TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION, HISTORIC OVERVIEW, NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH ON OFFENDER NEEDS AND RISK ASSESSMENT

Transcription

1 TABLE OF CONTENT SECTION A INTRODUCTION, HISTORIC OVERVIEW, NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH ON OFFENDER NEEDS AND RISK ASSESSMENT CHAPTER ONE 1. INTRODUCTION AND ORIENTATION Introduction Misconceptions regarding imprisonment and the treatment of offenders in South African prisons National and international research on the assessments of offenders South African research on offender assessment International research on assessment of offenders The Department of Correctional Services: Service delivery Challenges within the Department of Correctional Services The South African crime rate Prison population Ineffective treatment of offenders Staff shortages within the Department of Correctional Services Offender assessment Rationale of the study Study objectives and contributions to the study Definitions Criminology Criminologists Assessment Needs Assessment Risk Assessment Rehabilitation Recidivism Interdisciplinary approach Economic crime Violent crime Sexual crimes Paraphilias Personality Cognitive functioning Personality disorders Psychopathy vs. antisocial personality disorder Actuarial scales and measures Methodology 44 i

2 1.8.1 Research design Research goals Unit of analysis Time dimension Demarcation of the study field Sampling Technique Access to subjects Measuring instruments Data collection Data interpretation Research objectives Outlay of the Study 47 CHAPTER TWO 2. INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL TRENDS AND PERSPECTIVES ON OFFENDER REHABILITATION AND ASSESSMENT PRACTICES 2.1 Introduction Historical and modern views on the treatment of offenders The Department of Correctional Services: Punishment as a deterrence mechanism to achieve rehabilitation The history of rehabilitation within South African prisons The influence of Apartheid on South African corrections Transformation and demilitarisation in South African prisons Prisons in the New South Africa The new Correctional Services Act: Act 111 of Restorative Justice as a cornerstone of rehabilitation in South African corrections The implementation of Unit Management within the Department of Correctional Services Correctional Services and the shift to rehabilitation The need for offender assessment within the Department of Correctional Services The need for individual assessment and treatment of offenders Requirements for an effective assessment system The need for a multi-dimensional approach to offender treatment in South Africa Service delivery in the Department of Correctional Services: Relevant role players responsible for the treatment of offenders Social work services Psychological services 75 ii

3 2.5.3 The need for criminological services in corrections The field and scope of criminology as a science The relevance and applicability of criminology and criminologists to assessment, treatment and corrections The benefit of the utilisation of criminologists regarding offender treatment and rehabilitation to corrections Conclusion 82 CHAPTER THREE 3. INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL RESEARCH ON OFFENDER ASSESSMENT: OFFENDER NEEDS ASSESSMENT 3.1 Introduction Developments in offender assessment The need for accurate assessment The purpose of offender assessment Needs and risk assessment Offender needs assessment The need principle Criminogenic needs The responsivity principle Assessment targets for criminal behaviour Assessment targets for specific types of offenders Needs assessment for sex offenders The purpose of sex offender assessment International findings with regard to sex offenders Sex offender characteristics Needs assessment criteria for sex offenders Needs assessment of violent and dangerous offenders The purpose of assessing violent offenders Characteristics of violent offenders Needs assessment targets for violent offenders Overlapping needs assessment targets for general, sex and violent offenders Offender assessment in Canada and Great Britain Canada: Level of Service Inventory Revised Subcomponents of the LSI-R Evaluation of the LSI-R The United Kingdom: Offender Assessment System Components of the OASys 134 iii

4 Evaluation of the OASys Offender assessment in Africa and South Africa Africa South Africa Conclusion 140 CHAPTER FOUR 4. INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH ON OFFENDER ASSESSMENT: RISK ASSESSMENT 4.1 Introduction Categories of risk classification The purpose of offender risk assessment The risk principle Different types of risk The prediction of future criminal behaviour: An impossible task? Dynamic and static risk factors Dynamic risk factors Static risk factors Risk assessment for general recidivism Characteristics of general recidivists General risk assessment indicators for non-specific, sexual and violent offenders Risk assessment for specific types of offenders Risk assessment of sex offenders Risk criteria for sex offenders Risk assessment of violent offenders The purpose of risk assessment for violent offenders Risk assessment criteria for violent offenders Evaluation of risk assessment criteria Specific risk assessment criteria associated with sex and violent offenders Corresponding risk criteria for general, sex and violent offenders Corresponding needs and risk assessment targets for general, sex and other violent offenders Concluding comments 190 iv

