Dr. SANDHEEP S. (MBBS MD DPH) Dr. BENNY PV (MBBS MD DPH) (DATA ANALYSIS USING SPSS ILLUSTRATED WITH STEP-BY-STEP SCREENSHOTS)
|
|
- Ursula Collins
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Dr. SANDHEEP S. (MBBS MD DPH) Dr. BENNY PV (MBBS MD DPH) (DATA ANALYSIS USING SPSS ILLUSTRATED WITH STEP-BY-STEP SCREENSHOTS)
2 Biostatistics in a Nut Shell For Medical Researchers i
3 Publishing-in-support-of, EDUCREATION PUBLISHING RZ 94, Sector - 6, Dwarka, New Delhi Shubham Vihar, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh Website: Copyright, Author All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of its writer. ISBN: Price: ` The opinions/ contents expressed in this book are solely of the author and do not represent the opinions/ standings/ thoughts of Educreation. The book is released by using the services of self-publishing house. Printed in India ii
4 BIOSTATISTICS IN A NUT SHELL FOR MEDICAL RESEARCHERS (Data analysis using SPSS illustrated with step-by-step screenshots) Dr SANDHEEP SUGATHAN (MBBS MD DPH) & Dr BENNY PV (MBBS MD DPH) EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011) iii
5 iv
6 About The Author Dr Sandheep Sugathan had acquired his MBBS, MD and DPH from Govt. Medical College, Trivandrum, India and currently is an academic faculty member handling Epidemiology, Research Methodology and Biostatistics in University Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Malaysia. He is training medical researchers from various specialities in proposal development, sample size determination, data management, systematic reviews and journal writing. He is well experienced in systematic reviews and meta analysis. He is author of many peer reviewed research publications and member in editorial board of many journals. Dr Sandheep Sugathan got many trainings in Biostatistics and Research Methodology from University Science Malaysia and Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. ************* v
7 About The Co-Author Dr Benny PV had acquired his MBBS, MD and DPH from Govt. Medical College, Trivandrum, India and is currently the Professor of Community Medicine and Epidemiology in Sree Gokulam Medical College, Kerala, India. He is a consultant in Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program and HIV AIDS to Govt. of Kerala, India. He is the Chief Editor of an International Journal (International Journal of Preventive and Therapeutic Medicine). He is currently involved in many clinical and epidemiological research. Dr Benny is Secretary and Treasurer of Indian Medical Association s popular public magazine Nammude Arogyam. ************* vi
8 Preface As medical doctors, we prepared this book based on our teaching and research experience over last 14 years. Medical research has become a vital component of clinical and academic practices. Skills regarding data processing and analysis can help each medical researcher to become empowered and confident in research. We identified and sensed a growing need and demand in data management among the researchers from various specialities. This book consists of 2 parts. Part 1 of this book consists of 8 chapters, in which we tried to cover all the must to know areas in Biostatistics. Sample size calculation, Tests of Normality and Non Parametric Tests of statistical significance are the main areas where many of the researchers get confused and lost. In this book we had explained the steps of these topics in detail with screen shots. Formulas in sample size determination in different research scenarios are explained, so that those researchers who do not have access to sample size software can also calculate sample size confidently. The knowledge in basic biostatistics can help the researchers to analyse, interpret and present their research results in a better way. Part 2 of this book on Managing your data using SPSS was carefully prepared by keeping in mind the steps through which each researcher passes through. All the vii
9 steps were illustrated using screenshots, to make learning easy and enjoyable. We express our sincere gratitude to all our students, medical researchers, other healthcare researchers and all other stakeholders for helping us to identify the key areas to be explored during the process of writing of this book. Screenshots used in this book was from SPSS Version 17, Microsoft Excel 2013 and EpiInfo version 7. Hope our initiative helps you to acquire skills, confidence and competencies in analysing, presenting and publishing your data. Wish you all good luck. Dr Sandheep Sugathan & Dr Benny PV ************* viii
10 Content List S. No. Chapter Page No. 01. Introduction to Medical Statistics Main uses of statistical methods 02. Data and Scales of Measurements Data, types of data, Sources of data. Sources of Primary and Secondary data, Classification of data. Scales of Measurement Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio Descriptive Statistics Components. Measures of Central Tendency or Central value. Measures of Dispersion or Measures of spread. Distribution Of Data. Normal or Gaussian distribution. Negatively and Positively Skewed Data. Normal distribution curve and Chebyshev s Theorem. Presentation of Data- Tables and diagrams. 09 ix
11 Standard Error And 95% Confidence Intervals Calculation of Standard Error and 95% Confidence Interval of :- Mean. Proportion. Difference between Means. Difference between Proportions. Tests Of Normality Shapiro Wilk Test, Q Q Plots. Use of Histogram, Normality curve & Box - Whisker Plot. Using Z scores of Skewness and Kurtosis. Inferential Statistics Definition. Null & Alternative Hypotheses. Parametric & Non Parametric Tests. P Value, Alpha and Beta errors. T tests and ANOVA. Wilcoxon Signed Rank / Mann Whitney U Test. Kruskal Wallis Test. Chi Square Test with steps in calculation x
12 Sampling and Sample Size Calculation Probability & Non-Probability Sampling methods. Random Sampling Simple, Systematic & Stratified. Multistage Sampling. Cluster Sampling. Various non probability sampling methods. Sample Size Calculation for various study designs. Calculation using EpiInfo (Step by Step screen shots). Linear Regression Analysis Simple Linear Regression. Steps in Data Entry for Medical Researchers Data Cleansing, Coding Of Data. Entering Data Using Various Methods. Editing the Variable Characteristics in Excel. Importing Data to SPSS. Editing the Variable Characteristics in SPSS. Converting Continuous data to Categorical Data in SPSS. Computing Variables in SPSS xi
