Designing Experiments. Scientific Method Review Parts of a Controlled Experiment Writing Hypotheses
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1 Designing Experiments Scientific Method Review Parts of a Controlled Experiment Writing Hypotheses
2 The Scientific Method The Arab scientist Alhazen stressed the importance of experimentation in his Book of Optics around 1000 AD. The modern scientific method grew out of the European Age of Enlightenment ( ) and it was formalized by scientists like Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes. It is an organized repeatable way of gaining new knowledge. Due to the use of formal scientific method, scientific knowledge exploded, and fueled the industrial revolution. A scientific method is essentially an extremely cautious means of building a supportable, evidence-based understanding of our natural world. (Wikipedia)
3 Classic Scientific Method
4 Classic Scientific Method Researchable question - This may be based on observation of natural phenomena or on the results of previous experiments.
5 Classic Scientific Method Researchable question - This may be based on observation of natural phenomena or on the results of previous experiments. Hypothesis - A testable statement of your understanding of what is going on in a particular situation. A prediction in the form of an if-then statement. It is rarely a guess, because it should be based on your observations and research into the topic. A good hypothesis is also very narrow in focus, concentrating on a single variable.
6 Classic Scientific Method
7 Classic Scientific Method Experiment - Testing your hypothesis. This generates the results that you use to evaluate your hypothesis.
8 Classic Scientific Method Experiment - Testing your hypothesis. This generates the results that you use to evaluate your hypothesis. Conclusion - Based on the results, was your hypothesis correct? In other words, did you really understand what was happening in that situation? If not, how can you improve your hypothesis? If it was correct, what can you do next to refine it?
9 Classic Scientific Method Experiment - Testing your hypothesis. This generates the results that you use to evaluate your hypothesis. Conclusion - Based on the results, was your hypothesis correct? In other words, did you really understand what was happening in that situation? If not, how can you improve your hypothesis? If it was correct, what can you do next to refine it? Communication - Sharing your conclusions (and the data and methods to support them) with everyone else. This leads to discussion and criticism (usually constructive) and more questions to research.
10 Reality check Does Science always work exactly like that? No! Different fields of science have their own versions that work best for them. They all come down to: What do I want to know? How can I find out? J. José Bonner, 2005 American Biology Teacher Vol 67 No. 5
11 Quick Check What are the parts of the scientific method? When, approximately, was it developed and adopted?
12 Designing Experiments
13 Designing Experiments A controlled experiment is one where only one thing (one variable) is changed or tested at a time. Everything else is kept exactly the same.
14 Designing Experiments A controlled experiment is one where only one thing (one variable) is changed or tested at a time. Everything else is kept exactly the same. Parts of a controlled experiment:
15 Designing Experiments A controlled experiment is one where only one thing (one variable) is changed or tested at a time. Everything else is kept exactly the same. Parts of a controlled experiment: Researchable Question
16 Designing Experiments A controlled experiment is one where only one thing (one variable) is changed or tested at a time. Everything else is kept exactly the same. Parts of a controlled experiment: Researchable Question Control Treatment
17 Designing Experiments A controlled experiment is one where only one thing (one variable) is changed or tested at a time. Everything else is kept exactly the same. Parts of a controlled experiment: Researchable Question Control Treatment Hypothesis
18 Designing Experiments A controlled experiment is one where only one thing (one variable) is changed or tested at a time. Everything else is kept exactly the same. Parts of a controlled experiment: Researchable Question Control Treatment Hypothesis Procedures including repeated measures
19 Designing Experiments A controlled experiment is one where only one thing (one variable) is changed or tested at a time. Everything else is kept exactly the same. Parts of a controlled experiment: Researchable Question Control Treatment Hypothesis Procedures including repeated measures Materials
20 Designing Experiments A controlled experiment is one where only one thing (one variable) is changed or tested at a time. Everything else is kept exactly the same. Parts of a controlled experiment: Researchable Question Control Treatment Hypothesis Procedures including repeated measures Materials Data
21 Control The part of an experiment used as a standard. Results are compared to this. Nothing is intentionally changed or tested. It gives you a way to see how things would change on their own if you hadn t done your treatments. Sometimes coming up with a good control is the most difficult part of designing a good experiment. Ex: How would heating cells affect their response to a hypertonic solution? Control: Test the cells at room temperature.
22 Hypothesis A testable prediction of the outcome of your experiment, based on your understanding of the particular situation. Written as if-then-because You should clearly describe how you are changing the independent variable (which you set up) and what changes in the dependent variable you are measuring (your results of the experiment) The independent variable is sometimes called the manipulated variable and the dependent variable is sometimes called the responding variable
23 Hypothesis A testable statement of your understanding of a particular situation. Your prediction of the outcome of the experiment, including reasons. Written as if-then-because Ex: If I heat cells in a hypertonic solution, they will lose water faster because of the extra kinetic energy the higher heat provides.
24 Procedure A VERY DETAILED step-by-step description of what will be done. Write exactly what you plan to do and try to stick to that plan. If you have reason to change it, start fresh. Don t change in the middle of the experiment. Someone else should be able to read your instructions and repeat your exact experiment without any help from you. Helps organize the experiment. Makes the experiment repeatable. Includes repeated trials.
25 Repeated Trials Repeated trials (or multiple trials, or multiple replicates) means that we test each version of the independent variable several times (minimum three, five or more is much better). Repeated trials are necessary because they reduce the possibility of chance errors affecting our results. Are all cells exactly the same? In class, we have repeated trials, because we have pooled the data from all groups. We compare the averages of each treatment. If one treatment is to put cells in 10% sucrose, then we actually measure what happens to several cells, and average the measurements.
26 Practice How does temperature affect the amount of carbon dioxide used up in photosynthesis? IV: DV: Control: Hypothesis (be sure to base this on your own observations/ knowledge):
27 Practice How does temperature affect the amount of carbon dioxide used up in photosynthesis? IV: different temperatures DV: amount of carbon dioxide used up Control: room temperature. Hypothesis (be sure to base this on your own observations/ knowledge): If we raise the temperature, the amount of CO 2 used up will increase, because higher temperatures tend to speed up reactions.
28 Quick Check Which variable in an experiment is the independent variable? Why do we always need multiple trials of each treatment in an experiment? How will today s information help when you design experiments later?
29 Next Week We will carry out an experiment investigating one factor that affects how an enzyme (a protein that can carry out a chemical reaction) works. You will design and carry out a second experiment to expand on that investigation.
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