Scientific Reasoning A primer
|
|
- Brice Johns
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Scientific Reasoning A primer Though reasoning is a critical component in science it is not often given much attention in undergraduate curricula so I would like to briefly identify some important concepts Rodin. The Thinker
2 Some Concepts Deterministic/Stochastic Processes Causation vs Correlation Inductive vs Deductive Reasoning Mutually-exclusive and exhaustive Reductionism and Holism Necessity and Sufficiency Hypothesis testing-falsifiable hypothesis
3 Deterministic/Stochastic Processes A Deterministic process is one that is a function of it s initial state. Trivial example -the time shown on a given watch at 9:00am tomorrow depends on it s setting today. Biological example -the size of peas produced in offspring are determined by the genes of the parents. A Stochastic process is one that is random in outcome (does not depend on initial state). Trivial example -the outcome of the roll of two dice is random (all possibilities are equally likely. Biological example -the inheritance of an X chromosome by a son is random (he can inherit either of the two sex chromosomes with equal probability).
4 Causation vs Correlation Many scientific studies imply a causative results from correlation results but Correlations only suggest associations they do not indicate causation. Can use correlations to formulate hypotheses which can be tested experimentally to demonstrate causation.
5 Inductive vs Deductive Reasoning Deduction-proceeding from the general to the specific. Trivial example - because of Newton s law of gravity, when I kick a ball in the air it will come down. Biological example -the inheritance of an X chromosome by a son is random (he can inherit either of the two sex chromosomes with equal probability). Induction-proceeding from the specific to the general. Trivial example -The ball I kicked in the air fell down so the next ball I kick will also fall down Biological example The first four offspring had red hair so the fifth child will have red hair.
6 Mutually-exclusive and exhaustive experimental outcomes a set of experimental outcomes is said to be mutually exclusive if they do not intersect and are exhaustive if the sum of the set accounts for all possibilities. Trivial example the precipitation today will either be clear, rain or hail. (are mutually exclusive but not exhaustive (since snow was omitted )) Biological example in a dihybrid cross, the 9:3:3:1 ratio of possible offspring represents all possible results (are both mutually exclusive and exhaustive...)
7 Reductionism and Holism Reductionism - the view that complex processes can be can explained by simple, fundamental rules Biological example - the lac operon (and gene regulation in general can be described by simple models. Holism - the view that processes are complex and not amenable to simplification Biological example organization with in ecosystems.
8 Necessity and Sufficiency If a factor is required for a given phenomenon, it is said to be necessary. If that factor alone is required it is said to be sufficient. Example hydrogen bonding between DNA strands is both necessary and sufficient for annealing of complementary DNA strands
9 Hypothesis testing - The falsifiable hypothesis Karl Popper developed the notion that hypotheses survive attempts at falsification and thus become theories What make a good hypothesis? Must be testable Simple (unqualified ) challenge established paradigms be broadly applicable (and useful ) make specific testable predictions
10 Examples of Good Hypotheses Non-Biological The stock market will crash tomorrow. (simple, broad, challenges conventional thought, makes a specific prediction and is testable.) Biological - Bacterial infections are responsible for most ulcers in humans. (how does this fit with our stated criterion?)
11 Famous Scientific Philosophers Plato BC I.Kant Bert Russell L. Wittgenstein Karl Popper Ayn Rand Thomas Kuhn formalized scientific inquiry -science is dependent on the observer not just the objects being studied. -developed rule of logic applied to science (mainly math) -extended Russell s work on the logic of philosophy -formalized hypothesis testing -founded objectivism essentially a form of extreme rationalism -developed the idea that progression in science occurs through revolution
12 Further Reading Popper, Karl. The Logic of Scientific Discovery, Routledge Press, London, (1959). Thomas Kuhn. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1962)
13 The end...
NATURE OF SCIENCE. Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 3A
NATURE OF SCIENCE Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 3A Nature Science Process of asking questions 2 Nature Science Process of asking questions Questions that involve logical reasoning 3 Nature Science
More informationResponse to the ASA s statement on p-values: context, process, and purpose
Response to the ASA s statement on p-values: context, process, purpose Edward L. Ionides Alexer Giessing Yaacov Ritov Scott E. Page Departments of Complex Systems, Political Science Economics, University
More informationResearch and science: Qualitative methods
Research and science: Qualitative methods Urban Bilstrup (E327) Urban.Bilstrup@hh.se 140922 2 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC METHODS Outline Definitions Problem formulation? Aim and goal operational
More informationWhat is Science 2009 What is science?
