性客体化与女性自我客体化 1 性客体化的表现形式 1997), (Carr & Szymanski, 2011; Tiggemann & Williams, 2012),, , 19 ,,, 1.1 媒体性客体化

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1 2013, Vol. 21, No. 10, Advances in Psychological Science DOI: /SP.J * 性客体化与女性自我客体化 (, ) 性客体化通常指女性成为取悦或供他人使用的身体或身体部分的集合 生活中的性客体化无处不在, 主要通过媒体 人际以及一些隐秘的环境表现出来 相比于男性, 女性更容易成为性客体化的目标, 而女性的自我客体化会影响到女性的心理健康, 导致进食障碍 抑郁和性功能障碍等 文化吸引力标准的内化和社会比较是导致女性自我客体化的重要心理机制 未来应扩大研究群体 运用多种方法 探索干预措施 以及在我国文化背景下推进性客体化与女性自我客体化研究 性客体化 ; 客体化理论 ; 女性自我客体化 ; 内化 ; 社会比较 B849:C91?,,,, 19,,, 20 90, Bartky (1990) (sexual objectification), (Fredrickson & Roberts, : * (TR , 6) :, zhengy@swu.edu.cn 1997), (Carr & Szymanski, 2011; Tiggemann & Williams, 2012),, 1 性客体化的表现形式 1.1 媒体性客体化 (Fredrickson, Roberts, Noll, Quinn, & Twenge, 1998) (Hatton & Trautner, 2011), (Aubrey, 2006) (Frisbya & Aubrey, 2012),,,, Hall Crum(1994),, (2005), (Vandenbosch & Eggermont, 2012), 1794

2 10 : 1795,, (Frisbya & Aubrey, 2012),, 52 (Aubrey, 2010),,, 1.2 人际性客体化,, (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997),,, 1.38, 0.35 (Swim, Hyers, Cohen, & Ferguson, 2001) (Engeln- Maddox, Miller, & Doyle, 2011; Hill & Fischer, 2008), Fredrickson Roberts (1997), 1.3 隐秘的性客体化环境,,,,, (, ),, (Greenleaf, 2005; Prichard & Tiggemann, 2008),, (Harrison & Fredrickson, 2003; Tiggemann & Slater, 2001), (Moffitt & Szymanski, 2011), Szymanski, Moffitt Carr (2011),,, Hatton Trautner (2011) 40,,, (Strelan & Hargreaves, 2005),, (Szymanski et al., 2011) 2 女性自我客体化及其心理机制 2.1 客体化理论与证据,, Fredrickson Roberts (1997) (objectification theory),, ( ) (? ), (?? ),, (self-objectification), (body surveillance), ( ) ( ),, ( 1),, (Carr, 2011; Hill & Fischer, 2008), (Aubrey, 2007; Aubrey, Henson, Hopper, & Smith, 2009; Harper & Tiggemann, 2008), (Augustus-Horvath & Tylka, 2009; Calogero, 2009) (Peat & Muehlenkamp, 2011) (Lustig, 2012; Tiggemann & Williams, 2012),

3 ( Moradi & Huang, 2008),, (Gay & Castano, 2010; Quinn, Kallen, Twenge, & Fredrickson, 2006) (Mercurio & Landry, 2008) (Lindner, Tantleff-Dunn, & Jentsch, 2012) (Breines, Crocker, & Garcia, 2008) (Roberts, 2004) (Johnston-Robledo & Fred, 2008) (Calogero, Pina, Park, & Rahemtulla, 2010) (Carr, 2011) (Prichard & Tiggemann, 2008) (Saguy, Quinn, Dovidio, & Pratto, 2010), 2.2 女性自我客体化的心理机制,, 内化,,, (, 2010; Thompson, Heinberg, Altabe, & Tantleff-Dunn, 1999),,,,, (Aubrey, 2006),,, Morry Staska (2001),, Vandenbosch Eggermont (2012),, Vandenbosch,,,, (2011),,, 社会比较 Festinger (1954)

4 10 : 1797 (,, 2011),,, Tylka Sabik (2010) Lindner (2012),,,,,, 其他,, Morry Staska (2001), Strelan Hargreaves (2005),,,,, Moradi (2010),,,,, (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) 3 女性何以更易被性客体化?,,,, (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) Strelan Hargreaves (2005), Gervais, Vescio, Förster, Maass Suitner (2012) 83,,,,,,, Bernard, Gervais, Allen, Campomizzi Klein (2012),, ( ), ( ),,,,,, Gervais, Vescio

5 Allen (2012),,,,,,, (Loughnan et al., 2010) Heflick, Goldenberg, Cooper Puvia (2011),,,,,,,, (Heflick & Goldenberg, 2009; Loughnan et al., 2010; Rudman & Mescher, 2012),, (Goldenberg & Roberts, 2011) (Gruenfeld, Inesi, Magee, & Galinsky, 2008) (Landau, Sullivan, Keefer, Rothschild, & Osman, 2012), Gruenfeld (2008),,,,,, Landau (2012) ( ) ( ) Landau, Vaes, Paladino Puvia (2011),, 4 问题与展望, Fredrickson Roberts (1997),,,, (Buchanan, Fischer, Tokar, & Yoder, 2008), (Oehlof, Musher-Eizenman, Neufeld, & Hauser, 2009),, (Moradi & Rottenstein, 2007) (Haines et al., 2008),,,, Moradi (2010), Szymanski (2011),,,,,, (Aubrey, 2006; Augustus-Horvath & Tylka, 2009; Engeln-Maddox et al., 2011; Wiseman & Moradi, 2010),,,,,, (Zheng, L., Hart, & Zheng, Y., 2012),,,,,

