Event. transitivity involves. types of process. material processes 4/26/2017. process types. They were walking quickly and they fell.

Transcription

1 transitivity involves 1 Event 1. EVENTS what happened (doings, happenings, sayings, states etc) 2. WHO and/or WHAT was involved in the events expressed by processes 3. CIRCUMSTANCES surrounding events when, where, why etc process = functional label for the word class verb 1 2 process types types of process process doing behavioural mental cognition reaction perception process They are walking quickly. other verbal attributive relational identifying non- existential 3 4 processes represent a doing - some action (intentional or unintentional) They were walking quickly and they fell. Function> Participant Process Participant 7 (Mrs Piggott) washed all the dishes Class> Verbal Function> Participant Process Participant 8 (Mrs Piggott) made all the beds Test questions: what were they doing? what happened? 5 Class> Verbal Function> Participant Process Participant 9 (Mrs Piggott) vacuumed all the carpets Class> Verbal 6 1

2 Function> Participant Process Circumstance 10 and then Class> she went to work Verbal Prepositional phrase participants who / what is involved in the event 7 8 The main participant in processes is the do-er of the action We call this main participant the Actor They are walking Actor quickly. Process: Mat. Circumstance To identify the Actor, ask yourself: Who does the action?, e.g. Q: Who is walking quickly? A: They are walking quickly. Actor Process: Mat. Circumstance 9 10 More than one participant may be present in the clause What do we call the second participant? e.g. Mrs Piggott washed all the breakfast things If a second participant is affected by the doings of the Actor, that participant is called Goal

3 Actors and Goals Mrs Piggott washed all the breakfast things (Mrs Piggott) made all the beds (Mrs Piggott) vacuumed all the carpets To test whether a second participant (P2) is affected by the doings of the Actor, ask yourself: What did the Actor do to P2? Q: What did Mrs Piggott do to all the breakfast things? A: She washed them Be careful!!! The second participant may not be affected by the doings of the Actor In that case the question will not make sense, e.g. The boys played tennis Q: What did the boys do to tennis? The participant that is not affected by the doing is not a Goal. It is called The boys played tennis Range i.e. P2 (tennis) in the example expresses the Range over which the process (played) extends P2 as the Range over which the process extends Range The boys played tennis To identify Range, ask yourself: what did the Actor do? Q: what did the boys do? A: Played tennis Goal or Range? Mr Piggot got home from work Actor Pro: Mat Range Circ The boys kicked a ball Actor Pro: Mat Goal they left the house The answer includes the Range 17 Actor Pro: Mat Range 18 3

4 in some processes, there may be a participant who benefits from the doing. e.g. Beneficiary Test question: who for? e.g. who did Mrs Piggot cook meals for? Mrs Piggott cooked meals for the family Mrs Piggott cooked meals for the family Actor Pro:Mat Goal Beneficiary Actor Pro:Mat Goal Beneficiary Mrs Piggott cooked the family meals Mrs Piggott cooked the family meals Actor Pro:Mat Beneficiary Goal 19 Actor Pro:Mat Beneficiary Goal 20 Beneficiary Beneficiary Note that the Beneficiary role may be expressed by a prepositional phrase: Mrs Piggott cooked meals for the family Actor Pro:Mat Goal Beneficiary ng vg ng pp Function class Whether Beneficiary as a nominal or a prepositional phrase depends on its position in the clause Mrs Piggott cooked meals for the family or a nominal : Mrs Piggott cooked the family meals Actor Pro:Mat Beneficiary Goal ng vg ng ng Function class 21 Mrs Piggott cooked the family meals 22 potential Participants in processes Actor, Goal, Range & Beneficiary Actor Pro:Mat Goal Mrs Piggott washed all the breakfast things (Mrs Piggott) made all the beds (Mrs Piggott) vacuumed all the carpets process Actor Pro:Mat Beneficiary Goal She cooked the family meals non- Actor Pro:Mat Range 23 The boys played tennis 24 4

