Kohlberg s Moral Development

Transcription

1 Moral Development

2 Kohlberg s Moral Development In Europe a woman was near death from cancer. One drug might save her, a form of radium that a druggist in the same town recently discovered. The druggist was charging $2000, ten times what the drug cost to make. The husband went to everyone to borrow money, but he could only get half together. He asked the druggist to sell it cheaper or let him pay later, and was told no. The husband broke into the man s store and stole the drug. Was this morally right? Why?

3 Preconventional Morality Morality of self- interest Their actions are either to avoid punishment or to gain rewards.

4 Conventional Morality Morality is based upon obeying laws to 1. Maintain social order 2. To gain social approval

5 Postconventional Morality Morality based on your own ethical principles.

6 Kohlberg s Moral Development Figure 4.22 Kohlberg s moral ladder Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright 2007 by Worth Publishers

7 Lawerence Kohlberg s Theory of Criticisms Moral Development Great deal of overlap Gender bias (girls are taught empathy, while boys are taught justice) Cognitive abilities influence moral development See other people s point of view Understanding vs. action

8 Gender Roles Set of behaviors that society considers appropriate for each sex. Between 2 and 3 children learn to label themselves as boys or girls By 5 most are exhibiting the thoughts, expectations, and behaviors of their gender

9 Gender Roles Males: Dominant Competitive Emotionally reserved Females: Submissive Cooperative Emotionally responsive

10 Gender Roles Varies from society to society Can change within a society Gender Stereotypes: oversimplified or distorted generalization about the characteristics of men and women. Androgynous: combining or confusing traditional male and female traits. Allows for more flexibility

11 Gender Roles More differences Males more confident and aggressive Women more verbally aggressive Men more physically aggressive Men talk more than women and they are more likely to interrupt Women use more hedging statement An intentionally noncommittal or ambiguous statement Women more likely to show submission and warmth Men more confidence and status Women are more sensitive to non-verbal cues

12 Origins of Gender Biological Theory: Differences Emphasizes the role of anatomy, hormones, and brain organization Behavior is biological Psychoanalytical Theory Between 3 and 5 child identifies with same sex parent Critics say that this is the result of gender typing not the cause

13 Origins of Gender Differences Social Learning Theory Learn gender roles through observation, imitation, and reinforcement Cognitive-Developmental Theory Children learn different sets of standards through interacting with their environment Child develops a schema about gender roles. Acting in accordance with that schema makes them feel more confident.

14 Origins of Gender Changing gender roles Differences More women in the workplace Women do not advance in position or pay as quickly as men do. Why? Discrimination Time off for child rearing Society has taught them to have different goals and ambitions

15 Health Bad news: is as we get older our immune system weakens, thus we become more susceptible to life threatening ailments (cancer). Good News: because older build up a collection of antibodies throughout the years, they get minor colds less often.

16 Age and Driving The brain processes information at slower speeds.

17 Alzheimer s Disease A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, language and physical functioning. Runs its course in 5 to 20 years. Deterioration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine Estrogen supplements may stop the onset of Alzheimer s Disease.

18 Kûbler-Ross The Grief Cycle Background For many years, people with terminal illnesses were an embarrassment for doctors. Someone who could not be cured was evidence of the doctors' fallibility, and as a result the doctors regularly shunned the dying with the excuse that there was nothing more that could be done (and that there was plenty of other demand on the doctors' time). Elizabeth Kübler-Ross was a doctor in Switzerland who railed against this unkindness and spent a lot of time with dying people, both comforting and studying them. She wrote a book, called 'On Death and Dying' which included a cycle of emotional states that is often referred to (but not exclusively called) the Grief Cycle.

19 Kûbler-Ross The Grief Cycle Background In the ensuing years, it was noticed that this emotional cycle was not exclusive just to the terminally ill, but also other people who were affected by bad news, such as losing their jobs or otherwise being negatively affected by change. The important factor is not that the change is good or bad, but that they perceive it as a significantly negative event.

20 The Extended Grief Cycle The Extended Grief Cycle can be shown as in the chart below, indicating the roller-coaster ride of activity and passivity as the person wriggles and turns in their desperate efforts to avoid the change.

21 The Extended Grief Cycle The initial state before the cycle is received is stable, at least in terms of the subsequent reaction on hearing the bad news. Compared with the ups and downs to come, even if there is some variation, this is indeed a stable state.

22 The Extended Grief Cycle And then, into the calm of this relative paradise, a bombshell bursts... Shock stage*: Initial paralysis at hearing the bad news.

23 The Extended Grief Cycle Denial stage: Trying to avoid the inevitable. Anger stage: Frustrated outpouring of bottled-up emotion.

24 The Extended Grief Cycle Bargaining stage: Seeking in vain for a way out. Depression stage: Final realization of the inevitable.

25 The Extended Grief Cycle Testing stage*: Seeking realistic solutions. Acceptance stage: Finally finding the way forward.

26 The Extended Grief Cycle Shock stage* Denial stage Anger stage Bargaining stage Depression stage Testing stage* Acceptance stage * This model is extended slightly from the original Kubler-Ross model, which does not explicitly include the Shock and Testing stages. These stages however are often useful to understand and facilitating change.

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