What is science? The question we want to address is seemingly simple, but turns out to be quite difficult to answer: what is science? It is reasonable to ask such a question since this is a book/course
More informationWhen Falsification is the Only Path to Truth
When Falsification is the Only Path to Truth Michelle Cowley (cowleym@tcd.ie) Psychology Department, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland Ruth M.J. Byrne (rmbyrne@tcd.ie) Psychology Department,
More informationThe Role and Importance of Research
The Role and Importance of Research What Research Is and Isn t A Model of Scientific Inquiry Different Types of Research Experimental Research What Method to Use When Applied and Basic Research Increasing
More informationThe Scientific Method
Course "Empirical Evaluation in Informatics" The Scientific Method Prof. Dr. Lutz Prechelt Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Informatik http://www.inf.fu-berlin.de/inst/ag-se/ Science and insight
More informationNEUROPHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS
NEUROPHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS Disciplines of the Mind and Brain Once upon a time philosophy incorporated all the fields of inquiry other than the applied fields of medicine, law, and theology What came
More informationWestern Philosophy of Social Science
Western Philosophy of Social Science Lecture 4. Frameworks for the social sciences Professor Daniel Little University of Michigan-Dearborn delittle@umd.umich.edu www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~delittle/ V.
More informationThree Themes in Understanding Psychology: Science, Philosophy, and History
Three Themes in Understanding Psychology: Science, Philosophy, and History I. INTRODUCTION A. Issues and Goals Understanding psychology involves adopting three perspectives: Scientific Perspective: Understanding
More informationChapter 1.1. The Process of Science. Essential Questions
Chapter 1.1 The Process of Science Essential Questions 1. How does scientific inquiry answer questions about the living world? 2. How do observations lead to scientific inferences? 3. How do scientific
More informationProfessor Leon Piterman
Professor Leon Piterman Professor of General Practice Monash University 11:50-12:15 Is Technology Destroying the Art of Medicine? Medicine: Science / Art /Technology Professor Leon Piterman AM A Case Study
More informationScience, Society, and Social Research (1) Benjamin Graham
Science, Society, and Social Research (1) Nuts and Bolts My computer croaked, so no clickers today We will start collecting clicker data for grades next Thurs Discussion sections start next week Homework
More informationThe Scientific Method
The Scientific Method Objectives 1. To understand the central role of hypothesis testing in the modern scientific process. 2. To design and conduct an experiment using the scientific method. 3. To learn
More informationMSR- Methodologies for Scientific Research
1. Methods and Techniques for developing Research projects A possible vision about Theories on the development and characterization of Scientific Research http://paginas.fe.up.pt/~eol/msr/msr_09_10/msr0910.html
More informationChapter 2 Introduction to the Methods of Science
Chapter 2 Introduction to the Methods of Science Chapter Outline Naturalistic Observation The Correlational Approach The Experimental Method Definitions in the Experimental Method Causation Exploratory
More informationScience in Natural Resource Management ESRM 304
Science in Natural Resource Management ESRM 304 Science in Natural Resource Management I. The scientific approach to knowledge II. III. Hypothesis testing and resource management Read This! Study Tips
More informationHypothesis-Driven Research
Hypothesis-Driven Research Research types Descriptive science: observe, describe and categorize the facts Discovery science: measure variables to decide general patterns based on inductive reasoning Hypothesis-driven
More informationThe Human Side of Science: I ll Take That Bet! Balancing Risk and Benefit. Uncertainty, Risk and Probability: Fundamental Definitions and Concepts
The Human Side of Science: I ll Take That Bet! Balancing Risk and Benefit Uncertainty, Risk and Probability: Fundamental Definitions and Concepts What Is Uncertainty? A state of having limited knowledge
More informationch1 1. What is the relationship between theory and each of the following terms: (a) philosophy, (b) speculation, (c) hypothesis, and (d) taxonomy?
