PYSC 224 Introduction to Experimental Psychology
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1 PYSC 224 Introduction to Experimental Psychology Session 3 Nature of scientific methodology Lecturer:, Dept. of Psychology Contact Information: mamankwah-poku@ug.edu.gh College of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education 2015/ /2017
2 Session Overview Christensen (2008) identifies three main characteristics of scientific research which are; 1. controlling extraneous variables to achieve internal validity, 2. operationally defining terms used in experimentation and 3. the ability to replicate experiments The steps in scientific methodology involves identifying a problem to research, designing and conducting the research through to writing and publishing your research findings
3 Session Goals and Objectives At the end of this session, you should be able to Explain the three characteristics of scientific methodology Use a diagram to outline the steps in scientific methodology Explain how important each step is in the conduct of a research Use a practical example to outline the steps you will follow when conducting a research Slide 3
4 Session Outline The key topics to be covered in the session are as follows: Characteristics of scientific research Steps in scientific methodology Researchable questions/ topics
5 Reading List Christensen, B.L. (1997). Experimental Methodology (7th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. (p ) Christensen, B.L. (2007). Experimental Methodology (10th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. (p. 1-24, ) Kantowitz, B. H., Roediger III, H. L., Elmes, D. G. (2015). Experimental Psychology. Stamford: Cengage Learning (Pp 63-72) Martin, D. W. (2008). Doing Psychology Experiments. Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education (p , )
6 Topic One CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
7 Characteristics of scientific research Christensen (2007) identified three most important characteristics Control Operational definition Replication
8 Characteristics of scientific research 1. Control Control is eliminating any extraneous variable that can affect an experiment It is the most important element in scientific methodology It enables researchers identify the causes of phenomena they investigate
9 Characteristics of scientific research If an experiment is not controlled the cause of an effect cannot be isolated The observed effect could be due to any one of a combination of the uncontrolled variable Example- The effect of alcohol on task performance Extraneous variables such as prior expose to the task or tolerance to alcohol intake should be controlled
10 Characteristics of scientific research 2. Operational definition/ Operationalism Definition of concepts by the operations used to attain or measure them (Christensen, 2007, p.21) This is necessary to eliminate confusion in communication
11 Characteristics of scientific research Example- Alcohol intake will decreases performance on a task For a hypothesis such as- Individuals who take in more alcohol will be perform poorer than those who take in less alcohol An experimenter has to operationally define more alcohol and less alcohol Operational definitions must be used to provide communicable knowledge
12 Characteristics of scientific research 3. Replication Data from research must be reliable, the same results must be obtained if the study is repeated Replication is performing the same experiment using the same procedure to find out if the same results will be obtained Duplicate the results on another group of subjects or, on the same subject
13 Characteristics of scientific research Replication may result in one of two possible outcomes Either the results are a) replicated or b) not replicated a)when it is replicated- it gives additional assurance that the first results are reliable
14 Characteristics of scientific research b) If it is not replicated- it is possible that results of the initial study were due to chance Or replication experiment might have altered some significant element in the experiment For instance the instructions given by the experimenter or the use of a different experimenter
15 Topic Two STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY
16 Steps in Scientific Methodology Christensen (1997) identified five steps in scientific methodology 1. Identify a problem and formulate a hypothesis 2. Design the research 3. Conduct the research 4. Test the hypothesis 5. Communicate the research results
17 Steps in Scientific Methodology 1. Identify a problem and formulate a hypothesis Every scientific research begins with identifying a problem Identify an issue that one wants to study by observing everyday behaviour or reading about previous research
18 Steps in Scientific Methodology Refine and narrow the problem identified to make it researchable Hypotheses are formulated Stated in such a way that they are testable and capable of being refuted Should state clearly the relationship that is expected to emerge in the research
19 Steps in Scientific Methodology 2. Design the research The independent, dependent and extraneous variables are the three relevant variables that need special attention Specify the independent (levels?) and dependent variables and how extraneous variables will be controlled Ensure that the hypotheses stated are those actually tested
20 Steps in Scientific Methodology The researcher must also decide on the design for the research Example- E.g. a correlational study, experimental study, qualitative design etc. These procedures are extremely important for the conduct of the research They are laid out to overcome any difficulties that could distort the results
21 Steps in Scientific Methodology 3. Conduct the research Making decisions concerning the actual conduct of the experiment Before data collection, the researcher must decide, which participants are to be tested what instructions are necessary and what equipment or materials are needed
22 Steps in Scientific Methodology First, select research participants Then manipulate the independent variable Ensure that all extraneous variables are controlled Then measure the dependent variable
23 Steps in Scientific Methodology The dependent variable is usually one of three general types, self-report measures behavioural measures or physiological measures Discuss examples of these at tutorials
24 Steps in Scientific Methodology 4. Testing the hypothesis Data must be analysed and interpreted to confirm or refute the hypotheses Statistical software such as SPSS can be used Results must then be interpreted to specify exactly what they mean
25 Steps in Scientific Methodology 5. Communicate the research results Write a research report stating how the research was conducted and what was found Results of the research must be communicated to others This is often done by publishing the finding in professional journals in a field e.g. Journal of Clinical Psychology etc.
26 Steps in Scientific Methodology Example- use the step described to outline a research on the topic below. The effect of eating breakfast on students learning
27 Effect of eating breakfast on learning 1. Identify a problem and formulate a hypothesis 2. Design the research 3. Conduct the research 4. Test the hypothesis 5. Communicate the research results
28 Topic Three RESEARCHABLE QUESTIONS/ TOPICS
29 Researchable questions/ topics Ensure that your research question is researchable Researchable questions/ topics are ones that can be empirically investigated? Good research questions should be Feasible Clearly stated Significant Ethical
30 Researchable questions/ topics Examples: Which approaches taken by University of Ghana will be the most effective ways to ensure cleanliness on campus? What is the effect of knuckle-cracking on the development of osteoarthritis among males and females? How do employers perceive first class honours students?
31 Researchable questions/ topics Non-researchable problems include: Explanations of how to do something, Vague propositions, Address philosophical or ethical issues Address opinions They cannot be resolved through data collection and analysis
32 Steps in Scientific Methodology What is the best way to learn to read? Are some people born bad? Can crime be prevented? Is democracy the best form of government? Should cell phone use while driving be banned?
33 Steps in Scientific Methodology What is the best way to learn to read? At which age is it better to introduce phonics- age 5, 6 or 7 Are some people born bad? Who commits more crime- poor people or rich people? Can crime be prevented? Getting youth employed will reduce crime Should cell phone use while driving be banned? Assessing the effect of cell phone use while driving
34 END OF SESSION 3
35 References Christensen, B.L. (2007). Experimental Methodology (10th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon Kantowitz, B. H., Roediger III, H. L., Elmes, D. G. (2015). Experimental Psychology. Stamford: Cengage Learning
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