductor longus Adductor femoris Rectus femoris (under fascia) Gracilis (cut) Vastus medialis Sartorius (cut) Semimembranosus (c) Deep muscles, medial view FIGURE C1.6 Muscles of the thigh, continued.
15 8546d_c01_1-42 6/26/02 12:26 PM Page 18 mac62 mac62:1253_ge: 18 Cat Dissection H. Muscles of the Leg 1. Using Figure C1.7a, locate the following muscles on the lateral leg: Gastrocnemius Soleus Peroneus Extensor digitorum longus 2. Using Figure C1.7b, locate the following muscles on the medial leg: Tibialis anterior Flexor digitorum Gastrocnemius 3. Identify the calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) that attaches the gastrocnemius to the calcaneal bone. 4. Place the skin back over your cat and follow your instructor s directions to prepare the cat for storage in the plastic bag. Be sure to attach your group s identification tag. 5. Clean your tabletop with disinfectant. 6. Wash your dissection tools, dissection tray, and hands before leaving the lab. Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Posterior tibial nerve Gastrocnemius Peroneus Soleus Extensor digitorum longus Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Gastrocnemius Peroneus Soleus Extensor digitorum longus (a) Lateral view FIGURE C1.7 Muscles of the leg.
16 8546d_c01_1-42 6/25/02 4:32 PM Page 19 mac48 Mac 48: 420_kec: Cat Dissection 19 Sartorius Gracilis (cut) Semimembranosus Tibialis anaterior Tibia Semitendinosus Gastrocnemius Flexor digitorum Achilles tendon Gracilis (cut) Semimembranosus Sartorius Tibialis anterior Tibia Semitendenosus Gastrocnemius Flexor digitorum Achilles tendon (b) Medial view FIGURE C1.7 Muscles of the leg, continued.
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