5 Activity 1 1. We arrived in Geraldton Actor Pro: Material Circumstance Identify the participants in the following clauses 2. and (we) did a bit of shopping etc Actor Pro: Mat Range 3. before (we) headed towards Perth Actor Pro: Mat Circumstance stopping Pro: Mat to visit Pro: Mat at Cervantes Circumstance the wonderful Pinnacles Range and take a few more snaps Pro: Mat Goal Travelogue (cont) On a couple of occasions, late in the afternoon, we headed out to Grenthaume Point // to see the dinosaur footprints in the rocks. // These can be viewed only at very low tide and thirty metres out from the cliff face. // We did not see them at all // even though we climbed // and clawed our way over many rocks. // 27 Identify the verbal s and insert clause boundaries. 28 Activity 3: Identify the participant functions in the clauses On a couple of occasions late in the afternoon we headed out to Grenthaume Point Circ.1 Circ.2 Actor Pro: Mat Circ.3 to see the dinosaur footprints in the rocks. These can be viewed only at very low tide and thirty metres out from the cliff face. We did not see them at all even though we climbed Actor Pro: Mat and (we) clawed our way over many rocks Actor Pro: Mat Range Circ. 29 Ellipsis occurs when we leave out some wording because it can be understood and retrieved from previous text, e.g. We did not see them at all even though we climbed and clawed our way over many rocks. We did not see them at all even though we climbed and (we) clawed our way over many rocks. 30 5

6 Travelogue (cont) However, we weren t disappointed with the stairway to the Moon. // This phenomenon is seen each full moon at low tide // when the moon casts a beautiful light over the mud flats // and gives the illusion of steps up to the full moon. // It was a truly spectacular sight // and was witnessed by about 4,000 people. // There were more oooos and aaahhhs than at the fireworks over Sydney Harbour! // Expanding ellipsis (missing wording) This phenomenon is seen each full moon at low tide when the moon casts a beautiful light over the mud flats and gives the illusion of steps up to the full moon This phenomenon is seen each full moon at low tide when the moon casts a beautiful light over the mud flats and gives the illusion of steps up to the full moon 31 (this phenomenon) 32 Material Processes and participant roles However, we weren t disappointed with the stairway to the Moon. This phenomenon is seen each full moon at low tide.. when the moon casts a beautiful light over the mud flats Actor Pro: Mat Range Circ and (this phenomenon) gives the illusion of steps up to the full moon Actor Pro: Mat Range Behavioural processes conscious P1 The dog is watching the neighbour s cat The old lady is listening to the radio The doctor is feeling the patient s pulse Participants in Behavioural processes Participants in Behavioural processes the doer in Behavioural processes is called the Behaver Who did? Behaver Pro: Beh The children watched a movie The parents listened to the radio The doctor felt the patient s pulse What do we call the second participant? 35 Usually, the second participant (P2) in Behavioural processes is a Range, i.e. P2 indicates the range over which the behaviour extends Behaver Behavioural Range The children watched a movie The parents listened to the radio The doctor felt the patient s pulse Did what? 36 6

7 Participants in Behavioural processes Participants in Behavioural processes The Range in Behavioural processes often shows up in answer to the question: what did (the Behaver) do? doing behavioural Q: What did the children do? A: watched a movie process relational cognition Q: What did the parents do? A: listened to the radio mental reaction Q: What was the doctor doing? A: feeling the patient s pulse 37 perception 38 mental processes mental processes conscious do-er knower reacter hearer Participant Pro:Men Participant The baby knows its mother She loves ice-cream I hear someone whistling a more appropriate term for the do-er in mental processes is the Senser 39 the second participant (P2) is the thing that is sensed. This is called the Phenomenon Senser Pro:Men Phenomenon The baby knows its mother She loves ice-cream I hear someone whistling 40 Senser and Phenomenon Beware Senser and Phenomenon That which is known, reacted to, or sensed the Phenomenon may occur before the Senser The order of Senser and Phenomenon is not always the same Her story surprised me Phenomenon Pro:Mental Senser Lightening frightens me Senser her identity was known by many Phenomenon Pro:Mental Senser

