ZIKA VIRUS. Annanya Gangopadhyay*, Shubhrajit Mantry, Abhinay Chhetri, Sudip das

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1 ZIKA VIRUS Annanya Gangopadhyay*, Shubhrajit Mantry, Abhinay Chhetri, Sudip das, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Rangpo, E. Sikkim , INDIA ARTICLE INFO: Article history: Received: 02 December 2015 Received in revised form: 04 January 2016 Accepted: 18 March 2016 Available online: 10 May 2016 Corresponding Author: Annanya Gangopadhyay Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, E. Sikkim, INDIA Abstract Zika virus is a relatively non-lethal virus, it is potentially dangerous as it is genetically related to more virulent and perilous viruses: e.g., yellow fever, West Nile, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis viruses. Zika Virus spread by the bite of an Aedes mosquitoof the family Flaviviridae. First isolated in April, 1947, in Uganda, it was until recently considered to cause sporadic benign human infections in Africa and Asia. Sexually transmitted mosquito spread Zika virus can be passed from a mother to her fetus and born microcephaly baby. It could conceivably mutate into a more pathogenic form. Microcephaly, Guillain Barré syndrome, zika fever, will be occurred from zika virus. Zika virus is dangerous for baby and pregnant woman. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has issued a Travel Alert for pregnant travelers to areas affected by Zika virus. History, symptoms, effects and treatment of Zika Virus are discussed in this article. Key words Zika Virus, Aedes Mosquito, Microcephaly. INTRODUCTION Zika virus is a member of the virus family Flaviviridae and the genus Flavivirus, transmitted by daytime-active Aedes mosquito, such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus [1]. The Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses describes several neglected species of mosquito-borne flavivirus, some of which are without apparent pathogenicity in animals, but which are pathogenic in humans. In 1947, Zika virus was originally isolated from a febrile sentinel rhesus monkey and from a pool of Aedes africanus mosquitoes in the Zika forest in Uganda during a yellow fever study. In specimens from humans in Nigeria, from 1964 to 1970, there were 15 types ofarboviruses among 171 isolations. The majority of isolations were from childrenbelow 4; however, isolations were made from all age groups. Zika virus was isolatedat low frequency in comparison to yellow fever, Chikungunya, dengue types 1 and3, and Tataguine. Zika virus isolation rates also varied by season, peaks in rainy seasons (June to August) and lows indry seasons (January to February). Zika virus was also detected in a study in Ibadan, Nigeria, in In 1954 Zika virus was detected during viral serological survey studies. Zika virus was first detected in humans 5 years later in 1952 using neutralizing antibody testing in sera from East Africa. Zika virus was first isolated from a human in Uganda.Zika virus is related to dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses.zika is a viral infectionthat is spread by the bite of an Aedes mosquito. Zika virus infections were also detected among people in Nigeria, Uganda, Egypt, India, Pakistan, North 43

2 SHORT COMMUNICATION ARTICLE Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Sentinel animal and mosquito studies also supported the endemic presence of Zika virus in Africa and Southeast Asia [2]. In 2 February 2016, locally acquired and sexually transmitted Zika virus infection was confirmed in a patient in Texas. Possible cases of sexual transmission have been reported before, and the virus has occasionally been isolated in the seminal fluid of sick patients. In May 2015, Brazil reported the first outbreak of Zika in the Americas. Zika is now present in tropical areas. This is the same mosquito that transmits dengue and chikungunya [3]. Fig. 1: Picture of Aedes mosquitoes Fig. 2: Electron Micrograph of Zika virus Symptoms of Zika The most common symptoms are fever, rash, joint pain or red eyes. Other common symptoms include muscle pain and headache. Symptoms usually begin 3-12 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito and last several days to a week. [3] B A Fig.3: A, B Symptoms of Zika Virus EFFECTS OF ZIKA VIRUS For Pregnant Woman: Zika can be passed from a mother to her fetus during pregnancy. Infection with Zika during pregnancy is linked to birth defects in babies [4]. In 2015, Zika virus RNA was detected in the amniotic fluid of two pregnant women whose fetuses had microcephaly, indicating that the virus had crossed the placenta and could have caused a infection. Brain tissue from two newborns with microcephaly who died within 20 hours of birth and placenta and other tissue of two miscarriages (11 and 13 weeks) from Rio Grande do 44