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7 dissertation, University of Tennessee. Carr, E. R., & Szymanski, D. M. (2011). Sexual objectification and substance abuse in young adult women. The Counseling Psychologist, 39, Cikara, M., Eberhardt, J. L., & Fiske, S. T. (2011). From agents to objects: Sexist attitudes and neural responses to sexualized targets. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, Engeln-Maddox, R., Miller, S. A., & Doyle, D. M. (2011). Tests of objectification theory in gay, lesbian, and heterosexual community samples: Mixed evidence for proposed pathways. Sex Roles, 65, Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, Fredrickson, B. L., Roberts, T. A., Noll, S. M., Quinn, D. M., & Twenge, J. M. (1998). That swimsuit becomes you: Sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating, and math performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, Frisbya, C. M., & Aubreyb, J. S. (2012). Race and genre in the use of sexual objectification in female artists music Videos. Howard Journal of Communications, 23, Gay, R., K., & Castano, E. (2010). My body or my mind: The impact of state and trait objectification on women s cognitive resources. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, Gervais, S. J., Vescio, T. K., & Allen, J. (2012). When are people interchangeable sexual objects? The effect of gender and body type on sexual fungibility. British Journal of Social Psychology, 51, Gervais, S. J., Vescio, T. K., Förster, J., Maass, A., & Suitner, C. (2012). Seeing women as objects: The sexual body part recognition bias. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42, Goldenberg, J. L., & Roberts, T. A. (2011). The birthmark: An existential account of the objectification of women. In R. M. Calogero, S. E. Tantleff-Dunn, & J. Thompson (Eds.), Self-objectification in women: Causes, consequences, and counteraction (pp ). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Greenleaf, C. (2005). Self-objectification among physically active women. Sex Roles, 52, Gruenfeld, D. H., Inesi, M. E., Magee, J. C., & Galinsky, A. D. (2008). Power and the objectification of social targets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, Haines, M. E., Erchull, M. J., Liss, M., Turner, D. L., Nelson, J. A., Ramsey, L. R., & Hurt, M. M. (2008). Predictors and effects of self-objectification in lesbians. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32, Hall, C. C. I., & Crum, M. J. (1994). Women and body-isms in television beer commercials. Sex Roles, 31, Harper, B., & Tiggemann, M. (2008). The effect of thin ideal media images on women s self-objectification, mood, and body Image. Sex Roles, 58, Harrison, K., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2003). Women's sports media, self-objectification, and mental health in black and white adolescent females. Journal of Communication, 53, Hatton, E., & Trautner, M. N. (2011). Equal opportunity objectification? The sexualization of men and women on the cover of rolling stone. Sexuality & Culture, 15, Heflick, N. A., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2009). Objectifying Sarah Palin: Evidence that objectification causes women to be perceived as less competent and less fully human. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, Heflick, N. A., Goldenberg, J. L., Cooper, D. P., & Puvia, E. (2011). From women to objects: Appearance focus, target gender, and perceptions of warmth, morality and competence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, Hill, M. S., & Fischer, A. R. (2008). Examining objectification theory: Lesbian and heterosexual women s experiences with sexual- and self-objectification. The Counseling Psychologist, 36, Johnston-Robledo, I., & Fred, V. (2008). Self-objectification and lower income pregnant women's breastfeeding attitudes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38, Jung, J., Forbes, G. B., & Chan, P. (2010). Global body and muscle satisfaction among college men in the United States and Hong Kong-China. Sex Roles, 63, Landau, M. J., Sullivan, D., Keefer, L. A., Rothschild, Z. K., & Osman, M. R. (2012). Subjectivity uncertainty theory of objectification: Compensating for uncertainty about how to positively relate to others by downplaying their subjective attributes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, Lindner, D., Tantleff-Dunn, S., & Jentsch, F. (2012). Social comparison and the Circle of Objectification. Sex Roles, 67, Loughnan, S., Haslam, N., Murnane, T., Vaes, J., Reynolds, C., & Suitner, C. (2010). Objectification leads to depersonalization: The denial of mind and moral concern to objectified others. European Journal of Social

