Clinical approach to evaluate infectious diarrhea. Diarrhea. Defect Stool exam Examples mechanism. stool
|
|
- Amice Harrell
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Clinical approach to evaluate infectious diarrhea Diarrhea Mechanism Clinical manifestation Having three of more loose or liquid stools per day, or having more stools than normal for that person 1ry Defect Stool exam Examples mechanism Secretory Osmotic Increased motility Decreased motility Decreased surface area active secretion, absorption Maldigestion or absorption of nonabsorbable solutes influx of water & electrolyte into lumen transit time Watery Voluminous Osmolarity=2(Na+K) Watery Lesser volume Acidic High osmolarity >2(Na+K) Stop with fasting Loose to normal stool stimulated by gastrocolic reflex Viruses Cholera Toxingenic E.Coli carcinoids Lactase deficiency Laxatives Malabsorption syndrome DM Thyrotoxicosis Irritable bowel syndrome Post vagatomy Pseudo obstruction Stasis, bacterial overgrowth Loose to normal stool Blind loop functional capacity Watery Short bowel syndrome Celiac disease Rotavirus Inflammatory (exudative) Inflammation, mucosal invasion & damage of brush border Blood, mucus and WBCs in stool Salmonella Campylobacter amoebiasis Shigella Yersinia IBD absorption, motility TB enteritis Non inflammatory diarrhea Inflammatory diarrhea Mechanism Osmotic or secretory Mucosal invasion and inflammation Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain Fever, abdominal pain, tenesmus Fever are not major feature Stool Voluminous, watery Frequent small volume, blood stained, pus and mucus present Site Proximal small intestinal Distal ileum, colon Common pathogens Viruses, toxigenic E. Coli, Cholera, Cryptosporidium, G. Lamblia Dysentery Enteroinvasive E. Coli, Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia, Campylobacter, E. Histolytica Etiology If there is blood visible in the stools. Infectious Viruses Norovirus Rotavirus Adenovirus 40/41 Bacteria E. Coli Campylobacter Clostridium (difficile, perferingens) Salmonella Protozoa E. Histolytica Cryptosporidium Astrovirus Calcivirus Yersinia enterocolitica Shigella Cholera Staph Aureus G. Lamblia Isospora Belli Non infectious Malabsorption (congenital or acquired) IBD IBS Laxative abuse
2 Rotavirus transmission characteristic Incubation period Prevention Most common causes of severe diarrhea among infants and young children Feco oral route It infects and damages the cells that line the small intestine and causes gastroenteritis Vomiting, watery diarrhea, low grade fever 2 days Specific: viral isolation in the stool by enzyme immunoassay General: electron microscopy, PCR Maintenance of hydration Vaccine Cholera Incubation period Diarrhea Patient Dehydration Prevention Profuse, painless diarrhea, vomiting of clear fluid usually starts suddenly 1 5 days Described as rice water in nature and may have a fishy odor An untreated person with cholera may produce liters of diarrhea daily with fatal results Cholera has been nicknamed the blue death due to a patient s skin turning a bluish gray from extreme loss of fluids Typical symptoms: low BP, poor skin turgor ( wrinkled hands), sunken eyes, rapid pulse 1. Clinical presentation 2. Rapid dip stick test 3. Futher testing should be done to determine antibiotic resistance 4. Stool and swab samples collected and cultivated using 4.1 Enrichment media : alkaline peptone water at PH 8.6 / Monsur s taurocholate tellurite peptone water at PH 9.2 Fluids : ORT Antibiotic for 1 3 days; doxycycline is first line antibiotic - Cotrimoxazole - Tetracycline - Furazolidone - Erythromycin - Chloramphenicol - Fluoroquinolones; norfloxacin 1. Surveillance 2. Vaccine: safe and effective oral vaccines injectable vaccine was found to be effective for 2 to 3 years immunization of high risk groups, such as children and people with HIV and countries where this disease is endemic
3 Causative agent Clinical presentation Amoebiasis It is a disease occur due to infection by Entamoeba Histolytica Entamoeba Histolytica - the active (trophozoite) stage exists only in the host and in fresh loose feces; - cysts survive outside the host in water, soils, food especially under moist conditions for months 1. Infection may be asymptomatic or symptoms may be so severe up to fulminating colitis 2. Amoebic dysentery with bloody diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, abdominal pain 3. Amoebic liver abscess: the amoeba can actually bore into the intestinal wall, causing ulcers intestinal symptoms, and it may reach the blood stream vital organs; the liver (most common), lungs, brain, spleen 4. A common outcome of this invasion of tissues is amoebic liver abscess which can be fatal if untreated Stool samples ELISA or RIA Metronidazole Luminal amoebicide Paromomycin or Diloxanide furoate (Furamide) Giardiasis infection Causative agent transmission Clinical presentation Ingestion of dormant microbial cysts of flagellated protozoan parasite called Giardia Lamblia in contaminated water, food or by faecal oral route Giardia Lamblia Feco oral route It colonizes and reproduces in the small intestine. The parasite attaches to the epithelium by a ventaral adhesive disc. Colonization inflammation and villous atrophy reduce the gut s absorptive capability diarrhea : diarrhea, malaise, excessive gas, steatorrhoea (pale foul smelling, greasy stools), epigastric pain, bloating, nausea, loss of appetite, weight loss. Pus, mucus and blood are occasionally present in stool The condition usually self limiting, although the infection can be prolonged in patients who are immunocompromised or who have decreased gastric acid secretion Multiple stool examination Upper endoscopy Duodenal aspirate analysis Biopsy Treated on the basis of empirical evidence Metronidazole (7 days) Tindazole (single dose) Nitazoxanide (3 days)
