Visualizing Psychology
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1 Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Biological Foundations Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar College Lecture Overview Our Genetic Inheritance Neural Bases of Behavior Nervous System Organization A Tour Through the Brain Our Genetic Inheritance Behavioral Genetics: studies the relative effects of nature (heredity, genes, and chromosomes) and nurture (environment) on behavior and mental processes 1
2 Our Genetic Inheritance: Biological Influence Neuroscience: interdisciplinary field studying how biological processes relate to behavioral and mental processes Our Genetic Inheritance: Genes & DNA The nucleus of every cell contains genes, which carry the code for hereditary transmission. These genes are arranged along chromosomes (strands of paired DNA). Our Genetic Inheritance: Genes & DNA Tongue-curling is one of the few traits that depends on a specific dominant gene. 2
3 Our Genetic Inheritance: Twin Research Our Genetic Inheritance Evolutionary Psychology: studies how natural selection and adaptation help explain behavior and mental processes Our Genetic Inheritance: Gene-Environment Interaction Environmental factors interact with genetic factors to influence many traits. For example, early malnourishment may affect height and cognitive abilities 3
4 Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology? Understanding neurogenesis, neuroplasticity, and stem cells helps make us better informed consumers of scientific research and more knowledgeable participants in political debates. Can you explain why? Neural Bases of Behavior Our nervous system consists of neurons (nerve cells that receive and conduct electrical impulses from the brain). Neural Bases of Behavior: The Structure of a Neuron 4
5 Neural Bases of Behavior: Neural Communication Step 1: Resting polarized membrane has more positively charged ions outside of axon, yielding net negative charge inside. Neural Bases of Behavior: Neural Communication (Continued) Step 2: Depolarization occurs when voltage-controlled channels open following sufficient stimulation from surrounding neurons, allowing sodium ions in. Neural Bases of Behavior: Neural Communication (Continued) Step 3: Resting potential is restored as sodium ions flow to neighboring area and potassium ions flow out. 5
6 Neural Bases of Behavior: Neural Communication (Continued) Summary: Sequential process of depolarization, followed by repolarization, continuously moves the action potential down the axon. Neural Bases of Behavior: Neural Communication (Continued) Between neurons, communication occurs through transmission of neural information across a synapse by neurotransmitters (chemicals released by neurons that alter activity in other neurons). Neural Bases of Behavior: Neural Communication (Continued) Receiving neurons receive multiple messages from other neurons. These multiple messages then determine if an action potential occurs or not. 6
7 Neural Bases of Behavior: Neural Communication (Continued) Note how the axon terminals of sending neurons almost completely cover the cell body of the receiving neuron. Neural Bases of Behavior: Applying Psychology to Everyday Life Key neurotransmitters: Serotonin Acetylcholine (ACh) Dopamine (DA) Norepinephrine (NE) Epinephrine (adrenaline) GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) Endorphins Neural Bases of Behavior: Receptor Sites Normal message Blocked message (wrong shape) Agonistic drugs mimic shape and enhance neurotransmitter Antagonistic drugs fill the site and block neurotransmitter 7
8 Neural Bases of Behavior: How Hormones Affect Us Endocrine System: collection of glands that manufacture and secrete hormones into the bloodstream Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1. receive information from other neurons. The carries the neuron s messages to other body cells. 2. How does neural communication within neurons differ from communication between neurons? Nervous System Organization Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): all nerves and neurons connecting CNS to the rest of the body (subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems) 8
9 Nervous System Organization (Cont.) Nervous System Organization: Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord (transmits information into and out of the brain) Nervous System Organization: Central Nervous System (CNS) (Continued) Neuroplasticity: brain s lifelong ability to reorganize and change its structure and function Neurogenesis: division and differentiation of nonneuronal cells to produce neurons Stem Cells: precursor (immature) cells that give birth to new specialized cells 9
10 Nervous System Organization: Central Nervous System (CNS) (Continued) The spinal cord is also responsible for involuntary, automatic behaviors called reflexes. Nervous System Organization: Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) PNS connects CNS to the rest of the body and is subdivided into: Somatic Nervous System (SNS): connects to sensory receptors and controls skeletal muscles Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): controls involuntary bodily functions and is further subdivided into: Sympathetic Nervous System (arouses) Parasympathetic Nervous System (calms) Nervous System Organization Anatomy and functions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems 10
11 Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1. You touch a hot stove and your hand immediately and reflexively pulls away. This action was controlled by. 2. You are startled by the sight and sound of a fierce dog rushing toward you. It is most likely that your is dominant. A Tour Through the Brain A Tour Through The Brain: Hindbrain Three key structures of the hindbrain: Medulla: essential automatic bodily functions Pons: respiration, movement, waking, sleeping, and dreaming Cerebellum: coordination of fine muscular movements, balance, and some aspects of perception, cognition, and language 11
12 A Tour Through The Brain (Continued) Midbrain: collection of brain structures in the middle of the brain; coordinates movement patterns, sleep, and arousal Reticular Formation: runs through the hindbrain, midbrain, and brainstem; screens incoming information and controls arousal A Tour Through The Brain (Continued) Forebrain: collection of upper-level brain structures, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebral cortex A Tour Through The Brain (Continued) Limbic System: interconnected group of forebrain structures involved with emotions, drive reduction, and memory 12
13 Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1. What are the three key structures of the hindbrain? 2. The includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebral cortex. A Tour Through The Brain: Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex: thin surface layer on the left and right cerebral hemispheres; regulates most complex behavior, including sensations, motor control, and higher mental processes A Tour Through The Brain: Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (Cont.) 13
14 A Tour Through The Brain: Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex Frontal Lobes: receive and coordinate messages from other lobes; responsible for motor control, speech production, and higher functions, such as thinking, personality, emotion, and memory Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Phineas Gage s mining accident sent a 13-pound tamping iron through his frontal lobes. How did this affect his short- and longterm behavior and mental processes? A Tour Through The Brain: Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (Cont.) Parietal Lobes: located at the top of the brain directly behind the frontal lobes; responsible for interpreting bodily sensations Temporal Lobes: located on each side of the brain above the ears; responsible for hearing, language comprehension, memory, and some emotional control 14
15 A Tour Through The Brain: Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (Cont.) Occipital Lobes: located at the back of the brain; responsible for vision and visual perception A Tour Through The Brain: Motor Cortex and Somatosensory Cortex Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Why are the hands and face on this drawing so large? What do they represent? 15
16 A Tour Through The Brain: Split-Brain Research Severing the corpus callosum provides information on the role and functions of the left and right hemispheres. A Tour Through The Brain: Split-Brain Research (Continued) A Tour Through The Brain: Lateralization The left and right hemispheres of your brain each specialize in particular operations. 16
17 Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1. What are the major functions of the four lobes of the brain? 2. The hemisphere is primarily responsible for language, and it controls the right side of the body. Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation End of Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Biological Foundations Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar College 17
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