13 10. Descriptive Statistics Of Continuous Variables Using SPSS. Different Methods in Descriptive Statistics. Test of Normality Shapiro Wilk Test & Q-Q Plot Test. Other Methods of Test of Normality Descriptive Statistics Of Categorical Variables Using SPSS Study Of Association Between Two Categorical Variables - Chi Square Test Using SPSS. Pearson s Chi Square Value. Interpretation of findings and Fisher s Exact test. Comparison Between Two Or More Means using SPSS One Sample T Test, Independent Samples T - Test. Paired T Test. One way ANOVA Test. Non Parametric Tests Using SPSS Mann Whitney U Test. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Kruskal Wallis Test xii
14 Correlation Analysis using SPSS Types of Correlation Analysis. How to do Correlation Analysis. Drawing Scatter Diagram with line of fit. Linear Regression Analysis Using SPSS Simple Linear Regression, Durbin Watson Statistics. Interpretation Of Results xiii
15 xiv
16 Biostatistics In A Nut Shell For Medical Researchers PART 1 ESSENTIAL BIOSTATISTICS 1
17 Dr Sandheep Sugathan & Dr Benny Pv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL STATISTICS Statistics is the science of collection, compilation, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data. The application of the principles of statistics in medical research is known as BIOSTATISTICS or MEDICAL STATISTICS. BIOSTATISTICS includes the scientific methods of collecting, processing, reducing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting health related data, and of making inferences and drawing conclusions from numerical data. It is a major tool in epidemiology. MAIN USES OF STATISTICAL METHODS are a. Helps to improve the quality of medical research by helping in Critically appraising the available literature / evidence. Selection of appropriate study design. Appropriate Sampling methods help to get a representative sample from the sampling frame. Calculation of adequate sample size. 2
18 Biostatistics In A Nut Shell For Medical Researchers Constructing a questionnaire ensuring reliability and validity. b. Description of data by using descriptive statistics c. Presentation of data using tables and graphs; d. Analyzing data and drawing conclusions from such analysis: this involves analytical methods using inferential statistics. e. Calculating rates, ratios and proportions of health data to make it more meaningful and concise. ********* 3
19 Dr Sandheep Sugathan & Dr Benny Pv CHAPTER 2 DATA AND SCALES OF MEASUREMENTS DATA Data consists of discrete observations of events collected from health care systems or institutions. Data need to be transformed to INFORMATION by reducing them, summarizing them and adjusting them for variations such as the age and sex composition of the population so that comparisons over time and place are possible. TYPES OF DATA Primary data is collected directly from the patient, by interview method, medical examination, laboratory techniques or a combination of these. It is collected by the investigator conducting the research. Secondary data is collected from the records which is already collected and stored. Secondary data, is collected by someone other than the researcher. SOURCES OF PRIMARY DATA IN RESEARCH A. Population surveys includes surveys related to any aspect of health such as morbidity, mortality, nutritional status, etc. It can be Surveys for evaluating the health status of a population 4
20 Biostatistics In A Nut Shell For Medical Researchers done for community diagnosis and community need assessment. Surveys for investigation of factors affecting health and disease environment, occupation, income, clinical manifestation, risk factors etc. Surveys related to health services Use of health services, health needs of the community. B. Collection of data directly from patients Health interview methods face to face interview with the patients regarding the factors related to health. Health examination survey is carried out by doctors, technicians and interviewers. It provides more valid information, but is more expensive. Health records survey based on health records A combination of health interview and health examination is considered as the best method of survey. SOURCES OF SECONDARY DATA are 1. Census data is the collection, compiling and publishing the socio economic data (educational status, occupational status and income) and demographic data (age, sex, marital status, urban and rural distribution) of the total population of a country or area. Census data is collected in most of the countries at an interval of 10 years. Data is so vast that there is so much delay in publishing the census data. 5
21 Dr Sandheep Sugathan & Dr Benny Pv 2. Registration of vital events such as live births, deaths, marriage, divorces, foetal deaths, adoptions etc. This data can be obtained from the department of statistics. 3. Data based on Notification of diseases. Notification means informing the higher centres about the details of the patients attending the lower centres with specific diseases. Many diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, HIV - AIDS are notifiable. Internationally notifiable diseases are Plague, Yellow fever, Cholera and Polio. Information about notifiable diseases are available from Ministry of Health website and World health Organization website. 4. Hospital records is the most common source of secondary data for student research. Data can be either numerical data or categorical data. DATA ARE CLASSIFIED as numerical if they are expressed in numbers. Numerical data can be either discrete data or continuous data. Discrete data is counted, but continuous data is measured. Discrete Data can only take certain values. Following are examples number of diabetic patients in a hospital during different months no. of doctors in different cities in Malaysia 6
22 Biostatistics In A Nut Shell For Medical Researchers no. of hospital beds in different hospitals in a district Continuous variables are those which are measured and presented on a continuous scale. (eg:- Height, Weight, Blood sugar values, Hemoglobin values). Decimal values are possible. Continuous variables are otherwise known as quantitative variables. Categorical data are arranged as different categories. These are otherwise known as qualitative variables. SCALES OF MEASUREMENTS OF DATA There are 4 different scales of measurements of data - Nominal, Ordinal, Interval or Ratio type. Categorical data can be of two different types - Nominal or Ordinal types. Continuous data can be - Interval or Ratio types. Nominal data refers to categorical data such as gender or marital status or race. In nominal data, the categories cannot be ordered one above another. They can be arranged and presented in any order. Ordinal data refers to quantities that have a natural ordering. Data can be ranked. Examples of ordinal data are the grading of pain (mild, moderate, severe), or the staging of tumors (first stage, second stage, third stage, fourth stage), the order of runners finishing a race. With ordinal data you cannot state with certainty whether the intervals between each value are equal. Likert scale 7