4 Cryptosporidiosis Causative agent Characteristic Cryptosporidium (protozoa) GIT illness with diarrhea In humans, it remains in the lower intestine and may remain for up to 5 weeks and result in an infection of intestinal epithelial tissue Typically an acute, short term infection but can become severe and non - resolving in children and immunocompromised individuals. Most commonly isolated in HIV positive patients presenting with diarrhea Fluid rehydration electrolyte correction Management of any pain Nitozoxanid may be needed in immunocompromised person and children for 2 weeks Traveller s diarrhea Causative agent Nb Three or more unformed stools in 24 hours passed by a traveler, commonly accompanied by abdominal cramps, nausea and bloating Enterotoxigenic Esherichia coli Antibiotics for 3 to 5 days but single doses of azithromycin or levofloxacin have been used If diarrhea persists despite therapy, travelers should be evaluated for possible viral or parasitic infections, bacterial or amoebic dysentery, Giardia, Helminths Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery; Marlow Syndrome) Type Causative agent transmission (C/P) Onset time Recovery Food borne disease Shigella (bacteria) Direct: person to person, feco oral, poor hygiene *less than 100 bacterial cells can be enough to cause an infection mild abdominal discomfort to severe dysentery characterized by Cramps Diarrhea Fever Vomiting blood, pus or mucus in stools or tenesmus as infections are associated with mucosal ulceration rectal bleeding 12 to 96 hours 5 to 7 days 1. Oral replacement 2. Antibiotics: trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, furazolidone 3. Ampicillin 4. Antidiarrheal drug (loperamide) may prolong the infection and should not be used
5 Enteritis salmonellosis / Food poisoning Salmonella Source of infection Incubation period Is an infection with Salmonella bacteria 1. Poultry, pork and beef if the meat is prepared incorrectly or is infected with the bacteria after preparation 2. Infected eggs, egg products and milk Nausea Blood diarrhea with mucus Fatigue Vomiting Headache Rose spots Abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours Stool smear revealed RBC, WBC Culture (from stool or vomitus Antibiotics 1. Norfloxacin 2. Ciprofloxacin 3. 3 rd generation cephalosporin Clostridium difficile General nb It is a species of G+ve bacteria of the genus Clostridium C. Difficile is a commensal bacterium of the human intestine in 2 5% of the population It causes severe diarrhea and other intestinal disease when competing bacteria in the gut flora have been wiped out by antibiotics (clindamycin) and chemotherapeutic antineoplastic drugs Bacteria release toxins that can cause bloating and diarrhea, with abdominal pain, which may become severe Oral administration of oral metronidazole; if that fails give vancomycin and if unsuccessful again, IV metronidazole can be used It is the most common cause of pseudomembranous colitis and in rare cases this can progress to toxic megacolon which can be life threatening Escherichia coli transmission Food poisoning 1. Faecal oral transmission 2. Unhygienic food preparation 3. Farm contamination due to manure fertilization 4. Irrigation of crops with contaminated greywater or raw sewage 5. Direct consumption of sewage contaminated water Production of enterotoxin or diffuse mucosal adherence Culturing on sorbitol MacConkey medium and then using typing antiserum
6 Method of infection Staphylococcs Aureus Food poisoning Ingestion of performed Stephylococcus toxins 1 6 hours after ingestion of contaminated food with heat stable toxins Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain followed by diarrhea Fever is rare Culturing the organism from contaminated food, stool or vomitus is supportive No role for antibiotics as the whole pathology is due to bacterial toxins Additional notes Need further investigations Rehydration Indication of antibiotics Role of antibiotics 1. Infants 2. Moderate or severe diarrhea in young children 3. Associated with blood 4. Continues for more than 2 days 5. Associated non cramping abdominal pain, fever, weight loss 6. In travelers 7. In food handlers because of the potential to infect others 8. In institutions such as hospitals, child care centers or geriatric and convalescent homes It is the primary treatment of infective diarrhea in both children and adults - ORT - IV ORT if decreased level of consciousness or if dehydration is severe Antibiotics are not usually used for gastroenteritis although they are sometimes recommended if - are particularly sever - If a susceptible bacterial cause is isolated or suspected - Certain bacteria and protozoans that are amenable to treatment include Shigella, Salmonella typhi, and Giardia species 1. Infection with Giardia species of E. Histolytica Tinidazole Metronidazole 2. Pseudomembranous colitis : caused by prolonged antibiotic use Discontinuing the causative agent Give Metronidazole or vancomycin 3. Antibiotics may increase the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome in people infected with E. Coli O157:H7 4. Antimotility drugs should be avoided (children) 5. Physical adsorbants: Compounds as kaolin, charcoal are postulated to act by adsorbing toxins. They have little effects 6. Role of micronutrients: trials of Zinc supplementation demonstrated clinically important decrease in serverity and duration of diarrhea 7. Role of probiotics: administration of Lactobacillus casei GG may resulted in decrease of duration and frequency of watery diarrhea
Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis)
Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis) An acute bacterial disease involving the large and distal small intestine, caused by the bacteria of the genus shigella. Infectious agent Shigella is comprised of four
More informationChristina Tennyson, M.D. Division of Gastroenterology
Diarrhea Christina Tennyson, M.D. Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology Columbia University DIARRHEA Symptom: stool frequency, liquidity Sign: > 200-250 g/day Acute Chronic Time
More informationGI Bacterial Infections (part-1)
GI Bacterial Infections (part-1) Mohammed Abdulla Mehdi FIBMS (internal medicine), FIBMS (Gastroenterology & Hepatology) Acute diarrhea and vomiting Acute diarrhea, sometimes with vomiting, is the predominant
More information2/26/2009. Diarrhea. Christina Tennyson, M.D. Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology Columbia University
Diarrhea Christina Tennyson, M.D. Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology Columbia University 1 Symptom: Sign: DIARRHEA stool frequency, liquidity > 200-250 g/day Acute Chronic Time
More informationPERSISTENT DIARRHOEA. IAP UG Teaching slides
PERSISTENT DIARRHOEA 1 DEFINITION Prolongation of acute diarrhoea / dysentery for more than 14 days Generally associated with weight loss. 2 PROTRACTED DIARRHOEA Prolongation of acute diarrhoea or dysentery
More informationFOODBORNE INFECTIONS. Caroline Charlier-Woerther March 2017
FOODBORNE INFECTIONS Caroline Charlier-Woerther March 2017 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Know the pathogens involved in diarrheas Know the basics of management of diarrhea Know the main patterns of listeriosis and
More informationDISCLOSURE Relevant relationships with commercial entities Wyeth (received advisory board & speaker honoraria) Potential for conflicts of interest wit
GASTROENTERITIS DISCLOSURE Relevant relationships with commercial entities Wyeth (received advisory board & speaker honoraria) Potential for conflicts of interest within this presentation fidaxomicin (which
More informationGI Bacterial Infections (part-2)
GI Bacterial Infections (part-2) Mohammed Abdulla Mehdi FIBMS (internal medicine), FIBMS (G&H) Clostridium difficile infection C. difficile is the most commonly diagnosed cause of antibioticassociated
More informationFoodborne Disease in the Region of Peel
Foodborne Disease in the Region of Peel HIGHLIGHTS The incidence of selected foodborne diseases was generally higher in Peel than in Ontario between 1993 and 22. A higher incidence was observed in Peel
More informationGastroenteritis. Presenter: J.J. Kambona (M.B.Ch.B; M.Med)
Gastroenteritis Presenter: J.J. Kambona (M.B.Ch.B; M.Med) OBJECTIVES At the end of this session each student will be able to: 1. Define gastroenteritis, diarrhoea and loose stool. 2. Classify diarrhoea.
More informationGiardia lamblia (flagellates)
Giardia lamblia (flagellates) Dr. Hala Al Daghistani Giardia lamblia (Giardia duodenalis or Giardia intestinalis) is the causative agent of giardiasis and is the only common pathogenic protozoan found
More informationShigella and salmonella
Sulaimani University College of Pharmacy Microbiology Lec. 9 & 10 Shigella and salmonella Dr. Abdullah Ahmed Hama PhD. Microbiology/Molecular Parasitology abdullah.hama@spu.edu.iq 1 Shigella Shigella species
More informationa) decide whether an investigation can be carried out (sample(s) or other evidence is available for analysis)
ENT-1 ENTERIC DISEASE Background At the Surveillance Advisory Group workshop held in March 1999, it was agreed that all reported cases of enteric disease, whether via doctor notification, self-report or
More informationAmoebiasis. (Amoebic dysentery)
Amoebiasis (Amoebic dysentery) Causative agent: Entamoeba histolytica Amoebiasis Harbouring of protozoa E. histolytica inside the body with or without disease only 10% of infected develop disease two types
More informationCOMPLETE DIGESTIVE STOOL ANALYSIS - Level 5
COMPLETE DIGESTIVE STOOL ANALYSIS - Level 5 MACROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION Stool Colour Brown Result Range Brown Markers Colour - Brown is the colour of normal stool. Other colours may indicate abnormal GIT conditions.
