ZDENKO REGULI, MARTIN ZVONAŘ, MARTIN SEBERA, MICHAL VÍT Specific rating scale for evaluating forward breakfall

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Most of injuries were caused by unexpected fall. Only approximatelly 1 % was caused by wilful falls. It means, well practiced falling technique can be important tool against injuries caused by fall.

1 ZDENKO REGULI, MARTIN ZVONAŘ, MARTIN SEBERA, MICHAL VÍT Specific rating scale for evaluating forward breakfall 1. Introduction According to miscellaneous researches, more than one third of ijuries is caused by fall (Evans, 2003, Meriläinen et al., 2002, Zebas, Loudon, 1995, Honkanen, 1993). Most of injuries were caused by unexpected fall. Only approximatelly 1 % was caused by wilful falls. It means, well practiced falling technique can be important tool against injuries caused by fall. Altough forward breakfall is basic technique in many combative sports (Mifune, 2004, Ueshiba, 2003); there is no verificated diagnostic instrument for it. We create iconic-symbolic model of forward breakfall as it is partialy seen on fig. 1(Reguli, 2007) and specific rating scale. Figure 1: Moment of breaking the fall while modelling by 3D kinematics analysis. REGULI, Zdenko - ZVONAŘ, Martin - SEBERA, Martin - VÍT, Michal. Specific rating scale for evaluating forward breakfall. In World Congress of Performance Analysis of Sport VIII. BOOK OF PROCEEDINGS. Magdeburg : Ottovon-Guericke-Universität, ISBN , pp

2 Rating scale was verificated for content validity and inter-rater reliability. 2. Methods We used Delphi method for making descriptive model and specific rating scale of forward breakfall. Five experts were selected according their formal education, technical level in combative sports and experience in teaching and evaluating. Descriptive model was verified and rebuild to iconic-symbolic model by using Simi Motion 3D analysis. 116 students falls were videotaped and evaluated by both combative sports experts (n=5) and physical education teachers (n=51). Students performing forward breakfall were students of Masaryk University, Faculty of Sport Studies. PE teachers were without experience, just after teacher training in combatives. Kendall rank correlation coefficient and t-test were used to test inter-rater reliability among all five experts and between group of experts and group of physical education teachers. 3. Results We regard agreement of all five experts using Delphi method in created model of forward breakfall as corroborotation of construct validity in their specific meaning as the face validity. We regard agreement of all five experts using Delphi method in the ten items rating scale as corroborotation of content validity. At last, ten items were set up in specific rating scale. As it is seen in the tab. 1, rating scale is binomic. Evaluator should decide if follow item is present in the recorded breakfall, or is not. Every evaluator could see the record as many times as he or her wanted. Tab. 1. Specific rating scale for forward breakfall Item Efectuation Yes = 1 No = 0 Step forward Stepping forward, slight body turn Hand and elbow turning Pronation of the handknife and the elbow in the direction of falling Arm rolling Obtuse angle in the elbow, arm shouldn t be extended Not palm nor backhand is not in contact with the floor Head is not in contact with the floor Breaking the fall Hitting with extended arm before trunk is 2

3 After impact position touching ground Whole arm is in contact with the floor (palm, forearm) Arm is in 45 angle with the body axis. Arm is in continuing contact with the floor Lying on half back, half side Right after impact position with prone head and hands in front of body Order of recorded falling techniques set by sum of correctly performed selected items is in the every expert rating the same. Frequency of congruence was 94.5 % in all selected items of rating scale. Tab. 2 shows average congruence by items. In the last item (after impact position) were experts absolutely congruent. Lowest congruency was in item 8; arm is in 45 angle with the body axis. As we later asked experts, it was hard to evaluate angel from only one sight from which were falling techniques recorded. Tab. 2. Frequency of expert s congruence in forward breakfall by item Average congruence by item Item 1 4,7 Item 2 4,7 Item. 3 4,75 Item. 4 4,6 Item. 5 4,55 Item 6 4,8 Item 7 4,9 Item 8 4,4 Item 9 4,85 Item 10 5 Average congruence (points) 4,725 Average congruence (%) 94,5 Frequency of expert s congruence by number in items is shown in table 3. We can see very high congruency. All five experts were congruent in 76 % from all of items in forward break fall. Next step was statistic test for order of REGULI, Zdenko - ZVONAŘ, Martin - SEBERA, Martin - VÍT, Michal. Specific rating scale for evaluating forward breakfall. In World Congress of Performance Analysis of Sport VIII. BOOK OF PROCEEDINGS. Magdeburg : Ottovon-Guericke-Universität, ISBN , pp