23 Dr Sandheep Sugathan & Dr Benny Pv of agreement (Strongly disagree, Disagree, Neutral, Agree and Strongly agree) is an example of ordinal data. Interval scale of data is like ordinal data except that we can say that the intervals between each value are equal. The difference between 29 & 30 degrees Fahrenheit is the same magnitude as the difference between 29 & 28 degrees. Characteristics of interval scale is that - Order is important - Interval between each variables are the same Ratio scale of data is one in which different observations can be expressed in ratios of one another. Height, Weight and Length are examples of ratio data. Weight or height of one person can be expressed as a ratio of another (eg: double, half, one third etc). Continuous variables which start from an absolute zero value are examples of ratio data. In other terms, ratio data is interval data with an absolute zero value. ********* 8
24 Biostatistics In A Nut Shell For Medical Researchers CHAPTER 3 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Descriptive statistics includes the description of data which includes measures of central tendency of data, measures of dispersion of data and presentation of data as tables, diagrams and proportions. COMPONENTS OF DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS are Calculation of central tendency or Central value Calculation of variance of each value from the central value (Calculation of measures of dispersion or measure of spread) Presentation of data as tables and diagrams Distribution of data Tests of Normality of data MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY OR CENTRAL VALUE Measures of central tendency or a measure of central value is the central value or the value around which the other values are distributed. It can be mean, median or mode. Mean or Arithmetic Mean or Average is calculated by adding all the individual observations together and then dividing by the total number of observations. Mean is affected by extreme values (very high and very low 9
25 Dr Sandheep Sugathan & Dr Benny Pv values). Mean is the preferred measure of central value when there are no extreme values or when data is normally distributed. Median is a measure of central tendency. For calculating median, data is first arranged in ascending or descending order of magnitude and the value of the middle observation is located. If the no. of observations are even number, average of two numbers which come in the middle is taken. Median is least affected by extreme values. So it is the accepted measure of central tendency when extreme values are present or when data is not normally distributed. The data set is arranged in ascending or descending order. If N is the total number of observations, Median = (N+1) x 0.5 or (N+1) / 2 Mode is the most commonly occurring value in a distribution of data. 10
26 Biostatistics In A Nut Shell For Medical Researchers Get Complete Book At Educreation Store 11
27 Dr. SANDHEEP SUGATHAN Dr Sandheep Sugathan had acquired his MBBS, MD and DPH from Govt. Medical College, Trivandrum, India and currently is an academic faculty member handling Epidemiology, Research Methodology and Biostatistics in University Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Malaysia. He is training medical researchers from various specialities in proposal development, sample size determination, data management, systematic reviews and journal writing. He is well experienced in systematic reviews and meta analysis. He is author of many peer reviewed research publications and member in editorial board of many journals. Dr Sandheep Sugathan got many trainings in Biostatistics and Research Methodology from University Science Malaysia and Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. Dr. BENNY PV Dr Benny PV had acquired his MBBS, MD and DPH from Govt. Medical College, Trivandrum, India and is currently the Professor of Community Medicine and Epidemiology in Sree Gokulam Medical College, Kerala, India. He is a consultant in Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program and HIV AIDS to Govt. of Kerala, India. He is the Chief Editor of an International Journal (International Journal of Preventive and Therapeutic Medicine). He is currently involved in many clinical and epidemiological research. Dr Benny is Secretary and Treasurer of Indian Medical Association s popular public magazine Nammude Arogyam. Also available as an ebook ACADEMIC EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Delhi)
Prepared by: Assoc. Prof. Dr Bahaman Abu Samah Department of Professional Development and Continuing Education Faculty of Educational Studies
Prepared by: Assoc. Prof. Dr Bahaman Abu Samah Department of Professional Development and Continuing Education Faculty of Educational Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang At the end of this session,
More informationSTATISTICS AND RESEARCH DESIGN
Statistics 1 STATISTICS AND RESEARCH DESIGN These are subjects that are frequently confused. Both subjects often evoke student anxiety and avoidance. To further complicate matters, both areas appear have
More informationList of Figures. List of Tables. Preface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition
List of Figures List of Tables Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition xv xxv xxix xxxi 1 What Is R? 1 1.1 Introduction to R................................ 1 1.2 Downloading and Installing
More informationBasic Biostatistics. Chapter 1. Content
Chapter 1 Basic Biostatistics Jamalludin Ab Rahman MD MPH Department of Community Medicine Kulliyyah of Medicine Content 2 Basic premises variables, level of measurements, probability distribution Descriptive
More informationBusiness Research Methods. Introduction to Data Analysis
Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis Data Analysis Process STAGES OF DATA ANALYSIS EDITING CODING DATA ENTRY ERROR CHECKING AND VERIFICATION DATA ANALYSIS Introduction Preparation of
More informationWhat you should know before you collect data. BAE 815 (Fall 2017) Dr. Zifei Liu
What you should know before you collect data BAE 815 (Fall 2017) Dr. Zifei Liu Zifeiliu@ksu.edu Types and levels of study Descriptive statistics Inferential statistics How to choose a statistical test
More informationSPRING GROVE AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT. Course Description. Instructional Strategies, Learning Practices, Activities, and Experiences.