More informationDr Alasdair Patrick Gastroenterologist
Dr Alasdair Patrick Gastroenterologist Brand new facility in Remuera 5 Gastroenterologists Upper GI surgeons Lower GI surgeons Dietician Psychologist Clinical nurse specialists Comprehensive digestive
More informationYao Rong, MD, PhD. Emergency Department of West China Hospital
Yao Rong, MD, PhD Emergency Department of West China Hospital Diarrhea Normal : Stool weight : 100 ~ 200 g bowel frequency : 3 times a week ~ 3 times a day 2 Diarrhea An increase in the volume of stool
More informationGastroenteritis. Mohamed Ahmed Fouad Lecturer of pediatrics Jazan faculty of medicine
Gastroenteritis Mohamed Ahmed Fouad Lecturer of pediatrics Jazan faculty of medicine Objectives Review the epidemiology and most common etiologies of diarrhea Discuss specific characteristics of most
More informationChronic diarrhea. Dr.Nasser E.Daryani Professor of Tehran Medical University
1 Chronic diarrhea Dr.Nasser E.Daryani Professor of Tehran Medical University Timing Acute diarrhea: 4 weeks Definitions Derived from Greek
More informationFOOD BORNE INFECTIONS
Food Poisoning Food poisoning Advisory commitee on Microbiological safety of food (ACMSF, UK) has defined food poisoning as : An acute illness with gastrointestinal or neurological manifestation affecting
More informationEnteric infections and common food borne diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasites TYPICAL
APPENDIX 9.1 Enteric infections and common food borne diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasites COMMON FOODBORNE S CAUSED BY BACTERIA Bacillus cereus food poisoning diarrheal Bacillus
More informationACUTE DIARRHOEAL DISEASE
ACUTE DIARRHOEAL DISEASE 1 AIMS OF THE LECTURE o Definitions o Risk factors o Pathogenesis and mechanisms o Consequences of watery diarrhea o Site / duration of infective diarrhea o Risk factors for persistent
More informationMicrobiology, virology, immunology with the course of infectious diseases department, UzhNU
Diarrheal syndrome Gastrointestinal infections Dr. Karabinyosh S.O. Microbiology, virology, immunology with the course of infectious diseases department, UzhNU Definitions Diarrhea - is the condition of
More informationCommunicable diseases. Gastrointestinal track infection. Sarkhell Araz MSc. Public health/epidemiology
Communicable diseases Gastrointestinal track infection Sarkhell Araz MSc. Public health/epidemiology Communicable diseases : Refer to diseases that can be transmitted and make people ill. They are caused
More informationHomebased Microprocessor Recipe Form
Homebased Microprocessor Recipe Form Please fill in the form to draft a recipe for approval. Product Name Date Farm Name Name of person responsible for product Address City/State/Zip Telephone Email Ingredient
More informationDear Healthcare Provider, The information contained here may be very important to your practice. Please take a moment to review this document.
February 2018 Dear Healthcare Provider, The information contained here may be very important to your practice. Please take a moment to review this document. TEST BULLETIN CHLAMYDIA/GONORRHEA SPECIMEN COLLECTION
More informationViral gastroenteritis Gastrointestinal infections caused by viruses are the most common and the most contagious.3
CMA Today Quick Clinic May/Jun 2017 (Issue 3/Volume 50) GI woes Gastroenteritis affects patients at home and abroad By Nancy Solomon We expect patients to come into the office a few times a year with that
More informationTop 8 Pathogens. Print this document and study these pathogens. You will be better prepared to challenge the ADVANCED.fst exam.
Top 8 Pathogens The top 8 pathogens outlined in this document often cause foodborne illness in Canada. Take particular note of the bolded/underlined sections, as they are especially important. Print this
More informationBacterial Enteric Pathogens: Clostridium difficile, Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, and others
GUIDE TO INFECTION CONTROL IN THE HOSPITAL CHAPTER 48 Bacterial Enteric Pathogens: Clostridium difficile, Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, and others Authors Olivier Vandenberg, MD, PhD Michèle
More informationGiardiasis. Table of Contents
Table of Contents Case Definition... Error! Bookmark not defined. Reporting Requirements... 2 Etiology... Error! Bookmark not defined. Clinical Presentation... Error! Bookmark not defined. Diagnosis...
More informationHompes Method. Practitioner Training Level II. Lesson Seven Part A DRG Pathogen Plus Interpretation
Hompes Method Practitioner Training Level II Lesson Seven Part A DRG Pathogen Plus Interpretation Health for the People Ltd not for reuse without expressed permission Hompes Method is a trading name of
More informationDiarrhoea in children.