ch1 Student: 1. What is the relationship between theory and each of the following terms: (a) philosophy, (b) speculation, (c) hypothesis, and (d) taxonomy? 2. What is the relationship between theory and
More informationBenefits and constraints of qualitative and quantitative research methods in economics and management science
Benefits and constraints of qualitative and quantitative research methods in economics and management science It is often not an easy task, especially for budding researchers, to choose the optimal research
More informationFamily and Family Relationships as they Shape Occupation
Family and Family Relationships as they Shape Occupation Suzanne A. Milbourne Child & Family Studies Research Programs, Department of Occupational Therapy, Thomas Jefferson University Why should we or
More informationSCIENCE AND SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
SCIENCE AND SCIENTIFIC STUDIES Epistemology- Branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope (limitations) of knowledge Theoretical Knowledge Knowledge based on rational thinking & intellectual
More informationCOURSE: NURSING RESEARCH CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
COURSE: NURSING RESEARCH CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1. TERMINOLOGY 1.1 Research Research is a systematic enquiry about a particular situation for a certain truth. That is: i. It is a search for knowledge
More informationMendel s Law of Heredity. Page 254
Mendel s Law of Heredity Page 254 Define pollination The transfer of pollen grains from a male reproductive organ to a female reproductive organ in a plant is called pollination. Define cross pollination.
More informationTheory Building and Hypothesis Testing. POLI 205 Doing Research in Politics. Theory. Building. Hypotheses. Testing. Fall 2015
and and Fall 2015 and The Road to Scientific Knowledge and Make your Theories Causal Think in terms of causality X causes Y Basis of causality Rules of the Road Time Ordering: The cause precedes the effect
More informationLab 5: Testing Hypotheses about Patterns of Inheritance
Lab 5: Testing Hypotheses about Patterns of Inheritance How do we talk about genetic information? Each cell in living organisms contains DNA. DNA is made of nucleotide subunits arranged in very long strands.
More informationBiological scientists use a process of inquiry that has developed over centuries and involves the collaboration of a global community.
Principles of Biology contents 3 Practicing Biology Biological scientists use a process of inquiry that has developed over centuries and involves the collaboration of a global community. Biologists study
More informationScience & Software Engineering
Science & Software Engineering Dewayne E Perry ENS 623 Perry@ece.utexas.edu 2000-present, Dewayne E Perry 11 The Scientific Method History of science is a story of a continuous attempt to use the scientific
More informationChapter 3 Tools for Practical Theorizing: Theoretical Maps and Ecosystem Maps
Chapter 3 Tools for Practical Theorizing: Theoretical Maps and Ecosystem Maps Chapter Outline I. Introduction A. Understanding theoretical languages requires universal translators 1. Theoretical maps identify
More informationDifference to Inference 1. Running Head: DIFFERENCE TO INFERENCE. interactivity. Thomas E. Malloy. University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
Difference to Inference 1 Running Head: DIFFERENCE TO INFERENCE Difference to Inference: Teaching logical and statistical reasoning through online interactivity. Thomas E. Malloy University of Utah, Salt
More informationTHE QUALITATIVE TRADITION: A COMPLIMENTARY PARADIGM FOR RESEARCH IN ECONOMIC EDUCATION
23 THE QUALITATIVE TRADITION: A COMPLIMENTARY PARADIGM FOR RESEARCH IN ECONOMIC EDUCATION George Langelett, South Dakota State University ABSTRACT The qualitative tradition provides an alternative approach
More information3. What law of heredity explains that traits, like texture and color, are inherited independently of each other?