8 10 : 1801 Psychology, 40, Lustig, K. B. (2012). Objectification theory and sexual health among women. Unpublished doctorial dissertation, University of Massachusetts Boston. Mercurio, A. E., & Landry, L. J. (2008). Self-objectification and well-being: The impact of self-objectification on women s overall sense of self-worth and life satisfaction. Sex Roles, 58, Mischner, I. H. S., van Schie, H. T., Wigboldus, D. H. J., van Baaren, R. B., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2013). Thinking big: The effect of sexually objectifying music videos on bodily self-perception in young women. Body Image, 10, Moffitt, L. B., & Szymanski, D. M. (2011). Experiencing sexually objectifying environments: A qualitative study. The Counseling Psychologist, 39, Moradi, B. (2010). Addressing gender and cultural diversity in body image: Objectification theory as a framework for integrating theories and grounding research. Sex Roles, 63, Moradi, B., & Huang, Y. P. (2008). Objectification theory and psychology of women: A decade of advances and future directions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32, Moradi, B., & Rottenstein, A. (2007). Objectification theory and Deaf cultural identity attitudes: Roles in deaf women s eating disorder symptomatology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, Morry, M. M., & Staska, S. L. (2001). Magazine exposure: Internalization, self-objectification, eating attitudes, and body satisfaction in male and female university students. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 33, Oehlof, M. E. W., Musher-Eizenman, D. R., Neufeld, J. M., & Hauser, J. C. (2009). Self-objectification and ideal body shape for men and women. Body Image, 6, Peat, C. M., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2011). Self- objectification, disordered eating, and depression: A test of mediational pathways. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35, Prichard, I., & Tiggemann, M. (2008). Relations among exercise type, self-objectification, and body image in the fitness centre environment: The role of reasons for exercise. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9, Quinn, D. M., Kallen, R. W., Twenge, J. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2006). The disruptive effect of self-objectification on performance. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30, Riva, G., & Gaudio, S. (2012). Allocentric lock in anorexia nervosa: New evidences from neuroimaging studies. Medical Hypotheses, 79, Roberts, T. A. (2004). Female trouble: The menstrual self evaluation scale and women s self-objectification. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, Rubin, L. R., & Steinberg, J. R. (2011). Self-objectification and pregnancy: Are body functionality dimensions protective? Sex Roles, 65, Rudman, L. A., & Mescher, K. (2012). Of animals and objects: Men s implicit dehumanization of women and likelihood of Sexual Aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, Saguy, T., Quinn, D. M., Dovidio, J. F., & Pratto, F. (2010). Interacting like a body: Objectification can lead women to narrow their presence in social interactions. Psychological Science, 21, Slater, A., & Tiggemann, M. (2012). Time since menarche and sport participation as predictors of self-objectification: A longitudinal study of adolescent girls. Sex Roles, 67, Strelan, P., & Hargreaves, D. (2005). Women who objectify other women: The vicious circle of objectification? Sex Roles, 52, Swim, J. K., Hyers, L. L., Cohen, L. L., & Ferguson, M. J. (2001). Everyday sexism: Evidence for its incidence, nature, and psychological impact from three daily diary studies. Journal of Social Issues, 57, Szymanski, D. M., Moffitt, L. B., & Carr, E. R. (2011). Sexual objectification of women: Advances to theory and research 1ψ7. The Counseling Psychologist, 39, Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Ntoumanis, N., Cumming, J., Bartholomew, K. J., & Pearce, G. (2011). Can self-esteem protect against the deleterious consequences of self-objectification for mood and body satisfaction in physically active female university students? Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 33, Thompson, J. K., Heinberg, L. J., Altabe, M. N., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999). Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2001). A test of objectification theory in former dancers and non-dancers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25, Tiggemann, M., & Williams, E. (2012). The role of self-objectification in disordered eating, depressed mood, and sexual functioning among women: A comprehensive test of objectification theory. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36, Tylka, T. L., & Sabik, N. J. (2010). Integrating social comparison theory and self-esteem within objectification theory to predict women s disordered eating. Sex Roles, 63, Wiseman, M. C., & Moradi, B. (2010). Body image and eating disorder symptoms in sexual minority men: A test and extension of objectification theory. Journal of

9 Counseling Psychology, 57, Vaes, J., Paladino, M. P., & Puvia, E. (2011). Are sexualized females complete human beings? Why men and women dehumanize sexually objectified women. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, Vandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2012). Understanding sexual objectification: A comprehensive approach toward media exposure and girls' internalization of beauty ideals, self-objectification, and body surveillance. Journal of Communication, 62, Zheng, L., Hart, T. A., & Zheng, Y. (2012). The relationship between intercourse preference positions and personality traits among gay men in China. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, Sexual Objectification and Women s Self-objectification Sun Qingqing; ZHENG Lijun; ZHENG Yong (Faculty of Psychological Science, Southwest University, Chongqing , China) Abstract: Sexual objectification refers to women being treated as body or body parts that exist for the use or pleasure of others. The sexual objectification in daily life is everywhere, as can be shown mainly through media, interpersonal relationship and some hidden environments. Compared to men, women are much easier to become sexual objectification targets, while self-objectification affects women s mental health, leading to eating disorder, depression, sexual dysfunction and etc. The internalization of attractiveness standards of culture and social comparison are important psychological mechanisms which lead to women s self-objectification. Future researches should expand research groups, adopt many more research methods and explore effective intervention measures, and carry on more researches about sexual objectification and women s self-objectification in China. Key words: sexual objectification; objectification theory; women s self-objectification; internalization; social comparison