Diarrhoea in children www.who.int http://learnpediatrics.sites.olt.ubc.ca Diarrhoea in children Diarrhoea is defined as the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day (or more frequent passage
More informationGASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS I,II
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS I,II Gastroenteritis Definition? Inflammation of the digestive tract, particularly the stomach, and large and small intestines Acute Infective Gastroenteritis A case of gastroenteritis
More informationSUMMARY OF FOODBORNE AND WATERBORNE DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF FOODBNE AND WATERBNE DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS BACTERIAL Bacillus cereus Vomiting toxin Diarrheal toxin Brucella species Campylobacter species Clostridium botulinum Clostridium perfringens 1-6
More informationCHAPTER 4: DISEASES SPREAD BY FOOD AND WATER
CHAPTER 4: DISEASES SPREAD BY FOOD AND WATER Highlights The incidence of diseases spread by food and water was generally higher in Peel than Ontario with the exceptions of hepatitis A and verotoxinproducing
More informationGastrointestinal Pathogen Panel Guidance Authors: Trevor Van Schooneveld, MD, Kiri Rolek, PharmD, BCPS, Paul Fey PhD, Mark Rupp, MD
Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel Guidance Authors: Trevor Van Schooneveld, MD, Kiri Rolek, PharmD, BCPS, Paul Fey PhD, Mark Rupp, MD Background: Many pathogens, including bacteria, parasites, and viruses
More informationMODULE VI. Diarrhea and Dehydration
MODULE VI Diarrhea and Dehydration ACUTE DIARRHEA Increased number of bowel movements! Loose and watery stools Fluid and electrolyte loss ACUTE DIARRHEA TYPES Watery Bloody diarrhea (dysentery) DIARRHEA
More information33. I will recommend this primer to my colleagues. A. Strongly Agree D. Disagree B. Agree E. Strongly Disagree C. Neither agree nor disagree
27. The primer increased my ability to recognize foodborne illnesses and increased the likelihood that I will consider such illnesses in my patients. 28. The primer increased my knowledge and skills in
More informationAnnexe 1. Listing of diseases related to water and environmental sanitation
ANNEXE 1: LISTING OF DISEASES Annexe 1 Listing of diseases related to water and environmental sanitation Annexes A1 105 CONTROLLING AND PREVENTING DISEASE A1 Annexes 106 ANNEXE 1: LISTING OF DISEASES Bacterial
More informationAcute and chronic diarrhea. Zdeněk Fryšák 3. Internal clinic, NRE University Hospital Olomouc
Acute and chronic diarrhea Zdeněk Fryšák 3. Internal clinic, NRE University Hospital Olomouc Learning Objectives Define acute vs. chronic diarrhea etiologies Create a differential diagnosis for each type
More informationTrue Pathogens of the Enterobacteriaceae: Salmonella, Shigella & Yersinia Salmonella
Lec. 6 Oral Microbiology Dr. Chatin True Pathogens of the Enterobacteriaceae: Salmonella, Shigella & Yersinia Salmonella General Characteristics of Salmonella جامعة تكريت كلية طب االسنان Coliform bacilli
More informationThe 12 Most Unwanted Bacteria
The 12 Most Unwanted Bacteria Campylobacter jejuni Most common bacterial cause of diarrhea in the U.S. especially in young children. Raw milk, untreated water, raw and undercooked meat, poultry or shellfish.
