生命史理论 : 进化视角下的生命发展观 林镇超王燕 1 引言. (Matarazzo, 1980, 1982; Taylor, 1999), (life course) (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007; Cassidy & Shaver, 2008), ,,,

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1 2015, Vol. 23, No. 4, Advances in Psychological Science DOI: /SP.J * 生命史理论 : 进化视角下的生命发展观 林镇超王燕 (, ) 摘 要 传统的心理学研究很少从发展角度系统地考察童年早期经历和个体生物性发展之间的关系 然而, 以进化理论为基础的生命史理论的研究表明, 个体的幼年环境会影响一系列生命史事件的出现和持续时间 其要义在于, 为了最大限度地成功繁衍, 个体会根据环境线索来做出关乎生存和繁衍的具有适应性的权衡 特 别地, 性成熟时间是生命史理论区别于其他人类发展理论的核心变量 未来的研究一方面需要深入挖掘人类 社会规范在生命史权衡中的意义, 另一方面还要继续探索实证研究的新方法 关键词 生命史理论 ; 进化 ; 权衡 ; 性成熟 ; 童年经历 分类号 B844; B849:C91 1 引言,, (life course),,, ( ),, (, ), : * ( : 14ZS015), ( : 2014BSH007), :, yanwang@fudan.edu.cn (Matarazzo, 1980, 1982; Taylor, 1999),,,,, (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007; Cassidy & Shaver, 2008), (, ), (Belsky, Steinberg, & Draper, 1991; Chisholm, 1996a, 1999b; Edgarton, 1992; Foley, 1992);, ( ), (Belsky, 2007; Belsky et al., 1991; Chisholm, 1996, 1999a, 1999b) (Bowlby, 1991), 721

2 722 23, Bowlby, (Simpson & Belsky, 2008), (life history theory; Belsky, 2007; Belsky, 2010; Belsky et al., 1991; see also Charnov, 1993; Daan & Tinbergen, 1997; Roff, 1992, 2002; Stearns, 1992),, 2 生命史理论, (Charnov, 1993; MacArthur & Wilson, 1967; Roff, 1992, 2002; Schaffer, 1983; Stearns, 1992),, (how) (why), (somatic effort) (reproductive effort) (Griskevicius, Delton, Robertson & Tybur, 2011; Griskevicius, Tybur, Delton, & Robertson, 2011) (embodied capital;, ), (bodily maintenance) (growth) ;, (mating) (parenting) (Kaplan & Gangestad, 2005; Griskevicius, Delton et al., 2011; Griskevicius, Tybur et al., 2011; Simpson, Griskevicius, Kuo, Sung, & Collins, 2012), Kenrick Luce (2000),, (, ),, (, ),,, (life history strategy) (reproductive strategy),,,,,, ;,,,, (Belsky, 2010; Belsky, Houts, & Fearon, 2010; Ellis, 2004; Griskevicius, Delton et al., 2011; Griskevicius, Tybur et al., 2011; Kaplan & Gangestad, 2005; Simpson et al., 2012), (L. Ellis, 1988; Ellis, McFadyen-Ketchum, Dodge, Pettit, & Bates, 1999; Figueredo et al., 2006; Figueredo, Vásquez, Brumbach, & Schneider, 2004, 2007; Kruger & Nesse, 2006; Nettle, 2010; Wilson & Daly, 2004),, (Figueredo et al., 2004) (Schaffer, 1983), (adaptive), (, ), (Belsky, Schlomer, & Ellis, 2012; Charnov, 1993; MacArthur & Wilson, 1967; Roff, 1992, 2002; Schaffer, 1983; Stearns, 1992) (Belsky et al., 2012; Ellis, Figueredo, Brumbach, & Schlomer, 2009),

3 4 : 723,,, (Gladden, Sisco, & Figueredo, 2008; Kaplan, Hill, Lancaster, & Hurtado, 2000),, 鼩鼱 (shrew), (environmentally sensitive), (Belsky et al., 1991; Boyce & Ellis, 2005; Ellis et al., 2009),,, (Figueredo et al., 2004) (Bakermans- Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Pijlman, Mesman, & Juffer, 2008; Belsky & Hartman, 2014; Belsky & Pluess, 2009a, 2009b, 2011, 2013; Ellis, Boyce, Belsky, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & Van IJzendoorn, 2011; Pluess & Belsky, 2010, 2013) 3 童年经历和繁衍策略,, 1982, Draper Harpending (1982) (father absence) Trivers (1974), Draper Harpending (1982),,,, Draper Harpending (1982),,, Belsky, Steinberg Draper (1991), (see Charnov, 1993; Roff, 1992, 2002; Stearns, 1992), (Belsky, 2007, 2010; Belsky & Fearon, 2002, 2008; Belsky et al., 1991; Simpson & Belsky, 2008; Simpson et al., 2012), (internal working model; Bowlby, 1973),, (Del Giudice, 2009a; Simpson & Belsky, 2008) Belsky (1991, 2007) (1) (family context;, ); (2) (childrearing experiences;, ); (3) (psychological/behavioral development;, ); (4) (somatic development;, ); (5), (prototype) (quantity-oriented) (, ),,, (,,, ), (quality- oriented) (,, ),,,, (Belsky, 2007, 2010; Belsky et al., 1991),