Section 2: Genetics Chapter 11 pg. 308-329 Part 1: Refer to the table of pea plant traits on the right. Then complete the table on the left by filling in the missing information for each cross. 6. What
More informationReduction. Marie I. Kaiser, University of Cologne, Department of Philosophy, Germany,
Published in: Dubitzky, W./ Wolkenhauer, O./ Cho, K.-H./ Yokota, H. (2013) (eds.): Encyclopedia of Systems Biology, Vol. X. New York: Springer, 1827-1830. Reduction Marie I. Kaiser, University of Cologne,
More informationIntroduction to the Scientific Method. Knowledge and Methods. Methods for gathering knowledge. method of obstinacy
Introduction to Research Methods COGS 160 (COGS 14A) Dept. of Cognitive Science Prof. Rafael Núñez R Introduction to the Scientific Method ~ Chapter 1 Knowledge and Methods Method (Merriam-Webster) a procedure
More informationThe Discovery/Justification Distinction
The Inductive Realist Model of Theory Generation: Explaining the Development of the Hunt-Vitell Theory of Ethics 1 by Shelby D. Hunt The Jerry S. Rawls and P.W. Horn Professor of Marketing Texas Tech University
More informationCHIP-2. 12/Feb/2013. Part 0: Concepts and history in psychology. Recap of lecture 1. What kinds of data must psychology explain?
CHIP-2 Concepts and history in psychology Steve Draper, Glasgow University Part 0: Recap of lecture 1 What types of explanation and data does psychology use? CHIP-2 12 Feb 2013 1 2 Kinds of data / evidence
More informationQuantitative research Methods. Tiny Jaarsma
Quantitative research Methods Tiny Jaarsma 2018-10-01 2 Content today The scientific method A few specific reflection on quantitative issues Randomization Intervention Blinding Sampling Groups of quantitative
More informationCHAPTER 1 SCIENCE, HISTORY AND PSYCHOLOGY UNDERSTANDING SCIENCE
CHAPTER 1 SCIENCE, HISTORY AND PSYCHOLOGY UNDERSTANDING SCIENCE Sir Isaac Newton (1642 1727) Saw science as search for small number of laws which predicted natural phonemena (e.g. eclipses, appearance
More informationChapter 1: Introduction MULTIPLE CHOICE
Chapter 1: Introduction MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Historiography is: a. another term for psychology b. the study of the proper way to write history c. the use of photographs in presenting history d. another term
More informationNo course substitution is guaranteed. Each substitution request is evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
LBC HISTORY, PHILOSOPHY, AND SOCIOLOGY (HPS) COURSE SUBSTITUTION FORM 2016-17 Academic Year Name: PID: Date: Email: No course substitution is guaranteed. Each substitution request is evaluated on a case-by-case
More informationDaniel Little University of Michigan-Dearborn www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~delittle/
Topics in the Philosophy of Social Science Daniel Little University of Michigan-Dearborn www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~delittle/ Acknowledgement This presentation reflects arguments advanced in D. Little,
More informationQuantitative research Methods. Tiny Jaarsma
Quantitative research Methods Tiny Jaarsma 2018-02-26 2 The scientific method A few specific reflection on quantitative issues Randomization Intervention Blinding Sampling The scientific method: fundamentals
More informationMendelian Genetics and Beyond Chapter 4 Study Prompts
Mendelian Genetics and Beyond Chapter 4 Study Prompts 1. What is a mode of inheritance? 2. Can you define the following? a. Autosomal dominant b. Autosomal recessive 3. Who was Gregor Mendel? 4. What did
More informationInvestigating the Extraordinary developmental paper
developmental paper Authors: Viktor Dörfler Strathclyde University Glasgow, United Kingdom viktor.dorfler@strath.ac.uk Marc Stierand Strathclyde University Glasgow, United Kingdom marc.stierand@strath.ac.uk
More informationChapter 02. Basic Research Methodology
Chapter 02 Basic Research Methodology Definition RESEARCH Research is a quest for knowledge through diligent search or investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of new
More informationLaboratory Exercise 1 The Scientific Method
Laboratory Exercise 1 The Scientific Method The study of science is different from other disciplines in many ways. Perhaps the most important aspect of science is its adherence to the principle of what
More informationChapter Three: Hypothesis
99 Chapter Three: Hypothesis Modern day formal research, whether carried out within the domain of physical sciences or within the realm of social sciences follows a methodical procedure which gives it
More informationAudio: In this lecture we are going to address psychology as a science. Slide #2
Psychology 312: Lecture 2 Psychology as a Science Slide #1 Psychology As A Science In this lecture we are going to address psychology as a science. Slide #2 Outline Psychology is an empirical science.
