What We Will Cover in This Section
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1 Pre and Quasi-Experimental Design 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 1 What We Will Cover in This Section What are they? Threats to internal validity. Pre-Experimental Designs Quasi- Experimental Designs. Summary 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 2 What they are Designs that lack one or more of the elements of a true experiment. 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 3
2 Threats to Internal Validity, Part 2 1. History. 2. Maturation. 3. Testing. 4. Instrument Decay. 5. Statistical Regression. 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 4 1. History Any event that occurs between the first and second dependent measures that is not manipulated by the experimenter. Delay 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 5 2. Testing Participation in the pre-test may cause changes in the person. Reactivity Memory Delay 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 6
3 3. Maturation Changes in the individual over time that are not associated with the independent variable. Placebo Delay Delay 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 7 4. Instrument Decay Changes in the measuring instrument over time. Observer gets bored. Test becomes obsolete. Machine wears out. 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 8 5. Statistical Regression Occurs when participants are placed into groups based on extreme scores. Extreme scores tend to move(regress) toward the mean. Delay 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 9
4 Pre-Experimental Designs 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 10 One-Shot Case Study Group Independent Variable (s) controlled by the experimenter Dependent Variable ment(s) made after the treatments are applied. What problems are there with this design? 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 11 Benefits and Issues Benefits. 1. OK for preliminary research. Issues. 1. Compared to whom? 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 12
5 One-group Independent Variable Group A 1 A What problems are there with this design? 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 13 Benefits and Issues Benefits. 1. OK for preliminary research. Issues. 1. History. 2. Maturation. 3. Testing. 4. Instrument decay. 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 14 Quasi-Experimental Designs 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 15
6 Definition Designs that have all of the controls of a true experiment but do not duplicate the true experimental design. Weakness in one or more areas. Weakness leads to confounding. Gives more information than nothing at all. 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 16 Ex Post Facto Approach Independent Variable Dependent Variable Group 1 Group 2 Groups divided based on some pre-existing condition. ment(s) made after the assignment to groups. 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 17 Example An experimenter wanted to see if more women than men were whistle blowers in industry. The researcher looked though fifty business journals and magazines and tabulated the gender of the whistle blowers for the past ten years. 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 18
7 Benefits and Issues Benefits. 1. May be the only way to study some influences. 2. May be OK for preliminary research. Issues. 1. Ss not randomly assigned to treatment conditions. 2. If a person is unusual on one characteristic he may be unusual on others. 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 19 Non-Equivalent Control Group, Pretest: Independent Variable SS 1 SS 2 SS 3 A 1 A SS 4 SS 5 SS 6 A 2 A 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 20 Benefits and Issues Benefits. 1. May be the only alternative in field experimentation. Issues. 1. difference is CONFOUNDED by group difference. 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 21
8 When Used When participants cannot be assigned at random. When you have to use pre-existing groups. 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 22 Issue and Answer Issue. The groups may differ on the Dependent Variable at the beginning of the experiment. Answer. Compare groups on the pre-test to see if there are differences. Analyze the results using analysis of covariance. 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 23 Other Issues and Fixes 1. Replicate the study. 2. Assign multiple groups to treatment conditions. 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 24
9 Time Series Designs Similar to single subject design but with group. Have no control group. Usually have Baseline measurement on dependent variable. Some manipulation or event. Second measurement on the dependent variable. 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 25 Interrupted Time Series Design Baseline Event Post Test 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 26 Number of Fatalities Connecticut Traffic Fatalities Speeding Crackdown Year 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 27
10 When Used Assess the impact of some naturally occurring event. Assess the impact of some broad treatment within an existing group. 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 28 Control Series Design Uses existing groups but attempts to match the treatment group with an equivalent control group. 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 29 Control Series Design Baseline Baseline Event No Event Post Test Post Test 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 30
11 Connecticut Traffic Fatalities 15 F atality Rate Year Conn Control 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 31 Issues Potential confounding from History Maturation Instrumentation changes. 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 32 Equivalent Time Samples Design Delay 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 33
12 Quasi-Experiments, Summary Advantages Evaluate impact of a naturally occurring event. Research where you cannot do manipulations. Disadvantages Lack of control over influencing events. What happens When it happens. Sample. ment. 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 34 9/2/2006 P767Intro.ppt 35
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