5 SECTION B EMPIRICAL STUDY CHAPTER FIVE 5. METHODOLOGICAL OUTLAY AND ASSESSMENT TOOLS 5.1 Introduction Research design Research goals Research objectives Unit of analysis Access to subjects Time dimension Demarcation of the study field Sampling technique Measuring instruments Literature study Observation Document analysis In-depth, semi-structured interviews Establishing rapport Semi-structured interview schedule Data interpretation Demographic information about the research subjects ASSESSMENT TOOLS Interviewing Observation Theoretical analysis What is a theory? Why are theories important in the assessment of criminal behaviour? Theories of crime CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY Contemporary classicists POSITIVISTIC CRIMINOLOGY Contemporary biological positivism TRAIT THEORIES SOCIAL DISORGANISATION THEORIES SOCIAL LEARNING THEORIES Neutralisation and drift ANOMIE / STRAIN THEORIES Anomie General strain theory SUBCULTURAL THEORIES CONTROL THEORIES CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY Labeling theory Contemporary labeling theories Central theorists of critical criminology 232 v

6 Feministic criminology INTEGRATED AND DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES Integrated theories of crime The criminal event An integrated theoretical perspective on delinquent behaviour An interactional theory Control balance theory Social development model Social support and crime Developmental theories of crime Theory of delinquent development Life course persistent offender theory Crime and the life course theory Evaluation of theories Classical criminology and contemporary classical theories Lombroso and early positivists Recent biological approaches of crime Trait theories Social disorganisational theories Social learning and differential association Drift theory Merton s strain theory General strain theory Subcultural theories Lower-class culture theory The opportunity theory Containment theory Bonding theory General theory of crime Labeling theory Critical criminology Feministic criminology Integrated and developmental theories Concluding comments 253 CHAPTER SIX 6. CRIMINOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF CASE STUDIES 6.1 Introduction Case study one 256 Mr. A: Assessment for classification purposes Introduction Biographic details Culture Education and employment history Family of origin 258 vi

7 6.2.6 Childhood and school experiences Crime analysis Peer influences Cognitive functioning Attitude, associations and intimate relationships Sexuality Leisure time and hobbies Future goals Therapy and treatment in prison Contributory factors to criminal behaviour High-risk situations A theoretical explanation for Mr. A s criminal behaviour Recommendations for intervention purposes Case study two 271 Mr. B: Assessment for intervention purposes Introduction Biographic details Family of origin Childhood and school experiences Education and employment history Crime analysis First offence Second offence Third offence Adaptation in prison Aggressive and violent behaviour Gang involvement Cognitive functioning Peer associations Intimate relationships and support structure Leisure time and hobbies Future goals Treatment in prison Aetiology of criminal behaviour Intervention indicators Antecedents and/or triggers related to aggressive and violent behaviour A theoretical explanation for Mr. B s criminal behaviour Recommendations Case study three 291 Mr. C: Assessment for risk management purposes Introduction Culture Biographic details Parents and childhood Family structure Analysis of criminality and associated factors Leisure and recreational activities Gang involvement Substance abuse Violent and aggressive behaviour 301 vii

8 Intimate relationships Previous treatment Personality and cognitive functioning Origin and risk factors associated with criminal behaviour Antecedents for criminal, violent and aggressive behaviour High-risk situations Indicators for intervention A theoretical explanation for Mr. C s criminal behaviour Recommendations Case study four 308 Mr. D: Pre-parole assessment Introduction Biographic details Family of origin Childhood experiences Schooling, education and employment Crime and criminal history Offence analysis Peer pressure and influences Leisure time, hobbies and personal interests History of antisocial and deviant sexual behaviour Multiple paraphilias Deviant sexual fantasies and arousal patterns Substance abuse Prison gang involvement Cognitive functioning Aggressive, violent and sadistic behaviour Attitude Intimate relationships Suicide attempts Insight, remorse and rationalisation Future goals Previous treatment Origin of deviant behaviour Triggers High-risk situation Probability to reoffend A theoretical explanation for Mr. D s criminal behaviour Recommendation Conclusion 333 SECTION C RESEARCH RESULTS, SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION CHAPTER SEVEN 7. RESEARCH RESULTS, SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 7.1 Introduction Research results 336 viii

9 7.2.1 Primary objective: Offender assessment from a criminological perspective Secondary objectives Determination of needs and risks for general, sex and violent offenders National and international research findings on offender assessment Relevant assessment tools for offender assessment practices A scientific analysis, understanding and explanation of criminal behaviour Identification of the causes and motives of criminal behaviour Individual assessment of selected case studies Recommendations Conclusion and summary 347 Bibliography APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C APPENDIX D APPENDIX E FIGURES Figure Outlay of Chapters 49 Figure 3.1 The different stages of sex offending 109 Figure 4.1 International and national research on offender assessment 190 ix