4 falling techniques in compare of all five experts. We choose Kendall rank correlation. Inter rater reliability among experts was significant at level p=0.01. Kendall tau was in the interval Tab. 3. Frequency of expert s congruence by number in items Number of items % 5 experts congruency experts congruency expert congruency 41 0,3 All We can say that specific rating scale for forward breakfall is valid. But, is it usefull only for experts in combatives, or it is usefull also for other proffesional persons as physical educator are? Order of recorded falling techniques set by sum of correctly performed selected items is in both experts and physycal education teachers group was also tested by Kendall rank correlation. As table 4 shows order was in both of groups the same. Kendal tau was 0.84 that is significant at level p=0.01. There is no difference between male and female teachers scaling. Tab. 4. Kendall rank correlation in experts and PE teachers Kendall tau Z p Experts and PE teachers P<0.01 Because Kendall rank correlation can not evaluate values of evaluation we used t-test to compare experts and teachers scaling. At the level p=0.05 there was no significancy. Teachers were stricter in their evaluation then experts were. Results in detail are in table 5. Tab. 5. t-test for experts and PE teachers in forward breakfall average SD t p Experts PE teachers

5 4. Discussion We regard rating scale as objective diagnostic instrument according to the high experts and physical education teacher s inter-rater reliability on the stipulated significancy. Proper falling technique is important to prevent fall injuries (Evans 2003). Evaluating the quality of falling technique is important as well. There is no problem in combative experts. They have great empirical experiences with doing and teaching falling techniques. It allows them evaluate falling techniques without specific tool. Specific rating scale allows giving exact feedback immediately after evaluation. In the future research is needed to verify scale in large-scale evaluation. Interesting can be also to find out, what are typical mistakes of front breakfall in various stages of motor learning. At other hand there seems to be some problems with complicatedness of specific rating scale. It is hard, or almost impossible, to watch all ten items in one moment. Video recording allows watching it as many times as needed. But it is not possible in common educational process in school. We have prepared research for simplification of specific rating scale that will allow setting up directly mark for school evaluation. Although danger of injuries caused by fall increase in elderly, there is necessity to teach proper falling techniques to the children. They can preserve this skill till adulthood and elderly. And as we know from other researches (Salkeld et al., 2000), fear from fall has negative effect to quality of life. Authors ZDENKO REGULI, MARTIN ZVONAŘ, MARTIN SEBERA, MICHAL VÍT: Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic Literature Evans, C. (2003), Prevention of falls. In Primary health care, september 2003, vol. 13, No. 7, p. 8 Honkanen, R. (1993), Alcohol in home and leisure injuries. In Addiction, 1993, 88, s Mariläinen, Sanna et al. (2002), Risc factors for cervical and trochanteric hip fracture during a fall on the hip. In Scand J Prim ealth Care, 2002, 2, s ISSN REGULI, Zdenko - ZVONAŘ, Martin - SEBERA, Martin - VÍT, Michal. Specific rating scale for evaluating forward breakfall. In World Congress of Performance Analysis of Sport VIII. BOOK OF PROCEEDINGS. Magdeburg : Ottovon-Guericke-Universität, ISBN , pp

6 Mifune, K. (2004), The Canon of Judo: Classic Teachings on Principles and Techniques. Tokyo New York London, Kodansha International Reguli, Z. (2007), Kinematická analýza pádu vpřed s převratem a zaražením. (Full text on CD ROM enclosed). In Sport a kvalita života Brno : Masarykova univerzita, ISBN , s Salkeld G et al. (2000), Quality of life related to fear of falling and hip fracture in older women: A time trade off study. In BMJ 2000;320: Ueshiba, M. (2003), The Aikido Master Course: Best Aikido 2. Tokyo New York London, Kodansha International Zebas, C.J., Loudon, K. (1995), Musculosceletal injuries in a college-age population during a 1-semester term. In Journal of American College Health; Jul 1995, Vol. 44 Issue 1, 32-35, 1 chart. ISSN

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