THE EFFECTS OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION TECHNIQUE UPON ADOLESCENT PERSONALITY

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1 THROLL PAPER 153 THE EFFECTS OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION TECHNIQUE UPON ADOLESCENT PERSONALITY D. A. THROLL Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand Research completed June Improved psychological adjustment, increased self-actualization, improved physical health, and decreases in prescribed and non-prescribed drug use were found to result from the Transcendental Meditation programme. -EDITORS The following is the text of the author's abbreviated version of his original master's thesis presented to the Department of Education of Victoria University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Educational Psychology. The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF, Forms A & C), the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and a "Questionnaire" on health and drug usage, were given simultaneously to an experimental group (N =30), and a control group (N = 16), before and three to four months after the experimental group started the Transcendental Meditation (TM) technique. The experimental group changed significantly (p <.OJ, p <.05) on 10 of the 16 factors on the 16 PF, on 8 of the 12 scales on the POI, and on both the Trait and the State scales of the STAI. No significant changes were found for the control group. The results indicate improved psychological adjustment ( 16 PF), increased self-actualization (POI), decreased anxiety (STAI), and improved physical health with a significant decrease in prescribed and nonprescribed drug usage. INTRODUCTION With the advent of an easily learnt, well standardized, meditation technique which did not rely on a change in diet or lifestyle, and which did not involve complicated physical postures, and furthermore which claimed substantial physiological and psychological benefits for its practitioners, much scientific interest was aroused in 1970 when the first comprehensive physiological report on this technique, the Transcendental Meditation technique, was published (26). Since 1970 many reports published in prestigious journals have strengthened the subjective reports of meditators that benefits are rapid, stable, and cumulative. Specifically psychologists have examined the effects of the TM technique with many instruments including the following: The Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) (10, 14, 18, 20,. 24); the Freiburger Personality Inventory (FPI) (7, 8); the Institute for Personality and Ability Testing Anxiety Scale (IPAT) (9, 13, 19); the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) (5, 9, 12, 15, 25); the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) (16, 17); and the Netherlands Personality Inventory (NPI) (1). Most of the above research has been conducted on adults, therefore it was decided to test and monitor a group of adolescents who were interested in starting meditation, and to control for maturation to also include a control group of adolescents disinterested in meditation. The writer was interested to determine the effects of meditation upon apparently stable personality traits ( 16 PF), self-actualization (POI), anxiety ( ST AI), and drug usage and general health (Questionnaire). 1087

2 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION AND TM-SIDHI PROGRAMME, VOL. 2 METHOD SELECTION OF SUBJECTS-All lectures on the TM technique are open to the public. After individuals had attended an introductory lecture, people in the year age group were asked to participate in this study. Thirty individuals interested in starting the TM technique agreed to be tested. Other individuals who attended the introductory lecture but who decided not to start TM were also asked to participate in this study. Twenty individuals agreed (controls) and were tested at the same time, place, and under the same conditions as the experimental group. THE SAMPLE - Fifty normal individuals without physical disabilities volunteered their services for this study, 30 started the TM technique, while 20 others, disinterested in the technique, acted as controls. The age range breakdown for the 50 subjects is graphed as follows: Of the 30 meditators, 17 were male, 13 were female, of the controls 13 were male, 7 were female. Because all 50 subjects were working when tested, data was collected as to their occupations which is graphed below: UN- SKILLED SEMI- SKILLED