More informationChapter 1 Social Science and Its Methods
Chapter 1 Social Science and Its Methods MULTIPLE CHOICE 1) Scientific knowledge is knowledge that has been: A) systematically gathered, classified, related, and interpreted. B) rediscovered and cherished
More informationHOW IS HAIR GEL QUANTIFIED?
HOW IS HAIR GEL QUANTIFIED? MARK A. PITT Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA JAY I. MYUNG Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, 1835
More informationNo course substitution is guaranteed. Each substitution request is evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
LBC HISTORY, PHILOSOPHY, AND SOCIOLOGY (HPS) COURSE SUBSTITUTION FORM 2013-14 Academic Year Name: PID: Date: Email: No course substitution is guaranteed. Each substitution request is evaluated on a case-by-case
More informationNEUROPHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS 1
Disciplines of the Mind and Brain NEUROPHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS 1 Once philosophy incorporated all the fields of inquiry other than the applied fields of medicine, law, and theology What came to be identified
More informationMath 2a: Lecture 1. Agenda. Course organization. History of the subject. Why is the subject relevant today? First examples
Math 2a: Lecture 1 Agenda Course organization History of the subject Why is the subject relevant today? First examples More about the Course This is an introductory course in statistics and probability
More informationFORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS N S VISWANATH
FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS N S VISWANATH 2. Sun rises in the East. Moon rises in the West. Magnetic Needle faces North. Five basic elements are required for living: a. Air b. Water c. Fire d. Sun e. Earth
More informationCh 9 Assignment. 2. According to the blending theory of inheritance, a white rabbit crossed with a red rabbit would produce what kind of offspring?
Big idea: Mendel s Laws Answer the following questions as you read modules 9.1 9.10: 1. The study of genetics can be traced back to the Greek physician 2. According to the blending theory of inheritance,
More informationName Class Date. Review Guide. Genetics. The fundamental principles of genetics were first discovered by. What type of plant did he breed?.
Name Class Date Review Guide Genetics The fundamental principles of genetics were first discovered by. What type of plant did he breed?. True-breeding parental plants are called the generation. Their hybrid
More informationLaboratory Exercise 1 The Scientific Method
Laboratory Exercise 1 The Scientific Method The study of science is different from other disciplines in many ways. Perhaps the most important aspect of science is its adherence to the principle of what
More informationDEVELOPING THE RESEARCH FRAMEWORK Dr. Noly M. Mascariñas
DEVELOPING THE RESEARCH FRAMEWORK Dr. Noly M. Mascariñas Director, BU-CHED Zonal Research Center Bicol University Research and Development Center Legazpi City Research Proposal Preparation Seminar-Writeshop
More informationClass XII Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation Biology
Question 1: Mention the advantages of selecting pea plant for experiment by Mendel. Mendel selected pea plants to carry out his study on the inheritance of characters from parents to offspring. He selected
More informationNature of Science and Scientific Method Guided Notes
Anything present in the environment, around the world, living, non-living everything is included in science. Science can be knowledge, science can be a fun, it can be a fact, a discovery, a law, a solved
More informationEducator Guide. About the Educator Guide
Educator uide About the Book How do parents whether apple trees, sheep, or humans pass down traits to their children? This question fascinated regor Mendel. The world's first geneticist, Mendel overcame
More informationLINKAGE. Dr.Shivani Gupta, PGGCG-11, Chandigarh
LINKAGE Dr.Shivani Gupta, PGGCG-11, Chandigarh INTRODUCTION Each species of organism must contain hundreds to thousands of genes Yet most species have at most a few dozen chromosomes Therefore, each chromosome
More informationPredicting the Truth: Overcoming Problems with Poppers Verisimilitude Through Model Selection Theory
Acta Cogitata Volume 4 Article 5 : Overcoming Problems with Poppers Verisimilitude Through Model Selection Theory K. Raleigh Hanson Washington State University Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.emich.edu/ac