8 Beware There may not be a second participant (Phenomenon) in a mental process clause because what comes after the mental process may be a whole clause Mental process projecting another clause We knew // that you were coming// Senser Pro: Men Actor Pro: Material 1 We knew Senser Pro: Mental We knew 43 2 that you were coming Actor Pro: Material 44 Participants in mental processes process relational Activity 5 Identify the process types and participant functions in the following clauses cognition mental reaction perception On a couple of late in the occasions afternoon we headed out to Grenthaume Point Circ.1 Circ.2 Actor Pro: Mat Circ.3 to see the dinosaur footprints in the rocks Pro: Men Phenomenon Circ. these can be viewed only at low tide & 30 metres out Phenomenon Pro: Men Circumstance we did not see them at all Senser Pro: Mental Phenom even though we climbed Actor Pro: Mat and (we) clawed our way over many rocks Actor Pro: Mat Range Circumstance 47 Participants in verbal processes P1= anything that puts out a signal The weather bureau says it s going to rain. The student asked a question The book explained the problem 48 8

9 Participants in verbal processes The doer in Verbal processes is called Who said? the Sayer The weather bureau says it s going to rain. Sayer Pro: Vbl Participants in verbal processes there are a number of possible secondary participants in verbal processes: 1: the actual speech act or piece of language that is named is called the Verbiage (IF it is not a projected clause) The student asked a question The student asked a question Sayer Pro: Vbl Sayer Pro: Vbl Verbiage The book explained the problem Asked Sayer Pro: Vbl what? 50 Participants in verbal processes 2. an addressee (person spoken to) may be mentioned; this participant is called the Receiver She asked the teacher a question Sayer pro: Vbl Receiver Verbiage Participants in verbal processes 3. certain verbal processes can have another participant, called a Target She praised the child to his parents Sayer pro: Vbl Target Receiver Asked who? Participants in verbal processes verbal processes process doing behavioural Very often, we quote the words that someone spoke (direct speech), or we reformulate what they said (indirect speech). In such cases, the saying (what was said) is often in the form of a clause, e.g. mental They announced that an inquiry would be held other verbal relational 53 Sayer Process the saying He stated My client cannot be blamed for the weather 54 9

10 verbal processes When the saying is in the form of a clause, it is not a constituent of the verbal process clause (i.e. Verbiage); It is a separate clause projected by the verbal process. Sayer Process the saying They He clause 1 P r o j e c t s clause 2 announced that an inquiry would be held stated My client cannot be blamed for the weather 55 They verbal processes clause 1 P r o j e c t s clause 2 // announced that an inquiry would be held Sayer Pro:Vbl Goal Pro:Mat // He stated My client cannot be blamed Sayer Pro:Vbl Target Pro:Vbl 56 process type behavioural mental verbal summary Actor Goal Range - Beneficiary Behaver - Range Senser - Phenomenon Sayer Receiver Verbiage-Target transitivity functions & word order Beware Do not assume that the word order in a clause follows a fixed pattern e.g. Actor Process Goal Actor may not even be present 57 transitivity functions & word order Activity 6 e.g. The ball was kicked Goal Process: The whistle was blown Goal Process: Identify the verbal s and the clause boundaries in the following text The game was won Range Process:

11 Travelogue (continued) After leaving Monkey Mia // we headed south to Kalbarri. // The entrance to this town is lined with wild flowers, banksia, wattles etc. // It s an avenue of magnificent bouquets // and as you look down the long stretch of road // you see the most aqua blue water everywhere. // We did a lot of whalewatching on our first day there // and saw lots of whales heading south. // A whale had calved that morning // and all the others came by to say hi! // 61 Activity 7 Identify the process types and participant functions After leaving Monkey Mia we headed south to Kalbarri Actor Pro: The entrance to this town Goal Pro: Material Material is lined Range Pro: Material Circumstance Circumstance with wildflowers, banksias, wattles etc Circumstance and as you look down the long stretch of road Behaver Pro: Behav We did a lot of whale-watching on our first day there Pro: Material Circumstance you see the most aqua blue water everywhere Actor Senser Pro: Mental Range Phenomenon Circumstance 1 Circumstance 8 and (we) saw lots of whales [[heading south]] Senser Pro: Mental Phenomenon Circ A whale had calved that morning Behaver Pro: Behav. Circumstance and all the others came by Actor Pro: Material Circumstance Transitivity analysis captures whether or not the actions of a participant affect another participant affects 11 to say Pro: Verbal hi Verbiage Actor Process Goal Circumstance The children kicked the ball The ball flew through the air and (the ball) broke a window. The boy flew a kite. 65 The kite soared

12 Resources for study Text book (Using Functional Grammar), Chapter 3: exploring experiential meanings 67 12