MEDITATORS D CONTROLS mn MEDITATORS n CONTROLS ldd 19 (YEARS) All 50 subjects were working when tested, none had any tertiary education, the breakdown of the number of years secondary education is graphed below: 2 3 MEDITATORS CONTROLS 4 5 (YEARS) TESTING PROCEDURE-All subjects came to introductory lectures voluntarily. At the end of these lectures people in the year age range were asked to participate, of their own choice, in this study. After two months, 20 individuals uninterested in the TM technique and 30 people who had learnt TM had been tested. Because of difficulties with time, all 50 subjects were tested over three 40-minute periods, conducted on Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday nights, from 6:45 P.M. to 7:30 P.M. approximately. The tests were administered in the following order: 16 PF (Form A) on Sunday night, POI on Monday night, and the 16 PF (Form C), STAI, and a Questionnaire on health on Tuesday night. Meditators and controls were tested in the same groups at the same times at the TM center. Apart from the usual checking follow-up procedures, meditators had no contact with the center, until they came back 3-4 months after learning the technique to be retested. The controls had no contact with the center after initial testing, until retesting 3-4 months later. Again meditators and controls were tested in the same groups at the same time and place as before. The testing order was also the same. Of the 20 controls initially tested, 3 refused to be retested, and 2 were unable to be located, leaving 15 controls, who completed the retesting. All 30 meditators were retested. 1088

3 ~ + ; (HAPPY-GO-LUCKY) THROLL TESTING ENVIRONMENT -As several research articles have demonstrated over the last few years, the physical environment in which the testing takes place is of vital importance. Therefore, it was decided to have the experimental and control groups tested all together, at the same time, place, and under exactly the same circumstances. All subjects were tested in a quiet, well lit, carpeted room. After the initial instructions were given all verbal communication between the examiner and subjects was kept to a minimum. RESULTS 16 PF-The experimental group's raw scores for the 16 PF (Forms A & C) were converted to stens using the supplement of norms for the A and B, and the C and D Forms. For each individual the stens for Forms A and C were combined. A single pretest profile was obtained by averaging the stens of the experimental group (N = 30). A single posttest profile was obtained in the same manner. The two profiles were compared. Differences were obtained 16 PF STEN SCORES A B c E F G H I L M N 0 Qz I I I I SIZOTHYMIA I AFFECfOTHY~UA z p< (RESERVED) ' ~ / (WARM-HEARTED) LOW INTELLIGENCE HIGH INTELLIGENCE (LESS INTELLIGENT). (MORE INTELUGENT) LOW EGO STRENGTH HIGH EGO STRENGTH (AFFECTED BY FEELINGS). p<o? r (EMOTIONALLY STABLE) SUBMISSIVENESS DOMINANCE (HUMBLE) (ASSERTIVE) DES URGENCY SURGENCY (SOBER) \, ~ WEAK SUPER-EGO STRENGTH (EXPEDIENT) THRECTIA (SHY) HARRIA (STRONG-MINDED) ALAXIA (TRUSTING) PRAXERNIA (PRACTICAL).... ~ STRONG SUPER-EGO STRENGTH (CONSCIENTIOUS) ">~ PARMIA (VENTURESOME)... p<.oi (GENTLE-MINDED) ~.---. PREMSIA "' p<.oi "". p<.oi PROTENSION (SUSPICIOUS) p<.05 AUTIA (IMAGINATIVE) ARTLESSNESS / ). SHREWDNESS (FORTHRIGHT) (SHREWD) -< UNTROUBLED ADEQUACY GUILT PRONENESS (UNPERTURBED). (APPREHENSIVE) CONSERVATISM... RADICALISM (CONSERVATIVE) (EXPERIMENTING) GROUP ADHERENCE (GROUP-ORIENTED) ~ <.os. ~SELF-SUFFICIENCY p (SELF-SUFFICIENT) LOW INTEGRATION. p<.oi ~HIGH SELF-cONCEPT (UNDISCIPLINED SELF-cONFLICT) ONTROL (CONTROLLED) LOW ERGIC TENSION HIGH ERGIC TENSION p<.oi (RELAXED). (TENSE) PRETEST --- FIG. I. EXPERIMENTAL GROUP'S PRETEST AND STEN SCORES ON TilE 16 PF. 1089

4 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION AND TM-SIDHI PROGRAMME, VOL. 2 between the pretest and posttest scores for the 16 factors. These differences were squared, and then combined. The sum of these squared differences was converted to an r P by the use of a nomograph (4). The rp of -.55 was found to be significant (p <. 