More informationCh 10 Genetics Mendelian and Post-Medelian Teacher Version.notebook. October 20, * Trait- a character/gene. self-pollination or crosspollination
* Trait- a character/gene shape, * Monk in Austria at age 21 * At 30, went to University of Vienna to study science and math * After graduating he returned to the monastery and became a high school teacher
More informationProbability Factors, Future and Predictions in Project Management:
Probability Factors, Future and Predictions in Project Management: An attempt to create a probabilistic method exacting Time critical processes and future-oriented projects (or predictions) by L. Melcher
More informationChapter 1 Introduction to Educational Research
Chapter 1 Introduction to Educational Research The purpose of Chapter One is to provide an overview of educational research and introduce you to some important terms and concepts. My discussion in this
More informationNEUROPHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS 1
NEUROPHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS 1 Disciplines of the Mind and Brain Once upon a time philosophy incorporated all the fields of inquiry other than the applied fields of medicine, law, and theology What came
More informationCHAPTER 3. Methodology
CHAPTER 3 Methodology The purpose of this chapter is to provide the research methodology which was designed to achieve the objectives of this study. It is important to select appropriate method to ensure
More informationSociety, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1952, p. 25. Levy pleads for the
KARL-DIETER OPP THEORIES OF THE MIDDLE RANGE AS A STRATEGY FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A GENERAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY A Critique of a Sociological Dogma * If sociologists want to construct a true, general theory
More informationPrinciples of Inheritance and Variation
Principles of Inheritance and Variation Question 1: Mention the advantages of selecting pea plant for experiment by Mendel. Answer Mendel selected pea plants to carry out his study on the inheritance of
More informationChapter 2--Theory and Criminal Justice Research
Chapter 2--Theory and Criminal Justice Research Student: 1. Criminal Justice and human behavior can be studied scientifically. True False 2. The "Chicago School" founded by Burgess and Park was influential
More informationGregor Mendel Father of Genetics
Genetics and Mendel Gregor Mendel Father of Genetics Gregor Mendel First person to trace characteristics of living things Augustinian Monk Lived and worked in an Austrian monastery in the mid-1800s Parents
More informationScientific Research Overview. Rolfe A. Leary 1
Scientific Research Overview Rolfe A. Leary 1 1. The world of the scientist 2. The scientific research cycle i.e., general method of science 3. Kinds, goals, aims 4. Phases, tactics, modes of advance 2
More information8.1 Genes Are Particulate and Are Inherited According to Mendel s Laws 8.2 Alleles and Genes Interact to Produce Phenotypes 8.3 Genes Are Carried on
Chapter 8 8.1 Genes Are Particulate and Are Inherited According to Mendel s Laws 8.2 Alleles and Genes Interact to Produce Phenotypes 8.3 Genes Are Carried on Chromosomes 8.4 Prokaryotes Can Exchange Genetic
More informationMETHODOLOGY FOR DISSERTATION
METHODOLOGY FOR DISSERTATION In order to expose the methods of scientific work, it is necessary to briefly clarify the terms of methodology, methods and scientific methods. The methodology comes from the
More informationRealism and Qualitative Research. Joseph A. Maxwell George Mason University
Realism and Qualitative Research Joseph A. Maxwell George Mason University Philosophic realism in general is "the view that entities exist independently of being perceived, or independently of our theories
More informationPart 1 Three Stylized Facts on UWSEs Modernization: Depoliticization, Resilience and Sustainability
Part 1 Three Stylized Facts on UWSEs Modernization: Depoliticization, Resilience and Sustainability This first section has a dual purpose. Firstly, it is responsible for polishing the empirical material
More informationPennsylvania Assessment Anchors for Biological Science, Grade 11. High School Biology 1
Pennsylvania Assessment Anchors for Biological Science, Grade 11 High School Biology 1 Science and Global Issues: Biology (SGI Biology) is written by the SEPUP group, at the Lawrence Hall of Science, University
More informationPhilosophy and the practice of Bayesian statistics in the social sciences 1