3 Norte in Brazil tested positive for Zika virus by RT-PCR at the Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) [5]. Centers for CDC released its latest report on the mosquito-borne disease, officially confirming that at least nine U.S. pregnant women have been infected with Zika, all during travel to Zika-endemic areas outside the country. All nine women showed signs of a mild infection, such as rash and fever, with the five who either miscarried, aborted, or had a child with microcephaly having likely contracted the virus in their first trimester. In at least one case, the Women who are pregnant (in any trimester) Consider postponing travel to any area where Zika virus transmission is ongoing. woman who opted for an abortion did so following an ultrasound that showed severe defects in her fetus, such as the absence of several brain regions. Both of the miscarriages occurred in the first trimester and Zika virus RNA was found in the specimens tested by the CDC. Zika can be spread by a man to his sex partners. Pregnant women and their partners should also be aware of the risk for Zika virus infection through unprotected sex with an infected male partner, and carefully follow CDC interim guidelines for preventing sexual transmission of Zika virus infection [6]. If you must travel to one of these areas, talk to your doctor first and strictly follow steps to prevent mosquito bites during your trip. Women who are trying to become pregnant Before you travel, talk to your doctor about your plans to become pregnant and the risk of Zika virus infection. Strictly follow steps to prevent mosquito bites during your trip [3]. Fig. 4: Pregnant women who are affected in zika virus, virus had crossed the placenta and born microcephaly baby For Child Microcephaly Zika virus is a suspected cause for microcephaly. Microcephaly is a neuro developmental disorder. Affected newborns generally have striking neurological defects and seizures. Severely impaired intellectual development is common, but disturbances in motor functions may not appear until later in life. Infants with microcephaly are born with either a normal or reduced head size. Subsequently, the head fails to grow, while the face continues to develop at a normal rate, producing a child with a small head and a receding forehead, and a loose, often wrinkled scalp. As the child grows older, the smallness of the skull becomes more obvious, although the entire body also is often underweight and dwarfed. Development of motor functions and speech may be delayed. Hyperactivity and intellectual disability are common occurrences, although the degree of each varies. Convulsions may also occur. Motor ability varies, ranging from clumsiness in some to spastic quadriplegia in others [7]. 45

4 Fig. 5: A baby with microcephaly Zika Fever Fig. 6: Neural scans of a normal-sized compared to a baby with a typical head size skull (Left) and a case of microcephaly (Right) Zika fever is an illness caused by the Zika virus. Most cases have no symptoms, but when present are usually mild and can resemble dengue fever. Symptoms generally last less than seven days. Symptoms may include fever, Guillain-Barre syndrome Guillain Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rapid-onset muscle weakness caused by the immune system damaging the peripheral nervous system. Many experience changes in sensation or develop pain, followed by muscle weakness beginning in the feet and hands. The symptoms develop over half a day to two weeks. During the acute phase, the disorder can be life-threatening with about a quarter developing weakness of the breathing muscles and requiring mechanical ventilation. Some are affected by red eyes, joint pain, headache, and a maculopapular rash. It has not caused any reported deaths during the initial infection. Infection has been linked to Guillain Barré syndrome (GBS) [8]. changes of the autonomic nervous system, which can lead to dangerous abnormalities in heart rate and blood pressure [9]. Zika virus infections have been linked with GBS, which is the rapid onset of muscle weakness that can progress to paralysis. While both can happen to the same person at the same time, it is difficult to definitively point to Zika virus as the cause of GBS. Several countries affected by Zika outbreaks have reported increases in the rate of new cases of GBS and 3 deaths due to Zika related Guillain - Barre have been reported in Colombia [10]. 46

5 LIFECYCLE OF ZIKA VIRUS Fig. 7: Life cycle of Zika Virus TREATMENT OF ZIKA VIRUS There is no specific treatment for Zika. Symptoms are treated by getting rest, drinking fluids to prevent dehydration and taking medicines such as acetaminophen or paracetamol to relieve fever and pain. Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), like ibuprofen and naproxen, should be avoided until dengue can be ruled out to reduce the risk of increased bleeding [3]. An Indian company,hyderabad-based Bharat Biotech International, reported in early February 2016 that it was working on vaccines for the Zika virus. CONCLUSION Aedes mosquito spread sexually transmitted Zika virus infection in at least 25 countries. With no vaccine or antiviral therapy available.before 1980, it was generally considered that the world had entered a new era of increased health and reduced infectious disease because of the defeat of small pox, TB, and polio. Remarkable changes have occurred since the 1990 in arbovirus evolution (flaviviruses, mosquito-borne). In Africa and The company is working on two approaches to a vaccine: "recombinant", involving genetic engineering, and "inactivated", where the virus is incapable of reproducing itself but can still trigger an immune response. Zikavac vaccine could be made available if the Indian Government declares national emergency and moves aggressively in regulatory approvals. He said that women would be the prime target group for the vaccine, followed by adults of both the genders since the virus causes Guillain-Barre syndrome in them [11]. tropical America, due to flavivirus super infections including the high prevalence of Zika virus, with high backgrounds of flavivirus immune responses, seroepidemiological studies need to be conducted prior to institution of vaccination programs.much molecular and epidemiological work needs to be done. Contem - poraneous economics and social structures are unable to support properly the work that is needed to understand and rectify current global health issues. 47

6 REFERENCES 1. Coalitions/Zika_Update.pdf faq/zika_faq.pdf 4. withzika.pdf www. medicaldaily. com/ pregnantwomen-zika-virus-abortion Barré syndrome a c c i n e - c a n d i d a t e s - f o r - z i k a - virus/article ece. 48