0 1), using Hom's tables ( 4). The experimental group's pretest and posttest profiles for the 16 PF are shown in fig. 1. A t-test was carried out to determine whether significant changes had occurred between the experimental group's pretest and posttest sten scores on the 16 individual factors. The following factors were found to be significant at the.01level: C, High Ego Strength (emotionally stable); H, Parmia (venturesome); I, Harria (strong-minded); L, Alaxia (trusting); 0, Untroubled Adequacy (unperturbed); QJ, High Self-concept Control (controlled); and Q4, Low Ergic Tension (relaxed). The factors A, Affectothymia (warm-hearted); M, Praxernia (practical); and Q2, Self-sufficiency, were found to be significant at the.05level. A profile similarity on the 16 PF was also carried out for the control group's pretest and posttest stens in the same manner described for the experimental group. An rp of.2 was obtained which was found to be nonsignificant. The control group's pretest and posttest profiles for the 16 PF are shown in fig. 2. A t-test was carried out to deter- 16 PF STEN SCORES A B c E F G H I L M N 0 Qz I I I I SIZOTHYMIA I AFFECTOTHY~UA (RESERVED) / (WARM-HEARTED) LOW INTELLIGENCE HIGH INTELLIGENCE (LESS INTELLIGENT).</ (MORE INTELLIGENT) LOW EGO STRENGTH HIGH EGO STRENGTH (AFFECTED BY FEELINGS) <\ (EMOTIONALLY STABLE) l> SUBMISSIVENESS DOMINANCE (HUMBLE) (ASSERTIVE) DESURGENCY SURGENCY (SOBER) <\_ (HAPPY-GO-LUCKY) WEAK SUPER-EGO STRENGTH STRONG SUPER-EGO. i\ STRENGTH (EXPEDIENT) (CONSCIENTIOUS). THRECTIA : PARMIA (SHY) (VENTURESOME) I HARRIA PREMSIA (STRONG-MINDED) " (GENTLE-MINDED) ALAXIA PROTENSION (TRUSTING) (SUSPICIOUS) >.> PRAXERNIA AUTIA (PRACTICAL) (/ (IMAGINATIVE) ARTLESSNESS. SHREWDNESS (FORTHRIGHT) (SHREWD) UNTROUBLED ADEQUACY (UNPERTURBED) CONSERVATISM (CONSERVATIVE)?. GUILT PRONENESS (APPREHENSIVE) RADICALISM (EXPERIMENTING) GROUP ADHERENCE / "':'" SELF-SUFFICIENCY (GROUP-ORIENTED) (SELF-SUFFICIENT) LOW INTEGRATION HIGH SELF-CONCEPT (UNDISCIPLINED SELF-cONFLICT) z._: CONTROL (CONTROLLED) LOW ERGIC TENSION ~.. HIGH ERGIC TENSION (RELAXED) (TENSE) P~ETEST --- FIG. 2. CONTROL GROUP'S PRETEST AND STEN SCORES ON THE 16 PF. 1090

5 THROLL mine whether significant changes had occurred between the control group's pretest and posttest sten scores on the 16 individual factors. No significant changes were found. A profile similariry was carried out on the experimental and control group's pretest profiles for the 16 PF, to determine whether the two groups were significantly different at the initial testing. An rp of.17 was obtained which was found to be nonsignificant. POI-The experimental group's raw scores for the POI were converted to stens using the percentile scores in table 1 in the POI manual (p. 9). A single pretest profile was obtained by averaging the stens of the whole experimental group. A single posttest profile was obtained in the same manner. The two profiles were compared. Differences were obtained by comparing the pretest and posttest scores on the 12 scales. These differences were squared then combined. The sum of these squared differences was converted to an r P by the use of a nomograph. The rp of =-. 38 was found to be significant (p <. 02) using Hom's tables (4). The experimental group's pretest and posttest profiles for the POI are graphed in fig. 3. At-test was carried out to determine-whether significant changes had occurred between the experimental group's pretest and posttest sten scores on 10 9 VALUING FEELING TIME INNER- SELF- EXISTEN- FEELING SPONTA- COMPE- DIRECTED ACTUALIZ- TIALITY REACTIVITY NEITY TENT Independent, lng VALUE Flexible in Sensitive to Freely Lives in the self- Holds values application own needs expresses present supportive of self- of values and feelings feelings - actualizing behaviorally people SELF -PERCEPTION SYNERGISTIC AWARENESS INTERPERSONAL SENSITIVITY SELF- SELF-AC- NATURE OF SYNERGY ACCEPT- CAPACITY REGARD CEPTANCE MAN CON- Sees oppo- ANCE OF FOR Has high Accepting of STRUCTIVE sites of life AGGRESSION INTIMATE self-worth self in Sees man as as meaning- Accepts CONTACT spite of essentially fully related feelings of Has warm weaknesses good anger or interpersonal aggression relationships p<.ol p<.ol p<.ol p<.05 p<.oi p<.oi p<.oi p<.ol 8 I- / 7 r I PRETEST p, I TIME OTHER Rejects Rigid in Insensitive Fearful of Has low Unable to Sees man as Sees Denies Has diffi- INCOMPE- DIRECTED values of application to own expressing self-worth accept self essentially opposites of feelings of culty with TENT Dependent, self-actualiz- of values needs and feelings with evil life as anger or warm inter- Lives in the seeks sup- ing people feelings behaviorally weaknesses antagonistic aggression personal past or port of relations future others' views Tc I SAY Ex Fr s Sr Sa Nc Sy A c FIG. 3. EXPERIMENTAL GROUP'S PRETEST AND STEN SCORES ON THE POI. 1091