SPRING GROVE AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT PLANNED COURSE OVERVIEW Course Title: Basic Introductory Statistics Grade Level(s): 11-12 Units of Credit: 1 Classification: Elective Length of Course: 30 cycles Periods
More informationQuantitative Methods in Computing Education Research (A brief overview tips and techniques)
Quantitative Methods in Computing Education Research (A brief overview tips and techniques) Dr Judy Sheard Senior Lecturer Co-Director, Computing Education Research Group Monash University judy.sheard@monash.edu
More informationPRINCIPLES OF STATISTICS
PRINCIPLES OF STATISTICS STA-201-TE This TECEP is an introduction to descriptive and inferential statistics. Topics include: measures of central tendency, variability, correlation, regression, hypothesis
More informationCHAPTER 3 DATA ANALYSIS: DESCRIBING DATA
Data Analysis: Describing Data CHAPTER 3 DATA ANALYSIS: DESCRIBING DATA In the analysis process, the researcher tries to evaluate the data collected both from written documents and from other sources such
More informationCHAPTER - 6 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS. This chapter discusses inferential statistics, which use sample data to
CHAPTER - 6 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 6.1 Introduction This chapter discusses inferential statistics, which use sample data to make decisions or inferences about population. Populations are group of interest
More informationHOW STATISTICS IMPACT PHARMACY PRACTICE?
HOW STATISTICS IMPACT PHARMACY PRACTICE? CPPD at NCCR 13 th June, 2013 Mohamed Izham M.I., PhD Professor in Social & Administrative Pharmacy Learning objective.. At the end of the presentation pharmacists
More informationChoosing the Correct Statistical Test
Choosing the Correct Statistical Test T racie O. Afifi, PhD Departments of Community Health Sciences & Psychiatry University of Manitoba Department of Community Health Sciences COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, FACULTY
More informationChoosing the correct statistical test in research
Leading Article Choosing the correct statistical test in research Nalika Gunawardena 1 Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health, 2011; 40: 149-153 (Key words: Statistical test; research) Gone are the days where
More informationStatistical analysis DIANA SAPLACAN 2017 * SLIDES ADAPTED BASED ON LECTURE NOTES BY ALMA LEORA CULEN
Statistical analysis DIANA SAPLACAN 2017 * SLIDES ADAPTED BASED ON LECTURE NOTES BY ALMA LEORA CULEN Vs. 2 Background 3 There are different types of research methods to study behaviour: Descriptive: observations,
More informationDescribe what is meant by a placebo Contrast the double-blind procedure with the single-blind procedure Review the structure for organizing a memo
Please note the page numbers listed for the Lind book may vary by a page or two depending on which version of the textbook you have. Readings: Lind 1 11 (with emphasis on chapters 10, 11) Please note chapter
More informationStatistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data to assist in making effective decisions
Readings: OpenStax Textbook - Chapters 1 5 (online) Appendix D & E (online) Plous - Chapters 1, 5, 6, 13 (online) Introductory comments Describe how familiarity with statistical methods can - be associated
More informationReadings: Textbook readings: OpenStax - Chapters 1 11 Online readings: Appendix D, E & F Plous Chapters 10, 11, 12 and 14
Readings: Textbook readings: OpenStax - Chapters 1 11 Online readings: Appendix D, E & F Plous Chapters 10, 11, 12 and 14 Still important ideas Contrast the measurement of observable actions (and/or characteristics)
More informationDescribe what is meant by a placebo Contrast the double-blind procedure with the single-blind procedure Review the structure for organizing a memo
Please note the page numbers listed for the Lind book may vary by a page or two depending on which version of the textbook you have. Readings: Lind 1 11 (with emphasis on chapters 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10 & 11)
More informationBIOSTATISTICS. Dr. Hamza Aduraidi
BIOSTATISTICS Dr. Hamza Aduraidi Unit One INTRODUCTION Biostatistics It can be defined as the application of the mathematical tools used in statistics to the fields of biological sciences and medicine.
More informationPOST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN BIOETHICS (PGDBE) Term-End Examination June, 2016 MHS-014 : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
No. of Printed Pages : 12 MHS-014 POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN BIOETHICS (PGDBE) Term-End Examination June, 2016 MHS-014 : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Time : 2 hours Maximum Marks : 70 PART A Attempt all questions.