More informationAcute Gastroenteritis
Acute Gastroenteritis Definitions Epidemiology Clinical presentation Diagnostics Therapy Erdélyi, Dániel 2018.04.10. Definitions Acute gastroenteritis (AGE): Loose or liquid stools 3 times daily (better:
More informationDiarrhoea on the AMU. Dr Chris Roseveare
Diarrhoea on the AMU Dr Chris Roseveare The Society for Acute Medicine, Spring Meeting, Radisson Blu Hotel, Dublin 3-4 May 2012 Acute diarrhoea in developed countries adult populations Mainly a primary
More informationEpidemiology of Food Poisoning. Dr Varun malhotra Dept of Community Medicine
Epidemiology of Food Poisoning Dr Varun malhotra Dept of Community Medicine Definition Public Health Importance Epidemiology of Food poisoning Investigation of an Outbreak Prevention & Control Measures
More informationAcute Gastroenteritis
Acute Gastroenteritis Competency: 1. Know the different processes that produce diarrheal stools in children. 2. Determine the important steps in evaluation of the child with acute gastroenteritis. 3. Understand
More informationDiarrhea Evaluation & Management
Tedra D. D Gray, Gray BSN BSN, MS, MS ACNPACNP-BC Sinai Health Systems Internal Medicine Department Division of Gastroenterology Diarrhea Evaluation & Management Diarrheal disease represents 1 of 5 leading
More informationChronic Diarrhea. Barbara McElhanon, MD Subra Kugathasan, MD. Emory University School of Medicine. Resident Education Series
Chronic Diarrhea Barbara McElhanon, MD Subra Kugathasan, MD Emory University School of Medicine 2013 Resident Education Series Reviewed by Edward Hoffenberg, MD of the Professional Education Committee
More informationAmeba has two stages of development: cyst and trophozoite
Amebiasis A parasitic disease of worldwide public health importance Second to malaria in mortality due to protozoan parasites Invasive amebiasis results in up to 100,000 deaths / year Amebiasis is infection
More informationAlberta Health and Wellness Public Health Notifiable Disease Management Guidelines August 2011
August 2011 Giardiasis Revision Dates Case Definition Reporting Requirements Remainder of the Guideline (i.e., Etiology to References sections inclusive) Case Definition August 2011 August 2011 October
More informationGiardiasis Surveillance Protocol
Provider Responsibilities 1. Report all cases to your local health department by completing the provider section of the WVEDSS form within the timeframe indicated: Sporadic case of - should be reported
More informationAcute Diarrhea. Shajia Shelby, MD Anna Trauernicht, MD. Children s Hospital and Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center
Acute Diarrhea Shajia Shelby, MD Anna Trauernicht, MD Children s Hospital and Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center 2013 Resident Education Series Reviewed by Edward Hoffenberg, MD of the
More information(Data from the Travel Health Surveillance Section of the Health Protection Agency Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre)
Travellers Diarrhoea Introduction Travellers diarrhoea (TD) is a syndrome that commonly affects travellers caused by one of several different organisms, the most common being enterotoxigenic Escherichia
More informationAdvisory on Gastroenteritis
10 December 2018 Advisory on Gastroenteritis Background Singapore has seen a spate of four food poisoning outbreaks since November 2018, affecting more than 400 people. The most serious involved a fatality,
More informationCLOSTRIDIUM DIFICILE. Negin N Blattman Infectious Diseases Phoenix VA Healthcare System
CLOSTRIDIUM DIFICILE Negin N Blattman Infectious Diseases Phoenix VA Healthcare System ANTIBIOTIC ASSOCIATED DIARRHEA 1978: C diff first identified 1989-1992: Four large outbreaks in the US caused by J
More informationShabnam Tehrani M.D., MPH Assistant Professor of Infectious Diseasese &Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
Shabnam Tehrani M.D., MPH Assistant Professor of Infectious Diseasese &Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Introduction Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation
More informationSalmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter
1 Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter Dr. Hala Al Daghistani Salmonella and enteritis Salmonellae are often pathogenic for humans or animals when acquired by the oral route. They are transmitted from
More informationPersonal Injury TYPES OF HOLIDAY ILLNESSES.
TYPES OF HOLIDAY ILLNESSES Whilst on holiday many different contractable illnesses exist, the list below contains the most common. This list is by no means exhaustive and if you have suffered from an illness
More informationAcute diarrhoea. What are the mechanisms of acute diarrhoea? What are the causes of acute diarrhoea?
In association with: Primary Care Society for Gastroenterology INFORMATION ABOUT Acute diarrhoea www.corecharity.org.uk What are the mechanisms of acute diarrhoea? What are the causes of acute diarrhoea?
More informationDr. Jabar Etaby Lecture GIARDIASIS(lambliasis) Etiology: Giardia lamblia (flagellate)
Dr. Jabar Etaby Lecture Two GIARDIASIS(lambliasis) Etiology: Giardia lamblia (flagellate) Epidemiology: It has worldwide distribution and is not uncommon in South Carolina. It is the most frequent protozoan
More informationGastrointestinal Disease from 2007 to 2014
Data Requested by Amber Erickson, Epidemiologist, North Central Health District Gastrointestinal Disease from 2007 to 2014 North Central Health District Aemon Weaver, Epidemiology Intern, NCHD September
More informationACUTE GASTROENTERITIS IN CHILDREN
ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS IN CHILDREN Prof. Alok Kumar Professor of Pediatrics & Infectious Diseases Faculty of Medical Sciences The University of the West Indies (Cave Hill) 11/6/2017 1 DEFINITION Gastroenteritis
More informationFood Borne Diseases Complete List: Symptoms & Preventions
Food Borne Diseases Complete List: Symptoms & Preventions Food borne diseases are acute illnesses caused by harmful bacteria or toxins that usually develop within hours of consuming contaminated or poisonous
More informationPathogens of the Digestive System
Pathogens of the Digestive System Chapter 24 (Pages 625-661) 1. Digestive System Review (Pages 627-629) A. Oral Cavity B. Esophagus C. Stomach D. Small Intestine E. Pancreas F. Liver G. Gall Bladder H.