6 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION AND TM-SIDHI PROGRAMME, VOL. 2 the 12 individual scales. The following scales were found to be significant at the. 01 level: Time Competent (Tc), Inner-Directedness (I), Self-actualizing Values (SA V), Spontaneity (S), Self-regard (Sr), Nature of Man Constructive (Nc), Capacity for Intimate Contact (C). The factor Feeling Reactivity (Fr) was found to be significant at the. 05 level. A profile similarity on the POI was also carried out for the control group's pretest and posttest stens in the same manner described for the experimental group. An r P of. 2 was obtained which was found to be nonsignificant. The control group's pretest and posttest profiles for the POI are graphed in fig. 4. A t-test was carried out to determine whether significant changes had occurred between the control group's pretest and posttest sten scores on the 12 individual scales. No significant changes were found. A profile similarity was carried out on the experimental and control group's pretest profiles for the.poi, to determine whether the two groups were significantly different at the initial testing. An r P of.19 was obtained which was found to be nonsignificant. STAI-A t-test was carried out on the experimental group's pretest and posttest raw scores on the State 10 VALUING FEELING TIME INNER- SELF- EXISTEN- FEELING SPONTA- COMPE- DIRECTED ACTUALJZ- TIALITY REACTIVITY NEITY TENT Independent, lng VALUE Flexible in Sensitive to Freely Lives in the self- Holds values application own needs expresses present supportive of self- of values and feelings feelings 9 t- actualizing behaviorally people SELF-PERCEPTION SYNERGISTIC AWARENESS INTERPERSONAL SENSITIVITY SELF- SELF-AC- NATURE OF SYNERGY ACCEPT- CAPACITY REGARD CEPTANCE MAN CON- Sees oppo- ANCE OF FOR Has high Accepting of STRUCTIVE sites of life AGGRESSION INTIMATE self-worth self in Sees man as as meaning- Accepts CONTACT spite of essentially fully related feelings of Has warm weaknesses good anger or interpersonal aggression relationships 8 t- 7 t ~ -:-... ~......; ;._~..::..: ~~-.."':' >: ~~~~ 5 ~~~------~~ ~~. ~ ~~~------~ 4 t- 3 t- 2 t- 0 t- TIME OTHER- Rejects Rigid in Insensitive Fearful of Has low Unable to Sees man as Sees Denies Has diffi- INCOMPE- DIRECTED values of application to own expressing self-worth accept self essentially opposites of feelings of culty with TENT Dependent, self-actualiz- of values needs and feelings with evil life as anger or warm inter- Lives in the seeks sup- ing people feelings behaviorally weaknesses antagonistic aggression personal past or port of relations future others' views Tc I SAY Ex Fr s Sr Sa Nc Sy A c FlG. 4. CONTROL GROUP'S PRETEST AND STEN SCORES ON THE POI. 1092

7 THROLL scale of the ST AI. The change was found to be significant at the.01 level. Another t-test was carried out on the experimental group's pretest and posttest raw scores on the Trait scale of the STAI. The change was found to be significant at the. 01 level. Student's t-tests were carried out on the control group's pretest and posttest raw scores on both the State and the Trait scales of the STAI. No significant changes were found. A t-test was carried out on the experimental and control group's pretest raw scores on both the State and the Trait scales of the STAI, to determine whether the two groups were significantly different at the initial testing. No significant differences were found between the experimental and the control group's pretest scores on either the State or the Trait scales. QUESTIONNAIRE- In the experimental group (N = 30), 18 individuals indicated that their general health had improved, and the other 12 indicated no change in their health. In the control group (N = 16), 2 individuals indicated improved health, 10 indicated no change, and the remaining 4 indicated a poorer state of health. Shown in table 1 and fig. 5 is the experimental group's use of prescribed and nonprescribed drugs before starting the TM program (pretest), and after practicing TM for 3-4 months (posttest). Shown in table 2 and fig. 6 is the control group's use of prescribed and nonprescribed drugs before (pretest), and after 3-4 months (posttest). PRETEST ALCOHOL RG. 5. EXPERIMENTAL GROUP'S PRETEST AND USE OF PRESCRIBED AND NONPRESCRIBED DRUGS ALCOHOL TOBACCO MARIJUANA PRETEST LSD PRESCRIBED DRUGS RG. 6 CONTROL GROUP'S PRETEST AND USE OF PRE SCRIBED AND NONPRESCRIBED DRUGS. TABLE 1 MEDITATORS' USE OF DRUGS BEFORE AND AFTER STARTING TM TABLE 2 CONTROLS' USE OF DRUGS BEFORE AND AFTER 3-4 MONTHS PRETEST PRETEST RU ou NU RU ou NU Alcohol Tobacco Pain relievers Sleeping pills , (f 2 28, Tranquilizers Antidepressants Asthma sprays Drugs for hypertension Drugs for heart disease Marijuana LSD RU=regular use; OU=occasional use; NU=no use. RU ou NU RU ou NU Alcohol Tobacco Pain relievers s 8 Sleeping pills,2 s Tranquilizers Antidepressants Asthma sprays Drugs for hypertension Drugs for heart disease 0 IS 0 15 Marijuana 4 7 s LSD RU =regular use; OU =occasional use; NU =no use. 1093