More informationAS Psychology Curriculum Plan & Scheme of work
AS Psychology Curriculum Plan & Scheme of work 2015-16 Week Content Further detail and reference to specification H/w. Reading & Notes, Resources, Extension activities Hodder textbook pages 1-12 Hodder
More informationUnderstandable Statistics
Understandable Statistics correlated to the Advanced Placement Program Course Description for Statistics Prepared for Alabama CC2 6/2003 2003 Understandable Statistics 2003 correlated to the Advanced Placement
More informationMulticultural Health
Multicultural Health Fundamentals of Epidemiology and Biostatistics: Combining the Basics Lois Ray A. M. Ritter, Merrill, EdD, PhD, MS, MPH, MA MS Assistant Professor, Nursing Brigham and Young Health
More informationTable of Contents. Plots. Essential Statistics for Nursing Research 1/12/2017
Essential Statistics for Nursing Research Kristen Carlin, MPH Seattle Nursing Research Workshop January 30, 2017 Table of Contents Plots Descriptive statistics Sample size/power Correlations Hypothesis
More informationStill important ideas
Readings: OpenStax - Chapters 1 11 + 13 & Appendix D & E (online) Plous - Chapters 2, 3, and 4 Chapter 2: Cognitive Dissonance, Chapter 3: Memory and Hindsight Bias, Chapter 4: Context Dependence Still
More informationAnalysis and Interpretation of Data Part 1
Analysis and Interpretation of Data Part 1 DATA ANALYSIS: PRELIMINARY STEPS 1. Editing Field Edit Completeness Legibility Comprehensibility Consistency Uniformity Central Office Edit 2. Coding Specifying
More informationOn the purpose of testing:
Why Evaluation & Assessment is Important Feedback to students Feedback to teachers Information to parents Information for selection and certification Information for accountability Incentives to increase
More informationNORTH SOUTH UNIVERSITY TUTORIAL 1
NORTH SOUTH UNIVERSITY TUTORIAL 1 REVIEW FROM BIOSTATISTICS I AHMED HOSSAIN,PhD Data Management and Analysis AHMED HOSSAIN,PhD - Data Management and Analysis 1 DATA TYPES/ MEASUREMENT SCALES Categorical:
More informationBiostatistics for Med Students. Lecture 1
Biostatistics for Med Students Lecture 1 John J. Chen, Ph.D. Professor & Director of Biostatistics Core UH JABSOM JABSOM MD7 February 14, 2018 Lecture note: http://biostat.jabsom.hawaii.edu/education/training.html
More informationStill important ideas
Readings: OpenStax - Chapters 1 13 & Appendix D & E (online) Plous Chapters 17 & 18 - Chapter 17: Social Influences - Chapter 18: Group Judgments and Decisions Still important ideas Contrast the measurement
More informationResearch Designs and Potential Interpretation of Data: Introduction to Statistics. Let s Take it Step by Step... Confused by Statistics?
Research Designs and Potential Interpretation of Data: Introduction to Statistics Karen H. Hagglund, M.S. Medical Education St. John Hospital & Medical Center Karen.Hagglund@ascension.org Let s Take it
More informationDescribe what is meant by a placebo Contrast the double-blind procedure with the single-blind procedure Review the structure for organizing a memo
Business Statistics The following was provided by Dr. Suzanne Delaney, and is a comprehensive review of Business Statistics. The workshop instructor will provide relevant examples during the Skills Assessment
More informationBusiness Statistics Probability
Business Statistics The following was provided by Dr. Suzanne Delaney, and is a comprehensive review of Business Statistics. The workshop instructor will provide relevant examples during the Skills Assessment
More informationReadings: Textbook readings: OpenStax - Chapters 1 13 (emphasis on Chapter 12) Online readings: Appendix D, E & F
Readings: Textbook readings: OpenStax - Chapters 1 13 (emphasis on Chapter 12) Online readings: Appendix D, E & F Plous Chapters 17 & 18 Chapter 17: Social Influences Chapter 18: Group Judgments and Decisions
More informationReadings: Textbook readings: OpenStax - Chapters 1 4 Online readings: Appendix D, E & F Online readings: Plous - Chapters 1, 5, 6, 13
Readings: Textbook readings: OpenStax - Chapters 1 4 Online readings: Appendix D, E & F Online readings: Plous - Chapters 1, 5, 6, 13 Introductory comments Describe how familiarity with statistical methods
More informationStatistics Guide. Prepared by: Amanda J. Rockinson- Szapkiw, Ed.D.