More informationThe HIV infected global traveller. David Lalloo Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
The HIV infected global traveller David Lalloo Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine The patient A 33 year old HIV positive Caucasian patient returns to your clinic after a four year absence He has been
More informationAnton van Leeuwenhoek. Protozoa: This is what he saw in his own stool sample. Morphology 10/14/2009. Protozoans that cause diarrheal disease
Access to safe drinking water is everyone s right Anton van Leeuwenhoek Protozoa: Protozoans that cause diarrheal disease This is what he saw in his own stool sample 1. Giardia lamblia 2. Entameba histolytica
More informationAccess to safe drinking water is everyone s right. Protozoans that cause diarrheal disease
Access to safe drinking water is everyone s right Protozoa: Protozoans that cause diarrheal disease 1. Giardia lamblia 2. Entameba histolytica 3. Cryptosporidium parvum 4. Cyclospora cayetanensis 1 Giardia
More informationThe objectives of this lesson are such that upon completion the participant will be able to:
W-F Professional Associates, Inc. 400 Lake Cook Rd., Suite 207 Deerfield, IL 60015 847-945-8050 September 2007 Nonprescription Antidiarrheal Treatment 707-000-07-009-H01 RENEWAL STATEMENTS FOR NEXT YEAR
More informationChapter 1 The Public Health Role of Clinical Laboratories
Chapter 1 The Public Health Role of Clinical Laboratories A. Epidemic Diarrhea The two most common types of epidemic diarrhea in developing countries are watery diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholerae serogroup
More informationInfectious Diarrhea. Gigi H. Ross, PharmD Clinical Assistant Professor U of MN, CoP and Scientific Liaison, Ortho-McNeil
Infectious Diarrhea Gigi H. Ross, PharmD Clinical Assistant Professor U of MN, CoP and Scientific Liaison, Ortho-McNeil Outline! Common Foodborne Pathogens Bacterial Epidemiology Evaluation/Management
More informationMicrobial Diseases of the Digestive System
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University Packet #13 Chapter #23 Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System Structures of the Digestive System
More informationA Reference Guide for Foodborne Pathogens 1
FSHN05-16 1 Ronald H. Schmidt 2 The following is a general summary of the characteristics of certain pathogens commonly involved in foodborne illness, and is provided as a quick reference guide. It is
More informationGastroenteritis Outbreaks Including Norovirus. Module 7
Gastroenteritis Outbreaks Including Norovirus Module 7 Learner Outcomes By the end of this module you will be able to: Outline the case definition for a gastroenteritis outbreak. Explain the difference
More informationGastroenteritis and viral infections
Gastroenteritis and viral infections A Large number of viruses are found in the human gut; these include some that are associated with gastroenteritis Rotaviruses Adenoviruses 40/41 Caliciviruses Norwalk-like
More informationH E A L T H & R E S E A R C H. Innovating the future
H E A L T H & R E S E A R C H 1 Index Company profile Export Countries Product Range: clinical diagnosis Technology New Launching: Shigella Shigella dysenteriae Calprotectin HAV Products pipeline Norovirus
More informationENGLISH FOR PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES UNIT 3 HOW TO DEAL WITH CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE
ENGLISH FOR PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES UNIT 3 HOW TO DEAL WITH CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE The diagnosis of CDI should be based on a combination of clinical and laboratory findings. A case definition for the usual
More informationAddis Ababa Institute of Technology Department of Civil Engineering. Zerihun Alemayehu
CHAPTER 2 WATER QUALITY AND HEALTH Addis Ababa Institute of Technology Department of Civil Engineering Water Treatment Zerihun Alemayehu Some Water Facts Body composition Body, 65% water; blood, 83%; bones,
More informationAlberta Health and Wellness Public Health Notifiable Disease Management Guidelines August 2011
August 2011 Amoebiasis Revision Dates Case Definition Reporting Requirements Remainder of the Guideline (i.e., Etiology to References sections inclusive) Case Definition August 2011 August 2011 October
More informationAppendix 2: Enteric disease
Appendix 2: disease December 2017 Appendix 2: disease Although the terms enteric and food and waterborne illness are sometimes used interchangeably, not all enteric diseases are caused primarily by food
More informationAlberta Health and Wellness Public Health Notifiable Disease Management Guidelines August 2011
August 2011 Campylobacteriosis Revision Dates Case Definition Reporting Requirements Remainder of the Guideline (i.e., Etiology to References sections inclusive) August 2011 August 2011 October 2005 Case
More informationMany of you asked about this topic
Many of you asked about this topic Water borne disease: The largest water quality problem in developing countries. CEE 3510 Environmental Quality Engineering According to: Chemical and Engineering News