Philosophy and the practice of Bayesian statistics in the social sciences 1 Andrew Gelman, Dept of Statistics and Dept of Political Science, Columbia University Cosma Rohilla Shalizi, Statistics Department,
More informationConducting Research in the Social Sciences. Rick Balkin, Ph.D., LPC-S, NCC
Conducting Research in the Social Sciences Rick Balkin, Ph.D., LPC-S, NCC 1 Why we do research Improvement Description Explanation Prediction R. S. Balkin, 2008 2 Theory Explanation of an observed phenomena
More informationPHLA The Philosophy of Mind - II
The Philosophy of Mind - II Three non-dualist theories of mind Behaviourism Mind/Brain Identity Theory Functionalism They all agree that a materialist viewpoint is the most promising starting point for
More informationMBA SEMESTER III. MB0050 Research Methodology- 4 Credits. (Book ID: B1206 ) Assignment Set- 1 (60 Marks)
MBA SEMESTER III MB0050 Research Methodology- 4 Credits (Book ID: B1206 ) Assignment Set- 1 (60 Marks) Note: Each question carries 10 Marks. Answer all the questions Q1. a. Differentiate between nominal,
More information(CORRELATIONAL DESIGN AND COMPARATIVE DESIGN)
UNIT 4 OTHER DESIGNS (CORRELATIONAL DESIGN AND COMPARATIVE DESIGN) Quasi Experimental Design Structure 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Objectives 4.2 Definition of Correlational Research Design 4.3 Types of Correlational
More informationChapter 17 Genetics Crosses:
Chapter 17 Genetics Crosses: 2.5 Genetics Objectives 2.5.6 Genetic Inheritance 2.5.10.H Origin of the Science of genetics 2.5.11 H Law of segregation 2.5.12 H Law of independent assortment 2.5.13.H Dihybrid
More informationCritical Thinking: Science, Models, & Systems
Critical Thinking: Science, Models, & Systems tutorial by Paul Rich Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP Outline 1. Science & Technology What is science? What is technology? scientific process 2. Systems
More informationInvestigative Biology (Advanced Higher)
Investigative Biology (Advanced Higher) The Mandatory Course key areas are from the Course Assessment Specification. Activities in the Suggested learning activities are not mandatory. This offers examples
More informationDisposition. Quantitative Research Methods. Science what it is. Basic assumptions of science. Inductive and deductive logic
Quantitative Research Methods Sofia Ramström Medicinska vetenskaper, Örebro Universitet Diagnostikcentrum, klinisk kemi, Region Östergötland Disposition I. What is science and what is quantitative science?
More informationChapter 2 Epidemiology
Chapter 2 Epidemiology 2.1. The basic theoretical science of epidemiology 2.1.1 Brief history of epidemiology 2.1.2. Definition of epidemiology 2.1.3. Epidemiology and public health/preventive medicine
More informationCognitive domain: Comprehension Answer location: Elements of Empiricism Question type: MC
Chapter 2 1. Knowledge that is evaluative, value laden, and concerned with prescribing what ought to be is known as knowledge. *a. Normative b. Nonnormative c. Probabilistic d. Nonprobabilistic. 2. Most
More informationMENDELIAN GENETIC CH Review Activity
MENDELIAN GENETIC CH. 6.3-6.5 Review Activity Question 1 Who is considered to be the father of genetics? Answer 1 Question 2 Gregor Mendel What part of DNA directs a cell to make a certain protein? 1 Answer
More informationCHAPTER 2 APPLYING SCIENTIFIC THINKING TO MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS
Cambodian Mekong University is the university that cares for the value of education MN 400: Research Methods CHAPTER 2 APPLYING SCIENTIFIC THINKING TO MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS Teacher: Pou, Sovann Sources of
More informationCOMP 516 Research Methods in Computer Science. COMP 516 Research Methods in Computer Science. Research Process Models: Sequential (1)
COMP 516 Research Methods in Computer Science Dominik Wojtczak Department of Computer Science University of Liverpool COMP 516 Research Methods in Computer Science Lecture 9: Research Process Models Dominik
More informationPARADIGMS, THEORY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH
PARADIGMS, THEORY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH Workshop 3 Masaryk University Faculty of Social Studies Research methods in sociology 5.3.2006 Nina Tomov 1 1. Introduction This chapter explains some specific ways
More informationBIOSTATISTICS. Dr. Hamza Aduraidi
BIOSTATISTICS Dr. Hamza Aduraidi Unit One INTRODUCTION Biostatistics It can be defined as the application of the mathematical tools used in statistics to the fields of biological sciences and medicine.
More information