This guide contains a summary of the statistical terms and procedures. This guide can be used as a reference for course work and the dissertation process. However, it is recommended that you refer to statistical
More informationBIOSTATS 540 Fall 2017 Exam 1 Page 1 of 12
BIOSTATS 540 Fall 2017 Exam 1 Page 1 of 12 BIOSTATS 540 - Introductory Biostatistics Fall 2017 Examination 1 Units 1&2 Summarizing Data & Data Visualization Due: Tuesday October 10, 2017 Last Date for
More informationPsychology Research Process
Psychology Research Process Logical Processes Induction Observation/Association/Using Correlation Trying to assess, through observation of a large group/sample, what is associated with what? Examples:
More informationStatistical Methods and Reasoning for the Clinical Sciences
Statistical Methods and Reasoning for the Clinical Sciences Evidence-Based Practice Eiki B. Satake, PhD Contents Preface Introduction to Evidence-Based Statistics: Philosophical Foundation and Preliminaries
More informationDescriptive Statistics Lecture
Definitions: Lecture Psychology 280 Orange Coast College 2/1/2006 Statistics have been defined as a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then analyzing, interpreting and
More informationSocial. Research SECOND EDITION
Social Research SECOND EDITION Social Research SECOND EDITION Soti rios Sarantakos Charles Sturt University, Australia Sotirios Sarantakos 1993, 1998 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission
More informationStatistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data to assist in making effective decisions
Readings: OpenStax Textbook - Chapters 1 5 (online) Appendix D & E (online) Plous - Chapters 1, 5, 6, 13 (online) Introductory comments Describe how familiarity with statistical methods can - be associated
More informationDATA GATHERING. Define : Is a process of collecting data from sample, so as for testing & analyzing before reporting research findings.
DATA GATHERING Define : Is a process of collecting data from sample, so as for testing & analyzing before reporting research findings. 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Measurement Measurement: the assignment
More informationCHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 3.1 Methodology 3.1.1 Research Design 3.1. Research Framework Design 3.1.3 Research Instrument 3.1.4 Validity of Questionnaire 3.1.5 Statistical Measurement
More informationWDHS Curriculum Map Probability and Statistics. What is Statistics and how does it relate to you?
WDHS Curriculum Map Probability and Statistics Time Interval/ Unit 1: Introduction to Statistics 1.1-1.3 2 weeks S-IC-1: Understand statistics as a process for making inferences about population parameters
More informationEcological Statistics
A Primer of Ecological Statistics Second Edition Nicholas J. Gotelli University of Vermont Aaron M. Ellison Harvard Forest Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers Sunderland, Massachusetts U.S.A. Brief Contents
More informationMTH 225: Introductory Statistics
Marshall University College of Science Mathematics Department MTH 225: Introductory Statistics Course catalog description Basic probability, descriptive statistics, fundamental statistical inference procedures
More informationPTHP 7101 Research 1 Chapter Assignments
PTHP 7101 Research 1 Chapter Assignments INSTRUCTIONS: Go over the questions/pointers pertaining to the chapters and turn in a hard copy of your answers at the beginning of class (on the day that it is
More informationIntroduction to Biostatics.
Introduction to Biostatics. Shahzad Bashir RN, BScN. 1 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS MARIO F. TRIOLA EIGHTH EDITION 2 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistics MARIO F. TRIOLA EIGHTH EDITION 3
More informationHuman-Computer Interaction IS4300. I6 Swing Layout Managers due now
Human-Computer Interaction IS4300 1 I6 Swing Layout Managers due now You have two choices for requirements: 1) try to duplicate the functionality of an existing applet; or, 2) create your own (ideally
More informationChapter 2--Norms and Basic Statistics for Testing
Chapter 2--Norms and Basic Statistics for Testing Student: 1. Statistical procedures that summarize and describe a series of observations are called A. inferential statistics. B. descriptive statistics.
More informationREVIEW ARTICLE. A Review of Inferential Statistical Methods Commonly Used in Medicine
A Review of Inferential Statistical Methods Commonly Used in Medicine JCD REVIEW ARTICLE A Review of Inferential Statistical Methods Commonly Used in Medicine Kingshuk Bhattacharjee a a Assistant Manager,
More information1. Introduction a. Meaning and Role of Statistics b. Descriptive and inferential Statistics c. Variable and Measurement Scales
N. Setyaningsih 1. Introduction a. Meaning and Role of Statistics b. Descriptive and inferential Statistics c. Variable and Measurement Scales 2. Organizing Data for Meaningful Representations a. Frequency
More informationCollecting & Making Sense of
Collecting & Making Sense of Quantitative Data Deborah Eldredge, PhD, RN Director, Quality, Research & Magnet Recognition i Oregon Health & Science University Margo A. Halm, RN, PhD, ACNS-BC, FAHA Director,
More informationAP Psych - Stat 2 Name Period Date. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
AP Psych - Stat 2 Name Period Date MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) In a set of incomes in which most people are in the $15,000
More informationStatistics as a Tool. A set of tools for collecting, organizing, presenting and analyzing numerical facts or observations.