More informationTyphoid vaccine: Salmonella bacteria with drug resistance a growing problem. Widespread. Parenteral: single dose IM, booster rec 2 years
INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL General Health Concerns The incidence of VTE on long haul flights is ~0.5% (general population 0.1%). risk factors include flights >8h, older age, obesity, pregnancy, heart disease
More informationComprehensive Stool Analysis / Parasitology x3
Comprehensive Stool Analysis / Parasitology x3 BACTERIOLOGY CULTURE Expected/Beneficial flora Commensal (Imbalanced) flora Dysbiotic flora 4+ Bacteroides fragilis group 1+ Enterobacter cloacae 2+ Bifidobacterium
More informationTYPES OF ORGANISM RELATIONSHIPS
TYPES OF ORGANISM RELATIONSHIPS Normal Flora. Normal flora consists of microorganisms that are normally and consistently found in or on the body in the absence of disease. Symbiosis. This is the close
More informationCOMPLETE DIGESTIVE STOOL ANALYSIS - Level 2
COMPLETE DIGESTIVE STOOL ANALYSIS - Level 2 MACROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION Stool Colour Brown Brown Colour - Brown is the colour of normal stool. Other colours may indicate abnormal GIT conditions. Stool Form
More informationDivision of GIM Lecture Series Case Presentation David A. Erickson, M.D October 9th, 2013
Division of GIM Lecture Series Case Presentation David A. Erickson, M.D October 9th, 2013 Financial Disclosures No financial disclosures Objectives Review a case of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
More informationThe Cost-effectiveness of a GI PCR panel in Detecting Necessary to Treat Infections
The Cost-effectiveness of a GI PCR panel in Detecting Necessary to Treat Infections Annie L. Andrews MD, MSCR Annie N. Simpson PhD Kit N. Simpson DrPH Daniel C. Williams MD, MSCR The authors have nothing
More informationAlgorithms & Information Sheets
Minor Ailment Scheme Algorithms & Information Sheets Acute Diarrhoea Diarrhoea is an increased frequency, fluidity or volume of the bowel movements with the passage of soft and watery stools as compared
More informationRifaximin for Travellers Diarrhoea
New Medicines Profile April 2013 Issue No. 13.01 for Travellers Diarrhoea Concise evaluated information to support the managed entry of new medicines in the NHS Summary is a broad spectrum antibiotic licensed
More informationFood Microbiology. The good, the bad and the ugly 10/13/13. Good-bacteria are important in food production. Bad-some bacteria cause food poisoning
Food Microbiology The good, the bad and the ugly Good-bacteria are important in food production Bad-some bacteria cause food poisoning Ugly-some bacteria cause food spoilage Some factors that influence
More informationEnterobacteriaceae Vibrio د. حامد الزعبي
Enterobacteriaceae Vibrio د. حامد الزعبي Enterobacteriaceae Escherichia coli, proteus and klebsiella... Shigella Salmonella Members of the Enterobacteriaceae are: small Gram negative straight rods. Some
More informationcytoplasm contains two 2 nuclei and two parabasal bodies (Figure 7).
Dr. Jabar Etaby Lecture one GIARDIASIS (lambliasis) Etiology: Giardia lamblia (flagellate) Epidemiology: It has worldwide distribution and is not uncommon in South Carolina. It is the most frequent protozoan
More information54 MMWR March 17, Appendix B. Guidelines for Confirmation of Foodborne-Disease Outbreaks
54 MMWR March 17, 2000 Appendix B Guidelines for Confirmation of Foodborne-Disease Outbreaks A foodborne-disease outbreak (FBDO) is defined as an incident in which two or more persons experience a similar
More informationStructures of the Digestive System
Topic: Diseases of the Digestive System 1 Structures of the Digestive System 2 groups Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) The pathway from the mouth to the anus Most organs of the GI tract protected by a
More informationEnterobacteriaceae Vibrio
Enterobacteriaceae Vibrio حامد الزعبي د. Enterobacteriaceae Escherichia coli, proteus and klebsiella... Shigella Salmonella Members of the Enterobacteriaceae are: small Gram negative straight rods. Some
More informationROLE OF THE GUT BACTERIA
ROLE OF THE GUT BACTERIA Our Good Bacteria In a perfect world, we would all have a proper ratio of good bacteria And what could this proper ratio do for us? The knowledge of the connections between our
More informationClostridium Difficile Infection in Adults Treatment and Prevention
Clostridium Difficile Infection in Adults Treatment and Prevention Definition: Clostridium Difficile colonizes the human intestinal tract after the normal gut flora has been altered by antibiotic therapy
More informationEpidemiology of Diarrheal Diseases. Robert Black, MD, MPH Johns Hopkins University
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the conditions of use of materials on this
More informationNational Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Diarrhea National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
More informationmore intense treatments are needed to get rid of the infection.
What Is Clostridium Difficile (C. Diff)? Clostridium difficile, or C. diff for short, is an infection from a bacterium that can grow in your intestines and cause bad GI symptoms. The main risk of getting
More information