Sociology 201: Social Research Design
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1 Sociology 201: Social Research Design 14. Mid-term review 1
2 Key concept is: MEASUREMENT 2
3 Errors in Inquiry Inaccurate observations Overgeneralization Selective observation Deduced information Illogical reasoning Ego-involvement in understanding 3
4 Foundations of Social Science 4 Regularities 4 Variable language 4
5 Deductive and Inductive models of explanation Theory IN D U C TI O N Patterns Observation Hypothesis D E D U C TI O N 5
6 Variables & Attributes Gender Male Female Social Class Lower Class Working Class Middle Class Upper Class School Class Freshman Sophomore Junior Age 1,2,3,4,5 etc. Political Orientation Liberal Middle of the road Conservative Occupation Sociologist Plumber Homemaker Lawyer Drug dealer etc. 6
7 Objectivity, subjectivity, reality What s real? Subjectivity Post-modernism Finding truth Objectivity Intersubjectivity 7
8 Paradigms Models, perspectives, frames of reference, ways of seeing things Natural science paradigms e.g., Ptolemaic, Copernican Newton, Einstein 8
9 Three major sociological paradigms Interactionist Social systems (functionalism) Conflict 9
10 Causation Three criteria: Empirical correlation Time-order Not spurious False criteria Not 100% correlation Disproving cases don t disprove Necessary and sufficient causes 10
11 Research Design Purposes: exploration description explanation 11
12 The Time Dimension Cross-sectional Longitudinal Trend Cohort Panel Approximating longitudinal 12
13 Units of Analysis Individuals Organizations Social artifacts Reductionism Ecological Fallacy 13
14 Conceptualization Dimensions Indicators Reliability and validity 14
15 Reliability techniques Test-retest Make same measurement more than once If different answers, poor reliability Split-half Randomly assign items to two groups Create index from each Both indexes should behave the same Established measures Srole anomia, MMPI, census measures Research-worker reliability Interviewers and coders 15
16 Validity techniques Face validity Criterion-related validity Also called predictive validity Based on an external criterion Do College Boards predict college grades? Content validity Covers the range of meaning? Construct validity Does the measure relate to other variables as predicted theoretically? 16
17 Tension between Reliability and Validity 17
18 Operationalization 18
19 Levels of measurement Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio 19
20 Guidelines for asking questions Questions and statements Open-ended and closed-ended questions Make items clear Avoid double-barreled questions Respondents must be competent Questions should be relevant Short items are best Avoid negative items Avoid biased items and terms 20
21 Composite Measures 21
22 Index construction Face validity Bivariate, multivariate Scoring Validation 22
23 Scales Intensity structure Bogardus Thurstone Likert Guttman 23
24 Typologies Like jazz? Yes No Yes Like classical? No Not unidimensional Okay for IV, not for DV 24
25 Sampling 25
26 History Literary Digest, 1936 Gallup, 1948 Current methods 26
27 Probability sampling EPSEM model Simple random sample Systematic sample Stratified sampling Cluster sample Weighting Probability proportionate to size 27
28 Nonprobability sampling Available subjects Snowball sampling Selected precincts Quota sampling 28
29 Next Time Mid-term - Good Luck Review Chapters
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