Statistics as a Tool A set of tools for collecting, organizing, presenting and analyzing numerical facts or observations. Descriptive Statistics Numerical facts or observations that are organized describe
More informationIntroduction to statistics Dr Alvin Vista, ACER Bangkok, 14-18, Sept. 2015
Analysing and Understanding Learning Assessment for Evidence-based Policy Making Introduction to statistics Dr Alvin Vista, ACER Bangkok, 14-18, Sept. 2015 Australian Council for Educational Research Structure
More informationStatistics: A Brief Overview Part I. Katherine Shaver, M.S. Biostatistician Carilion Clinic
Statistics: A Brief Overview Part I Katherine Shaver, M.S. Biostatistician Carilion Clinic Statistics: A Brief Overview Course Objectives Upon completion of the course, you will be able to: Distinguish
More informationMeasuring the User Experience
Measuring the User Experience Collecting, Analyzing, and Presenting Usability Metrics Chapter 2 Background Tom Tullis and Bill Albert Morgan Kaufmann, 2008 ISBN 978-0123735584 Introduction Purpose Provide
More informationThe Nature of Probability and Statistics
Chapter 1 The Nature of Probability and Statistics Chapter 1 Overview Introduction 1-1 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 1-2 Variables and Types of Data 1-3 Data Collection & Sampling Techniques 1-4
More informationDATA ANALYSIS & STATISTICAL PACKAGES. Daniel Inusa Yakmut ICT Directorate Federal University Lafia
DATA ANALYSIS & STATISTICAL PACKAGES Daniel Inusa Yakmut ICT Directorate Federal University Lafia daniel.yakmut@fulafia.edu.ng Expectations Understand the basic principle of Data Analysis Relationship
More informationExamining differences between two sets of scores
6 Examining differences between two sets of scores In this chapter you will learn about tests which tell us if there is a statistically significant difference between two sets of scores. In so doing you
More informationUnit 1 Exploring and Understanding Data
Unit 1 Exploring and Understanding Data Area Principle Bar Chart Boxplot Conditional Distribution Dotplot Empirical Rule Five Number Summary Frequency Distribution Frequency Polygon Histogram Interquartile
More informationOverview of Non-Parametric Statistics
Overview of Non-Parametric Statistics LISA Short Course Series Mark Seiss, Dept. of Statistics April 7, 2009 Presentation Outline 1. Homework 2. Review of Parametric Statistics 3. Overview Non-Parametric
More informationLecture Outline. Biost 517 Applied Biostatistics I. Purpose of Descriptive Statistics. Purpose of Descriptive Statistics
Biost 517 Applied Biostatistics I Scott S. Emerson, M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Biostatistics University of Washington Lecture 3: Overview of Descriptive Statistics October 3, 2005 Lecture Outline Purpose
More informationResearch Manual STATISTICAL ANALYSIS SECTION. By: Curtis Lauterbach 3/7/13
Research Manual STATISTICAL ANALYSIS SECTION By: Curtis Lauterbach 3/7/13 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 1 Overview 1 Dependent Variable 1 Independent Variable 1 Interval 1 Ratio
More informationBasic Steps in Planning Research. Dr. P.J. Brink and Dr. M.J. Wood
Basic Steps in Planning Research Dr. P.J. Brink and Dr. M.J. Wood Research Levels Level 1: There is little or no literature available on the topic or on the population. The purpose is to describe what
More informationUndertaking statistical analysis of
Descriptive statistics: Simply telling a story Laura Delaney introduces the principles of descriptive statistical analysis and presents an overview of the various ways in which data can be presented by
More informationChapter 2 Norms and Basic Statistics for Testing MULTIPLE CHOICE
Chapter 2 Norms and Basic Statistics for Testing MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. When you assert that it is improbable that the mean intelligence test score of a particular group is 100, you are using. a. descriptive
More informationisc ove ring i Statistics sing SPSS
isc ove ring i Statistics sing SPSS S E C O N D! E D I T I O N (and sex, drugs and rock V roll) A N D Y F I E L D Publications London o Thousand Oaks New Delhi CONTENTS Preface How To Use This Book Acknowledgements
More informationCHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY In this chapter, the researcher will elaborate the methodology of the measurements. This chapter emphasize about the research methodology, data source, population and sampling,
More informationCHAPTER 3. Research Methodology
CHAPTER 3 Research Methodology The research studies the youth s attitude towards Thai cuisine in Dongguan City, China in 2013. Researcher has selected survey methodology by operating under procedures as
More informationCharis Theou I,Asha K Nayak & Tessy Treesa Jose 1 2 3
Original Article NUJHS Vol. 5, No.1, March 015, ISSN 49-7110 A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN AWARENESS PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE ON SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES AMONG THE STUDENTS OF
More informationAMSc Research Methods Research approach IV: Experimental [2]
AMSc Research Methods Research approach IV: Experimental [2] Marie-Luce Bourguet mlb@dcs.qmul.ac.uk Statistical Analysis 1 Statistical Analysis Descriptive Statistics : A set of statistical procedures
More informationSelecting the Right Data Analysis Technique
Selecting the Right Data Analysis Technique Levels of Measurement Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio Discrete Continuous Continuous Variable Borgatta and Bohrnstedt state that "the most of central constructs
More informationAP Psych - Stat 1 Name Period Date. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
AP Psych - Stat 1 Name Period Date MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) In a set of incomes in which most people are in the $15,000
More informationEmpirical Knowledge: based on observations. Answer questions why, whom, how, and when.