8 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION AND TM-SIDHI PROGRAMME, VOL. 2 DISCUSSION The results on the 16 PF demonstrate the following: 1. Increased ego strength, and emotional maturity, with a lack of overreactionary behavior (increased factor C, Ego Strength) 2. Increased bold, self-sufficient, less inhibitive behavior (increased factor H, Parmia) 3. Increased self-reliant, practical, logical, masculine, realistic behavior (decreased factor I, Premsia) 4. Increased easygoing, tolerant, conciliatory attitudes (decreased factor L, Protension) 5. Decreased instability, insomnia, hypochondriacal and neurasthenic symptoms, especially anxieties and phobias (decreased factor 0, Guilt Proneness) 6. Increased self-control, persistence, foresight, considerateness of others, and regard for etiquette (increased factor Q3, High Selfconcept Control) 7. Increased relaxed, unfrustrated, and less guilt ridden behavior (decreased factor Q4, High Ergic Tension) 8. Increased participating, outgoing attitude (increased factor A, Affectothymia) 9. Decreased unconventional, autistic, anxious behavior (decreased factor M, Autia) 10. Decreased group dependent behavior (increased factor Q2, Self-sufficiency). The above results indicate that the experimental group became more stable, and emotionally mature (factor C), became more socially adventurous and less inhibited (factors H, I, A), and developed a greater freedom from autonomic fatigue (factors A, H). The experimental group shows an increase in leadership qualities (factors H, Q2, Q3), are more self-reliant and self-sufficient (factors 0, Q2), are more realistic, logical, and practical (factors M, I), and while they show an easygoing disposition, with little guilt or tension (factors A, Q4, 0), they show increased self-control, and foresight (factor Q3). The changes on the POI demonstrate: 1. Increased ability to connect the past and present meaningfully together, and decreased guilt (increased Tc, Time Ratio) 2. Increased inner-directedness, and awareness of one's own physical and emotional needs (increased I, Support Ratio) 3. Increased ability to utilize one's abilities, free of emotional turmoil (increased SA V, Selfactualizing Values) 4. Increased spontaneity (increased S, Spontaneity) 5. Increased ability to accept and to like oneself as an individual, because of one's strengths (increased Sr, Self-regard) 6. Increased ability to see man as essentially good (increased Nc, Nature of Man Constructive) 7. Increased ability to develop meaningful contact with another individual (increased C, Capacity for Intimate Contact) 8. Increased sensitivity to one's own needs (increased Fr, Feeling Reactivity) The above results indicate that the experimental group became significantly more self-actualized. Similar results have been obtained by several researchers (6, 10, 14, 18, 20, 24). On the STAI the experimental group significantly decreased their score on both the Trait and the State scales. Similar results have been reported (2, 5, 9, 12, 15, 23, 25) On the Questionnaire the experimental group significantly decreased their usage of the following drugs: alcohol, tobacco, pain relievers, sleeping pills, marijuana, and LSD. Similar results have been reported (3, 11, 13, 21, 22, 27). In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that the behavior of the experimental group as altered by the practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique and as measured by psychometric tests designed to measure stable personality traits ( 16 PF), self-actualization (POI), and anxiety (STAI), has changed significantly in a direction which can be considered beneficial, while the controls' behavior did not alter significantly. REFERENCES 1. BERG, W. P. van den, and MULDER, B Psychological research on the effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on a number of personality variables. In Scientific research on the Transcendental Meditation program: Collected papers, vol. 1, ed. D. W. Orme-Johnson and J. T. Farrow, pp RheinweBer, W. Germany: MERU Press. (Hereafter cited as 1094