4 724 23,,,,,, ;,, (Belsky, 2010; Belsky et al., 2010), (Belsky, 2010; Ellis, 2004; see also Del Giudice, 2011; Draper & Harpending, 1982) (Belsky et al., 2007; Del Giudice, 2009a), Ellis Essex (2007),, (adrenarche) ( ; Auchus & Rainey, 2004; Herdt & McClintock, 2000; Ibanez, Dimartino-Nardi, Potau, & Saenger, 2000), Ellis Essex (2007), 6 7 (see also Ellis, 2004),, Del Giudice Belsky (2010) ;,,, (Del Giudice, 2008, 2009a, 2009b, 2009c, 2011; Del Giudice & Belsky, 2010),,,,,, (Chisholm, 1996, 1999a, 1999b; Davis, Shaver, & Vernon, 2004; Del Giudice, 2011; Del Giudice & Belsky, 2010, 2011), (Belsky, 2010), ;,, why how 4 对环境线索的感知和利用, (Bohlen, Carlotti, & Mihas, 2010; Katona, 1974),, (Koehn, 2001; Elliott, 2008) (lipstick effect; Koehn, 2001), Hill, Rodeheffer, Griskevicius, Durante White (2012),,,, ;,, (Buss, 1994; Clutton-Brock, 2009; Cotton, Small, & Pomiankowski, 2006; Jennions & Petrie, 1997; Symons, 1979) Griskevicius (2011),,,, (value the present),, ;,

5 4 : 725, (delayed rewards) Chisholm (1999b), (Promislow & Harvey, 1990; Wilson & Daly, 1997), (Dunkel, Mathes, & Beaver, 2013), (self-control), ,,,,, 5 7, (Del Giudice & Belsky, 2011; Simpson et al., 2012),,,, (,,, 2011) 5 反思与总结 (1) ; (2),,,, (Figueredo & Jacobs, 2010), Sherman, Figueredo Funder (2013),, (normativeness) ( ), (prosocial behavior),,,,,,, (Kenrick, Griskevicius, Neuberg, & Schaller, 2010; Simpson, Griskevicius, & Kim, 2011; Simpson et al., 2012),, (Geronimus, 1996) (Belsky et al., 2012),,,,,,,,, 参考文献李宏利, 陆慧菁, 张雷. (2011). 繁衍线索对风险信息加工的影响. 心理学报, 43, Auchus, R. J., & Rainey, W. E. (2004). Adrenarche

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8 Kenrick, D. T., & Luce, C. L. (2000). An evolutionary life-history model of gender differences and similarities. In T. Eckes & H. M. Trautner (Eds.), The developmental social psychology of gender (pp ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Koehn, N. F. (2001). Estee Lauder and the market for prestige cosmetics. Harvard Business School Cases, , Kruger, D. J., & Nesse, R. M. (2006). An evolutionary life-history framework for understanding sex differences in human mortality rates. Human Nature, 17, MacArthur, R. H., & Wilson, E. O. (1967). The theory of island biogeography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Matarazzo, J. D. (1980). Behavioral health and behavioral medicine: Frontiers for a new health psychology. American Psychologist, 35, Matarazzo, J. D. (1982). Behavioral health s challenge to academic, scientific, and professional psychology. American Psychologist, 37, Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York: Guilford Press. Nettle, D. (2010). Dying young and living fast: Variation in life history across English neighborhoods. Behavioral Ecology, 21, Pluess, M., & Belsky, J. (2010). Differential susceptibility to parenting and quality child care. Developmental Psychology, 46, Pluess, M., & Belsky, J. (2013). Vantage sensitivity: Individual differences in response to positive experiences. Psychological Bulletin, 139, Promislow, D. E. L., & Harvey, P. H. (1990). Living fast and dying young: A comparative analysis of life-history variation among mammals. Journal of Zoology, 220, Roff, D. A. (1992). The evolution of life histories: Theory and analysis. New York: Chapman & Hall. Roff, D. A. (2002). Life history evolution. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer. Stearns, S. (1992). The evolution of life histories. New York: Oxford University Press. Schaffer, W. M. (1983). The application of optimal control theory to the general life history problem. American Naturalist, 121, Sherman, R. A., Figueredo, A. J., & Funder, D. C. (2013). The behavioral correlates of overall and distinctive life history strategy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105, Simpson, J. A., & Belsky, J. (2008). Attachment theory within a modern evolutionary framework. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd ed., pp ). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Simpson, J. A., Griskevicius, V., & Kim, J. S. (2011). Evolution, life history theory, and personality. In L. M. Horowitz & S. Strack (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal psychology: Theory, research, assessment, and therapeutic interventions (pp ). New York: Wiley. Simpson, J. A., Griskevicius, V., Kuo, S. I., Sung, S., & Collins, W. A. (2012). Evolution, stress, and sensitive periods: The influence of unpredictability in early versus late childhood on sex and risky behavior. Developmental Psychology, 48, Symons, D. (1979). The evolution of human sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press. Taylor, S. E. (1999). Health psychology (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Trivers, R. L. (1974). Parent-offspring conflict. American Zoologist, 14, Wilson, M., & Daly, M. (1997). Life expectancy, economic inequality, homicide and reproductive timing in Chicago neighbourhoods. British Medical Journal, 314, Wilson, M., & Daly, M. (2004). Do pretty women inspire men to discount the future? Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 271(S 4), Life History Theory: An Evolutionary Perspective on Human Development LIN Zhenchao; WANG Yan (Department of Psychology, Fudan University, Shanghai , China) Abstract: From the traditional psychological perspectives of human development, it was generally taken for granted that individual biological development was a fixed routine, rarely had experiences in childhood been taken into consideration systematically. However, life history theory, as a branch of evolutionary biology, focusing on how organisms allocate time, energy as well as resources to various activities over their life cycle, pointed out that childhood experiences could influence individual s somatic development and then reproductive strategy. Such an understanding implied an interaction, especially with a developmental perspective, between body and mind. Thus, the timing of sexual maturation (i.e., puberty) was a core variable distinguishing other theories of human development from life history theory. Key words: life history theory; evolution; trade-offs; sexual maturation; childhood experience