INTRO TO RESEARCH METHODS: Empirical Knowledge: based on observations. Answer questions why, whom, how, and when. Experimental research: treatments are given for the purpose of research. Experimental group
More informationFigure: Presentation slides:
Joni Lakin David Shannon Margaret Ross Abbot Packard Auburn University Auburn University Auburn University University of West Georgia Figure: http://www.auburn.edu/~jml0035/eera_chart.pdf Presentation
More informationSOME NOTES ON STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION
1 SOME NOTES ON STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION Below I provide some basic notes on statistical interpretation. These are intended to serve as a resource for the Soci 380 data analysis. The information provided
More informationSTATISTICS 8 CHAPTERS 1 TO 6, SAMPLE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
STATISTICS 8 CHAPTERS 1 TO 6, SAMPLE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Circle the best answer. This scenario applies to Questions 1 and 2: A study was done to compare the lung capacity of coal miners to the lung
More informationMBA SEMESTER III. MB0050 Research Methodology- 4 Credits. (Book ID: B1206 ) Assignment Set- 1 (60 Marks)
MBA SEMESTER III MB0050 Research Methodology- 4 Credits (Book ID: B1206 ) Assignment Set- 1 (60 Marks) Note: Each question carries 10 Marks. Answer all the questions Q1. a. Differentiate between nominal,
More informationResearch Manual COMPLETE MANUAL. By: Curtis Lauterbach 3/7/13
Research Manual COMPLETE MANUAL By: Curtis Lauterbach 3/7/13 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 RESEARCH DESIGN 1 Validity 1 Reliability 1 Within Subjects 1 Between Subjects 1 Counterbalancing 1 Table 1.
More informationStatistics. Nur Hidayanto PSP English Education Dept. SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
Statistics Nur Hidayanto PSP English Education Dept. RESEARCH STATISTICS WHAT S THE RELATIONSHIP? RESEARCH RESEARCH positivistic Prepositivistic Postpositivistic Data Initial Observation (research Question)
More informationChapter 1: Data Collection Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
Chapter 1: Data Collection 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 1-1 Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing information to draw conclusions or answer
More informationData Analysis with SPSS
Data Analysis with SPSS A First Course in Applied Statistics Fourth Edition Stephen Sweet Ithaca College Karen Grace-Martin The Analysis Factor Allyn & Bacon Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco
More informationThe Geography of Viral Hepatitis C in Texas,
The Geography of Viral Hepatitis C in Texas, 1992 1999 Author: Mara Hedrich Faculty Mentor: Joseph Oppong, Department of Geography, College of Arts and Sciences & School of Public Health, UNT Health Sciences
More information9 research designs likely for PSYC 2100
9 research designs likely for PSYC 2100 1) 1 factor, 2 levels, 1 group (one group gets both treatment levels) related samples t-test (compare means of 2 levels only) 2) 1 factor, 2 levels, 2 groups (one
More informationINTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL RESEARCH: ESSENTIAL SKILLS
INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL RESEARCH: ESSENTIAL SKILLS SCALES OF MEASUREMENT AND WAYS OF SUMMARIZING DATA Alecsandra IRIMIE-ANA 1 1. Psychiatry Hospital Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia ABSTRACT Regardless the
More informationCh 1.1 & 1.2 Basic Definitions for Statistics
Ch 1.1 & 1.2 Basic Definitions for Statistics Objective A : Basic Definition A1. Definition What is Statistics? Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing data to draw
More informationUsing a Likert-type Scale DR. MIKE MARRAPODI
Using a Likert-type Scale DR. MIKE MARRAPODI Topics Definition/Description Types of Scales Data Collection with Likert-type scales Analyzing Likert-type Scales Definition/Description A Likert-type Scale
More informationOutcome Measure Considerations for Clinical Trials Reporting on ClinicalTrials.gov
Outcome Measure Considerations for Clinical Trials Reporting on ClinicalTrials.gov What is an Outcome Measure? An outcome measure is the result of a treatment or intervention that is used to objectively
More informationTwo Branches Of Statistics
Stats 95 Two Branches Of Statistics Descriptive Organize Summarize Communicate a body of observed data Describe a Population or a Sample Inferential Using sample data to make estimates of the rest of the
More informationIntroduction to Statistics. Mahmoud Alhussami, DSc., PhD.
Introduction to Statistics Mahmoud Alhussami, DSc., PhD. Course Objectives Understand the basic statistical concepts and their application to health care research Differentiate between parametric and nonparametric
More informationTypes of Statistics. Censored data. Files for today (June 27) Lecture and Homework INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATISTICS. Today s Outline
INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATISTICS FOR GRADUATE AND MEDICAL STUDENTS Files for today (June 27) Lecture and Homework Descriptive Statistics and Graphically Visualizing Data Lecture #2 (1 file) PPT presentation
More informationTechnical appendix Strengthening accountability through media in Bangladesh: final evaluation
Technical appendix Strengthening accountability through media in Bangladesh: final evaluation July 2017 Research and Learning Contents Introduction... 3 1. Survey sampling methodology... 4 2. Regression
More informationResults & Statistics: Description and Correlation. I. Scales of Measurement A Review
Results & Statistics: Description and Correlation The description and presentation of results involves a number of topics. These include scales of measurement, descriptive statistics used to summarize
More informationLevel of Measurements
Level of Measurements Mohammed TA, Omar, Ph.D. PT, CLT, PGDCR Rehabilitation Health Science Department CAMS-KSU, Momarar@ksu.edu.sa Dr.taher_m@yahoo.com 0542115404 Objectives Identify types of variables
More information3 CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF STATISTICS
3 CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF STATISTICS In this chapter, we examine the conceptual foundations of statistics. The goal is to give you an appreciation and conceptual understanding of some basic statistical
More informationCHAPTER VI RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER VI RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 6.1 Research Design Research is an organized, systematic, data based, critical, objective, scientific inquiry or investigation into a specific problem, undertaken with the
More information