9 THROLL Collected papers.) 2. BLACKWELL, B.; HANENSON, I. B.; BLOOMFIELD, S. S.; MAGENHEIM, H. G.; NIDICH, S. 1.; and GARTSIDE, P Effects of Transcendental Meditation on blood pressure: A controlled pilot experiment. Psychosomatic Medicine 37: 86. (Also in Collected papers, vol. 1, p. 267.) 3. BRAUTIGAM, E Effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on drug abusers: A prospective study. In Collected papers, vol. 1, pp CATTELL, R. B.; EBER, H.W.; and TATSUOKA, M.M Handbook for the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire ( 16 PF). Champaign, Illinois: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing. 5. DAVIES, J The Transcendental Meditation program and progressive relaxation: Comparative effects on trait anxiety and self-actualization. In Collected papers, vol. 1, pp DICK, L. D., and RAGLAND, R. E A study of the Transcendental Meditation program in the service of counseling. In Collected papers, vol. 1, pp FEHR, T A longitudinal study of the effect of the Transcendental Meditation program on changes in personality. In Collected papers, vol. 1, pp FEHR, T.; NERSTHEIMER, U.; and TORBER, S Study of personality changes resulting from the Transcendental Meditation program: Freiburger Personality Inventory. In Collected papers, vol. 1, pp FERGUSON, P., and GOWAN, J The influence of Transcendental Meditation on anxiety, depression, aggression, neuroticism, and self-actualization. Journal of Humanistic Psychology 16: (Also in Collected papers, vol. 1, pp ) 10. HJELLE, L Transcendental Meditation and psychological health. Perceptual and Motor Skills 39: (Also in Collected papers, vol. 1, pp ) 11. KATZ, D Decreased drug use and pre.;. vention of drug use through the Transcendental Meditation program. In Collected papers, vol. 1, pp KORY, R., and HUFNAGEL, P The effects of the Science of Creative Intelligence course on high school students: A preliminary report. In Collected papers, vol. 1' pp LAZAR, Z.; FARWELL, L.; and FARROW, J. T The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on anxiety, drug abuse, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption. In Collected papers, vol. 1, pp NIDICH, S.; SEEMAN, W.; and DRESKIN, T Influence of Transcendental Meditation: A replication. Journal of Counseling Psychology 20: (Also in Collected papers, vol. 1, pp ) 15. NIDICH, S.; SEEMAN, W.; and SEIBERT, M Influence of the Transcendental Meditation program on state anxiety. In Collected papers, vol. 1, pp RME-JOHNSON, D. W.; KIEHLBAUCH, J.; MOORE, R.; and BRISTOL, J Personality and autonomic changes in prisoners practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique. In Collected papers, vol. 1, pp RME-lOHNSON, D. W.; ARTHUR, G. K.; FRANK LIN, L.; and O'CONNELL, J The Transcendental Meditation technique and drug abuse counselors. In Collected papers, vol. 1, pp RME-JOHNSON, D. W., and DUCK, B Psychological testing of MIU students: First report. In Collected papers, vol. 1, pp Ross, J The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on anxiety, neuroticism, and psychoticism. In Collected papers, vol. 1, pp SEEMAN, W.; NIDICH, S.; and BANTA, T. H Influence of Transcendental Meditation on a measure of self-actualization. Journal of Counseling Psychology 19: (Also in Collected papers, vol. 1, pp ) 21. SCHENKLUHN, H., and GEISLER, M A longitudinal study of the influence of the Transcendental Meditation program on drug abuse. In Collected papers, vol. 1, pp SHAFII, M.; LAVELY, R. A.; and JAFFE, R. D Meditation and marijuana. American Journal of Psychiatry 131: (Also in Collected papers, vol. 1, pp ) 23. SHAPIRO, J The relationship of the Transcendental Meditation program to self-actualization and negative personality characteristics. In Collected papers, vol. 1, pp STEK, R. J., and BASS, B. A Personal adjustment and perceived locus of control among students interested in meditation. Psychological Reports 32: (Also in Collected papers, vol. 1, pp ) 25. STERN, M The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on trait anxiety. In Collected papers, vol. 1, pp WALLACE, R. K Physiological effects of Transcendental Meditation. Science 167: (Also in Collected papers, vol. 1, pp ) 27. WALLACE, R. K., et al Decreased drug abuse with Transcendental Meditation: A study of 1,862 subjects. In Drug abuse: Proceedings of the international conference, ed. Chris J. D. Zarafonet,s, pp Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. (Also in Collected papers, vol. 1, pp ) 1095