Human Factors. UPL Safety Seminar 2013

Transcription

1 Human Factors UPL Safety Seminar 2013

2 Contents Fatigue Stress Human Error

3 What is Fatigue? Fatigue can be defined as decreased capability to perform mental or physical work (Brown, 1994)

4 What is fatigue? A state of mental or physical weariness that results in reduced alertness The result of a lack of adequate sleep A sleep debt that accumulates until paid off with adequate sleep

5 True or False? People need less sleep as they grow older

6 True or False? A new baby typically results in hours «lost» sleep for parents in the first year

7 True or False? If you are tired, opening the car window or turning the radio up will keep you awake

8 Causes of fatigue Fatigue can result from a variety of factors: The body s natural rhythms Work schedule Type of task Environment Non work related issues Stress

9 The body clock Circadian rhythms Operates on a 24 hour cycle Makes you sleepy when it s dark and awake when it s light Controls a variety of body functions: Sleepiness Digestion Hormone production Body temperature

10 Circadian rhythms 36.8 Temp o C Alertness follows a similar curve, as body temperature rises, you become more alert

11 Sleep Most people need 7 9 hours of sleep per day The quality of sleep is important Sleep is best optained in a single block

12 Sleep cycles

13 A serious safety hazard When you re fatigued: Your reaction time is slower You have trouble concentrating and remembering things You have difficulties in communicating Your situational awareness is reduced Your decision making is impaired

14 Fatigue vs Alcohol After 24 hours awake, you will be as impaired as if you were legally too drunk to drive

15 Causes and Consequences Shift system e.g. Duration Rotation Breaks Timing Work Factors e.g. Workload Job design Job Factors Company Performance Health Medications Sleep disorders Lifestyle Recreation Individual Factors Home situation Stress Health Fatigue Operational Competencies [Inter]Personal Competencies

16 Symptoms of fatigue 16

17 Emotional Symptoms Mental Symptoms Physical Symptoms 17

18 Physical Symptoms Yawning Heavy Eyelids Eye- rubbing Head dropping Micro sleep Lack of coordination Headache Impaired Vision Change in appetite 18

19 Mental Symptoms Slips and Lapses Difficulty in concentration Making errors Slower reaction time Lack of communication skills Difficulty making decisions 19

20 Emotional Symptoms More quiet than normal Unmotivated Lacking in energy Withdrawn Irritable behaviour Passive or opposite behaviour. 20

21 Anti-Fatigue Strategies

22 Good sleep habits

23 Take a nap

24 Set up your bedroom

25 Make smart use of Caffeine

26 Drink Plenty of Fluids

27 Eat Right

28 Smart use of Medicine / No abuse of Alcohol

29 Stay fit and healthy

30 Be careful on the drive home

31 Family and Social Life 31

32 A disease of our time Alzheimer? Parkinson?

33 A disease of our world AIDS? Multiple Sclerosis?

34 A disease that kills Cancer? Cardiac Arrest?

35 A disease that kills

36 A disease that kills STRESS

37 Individual Evaluation Scale 1 = almost no stress 10 = highly stressed

38 What is stress?

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41 What is stress? Stress is defined as any event which may make demands upon the organism, and set in motion a nonspecific bodily response which leads to a variety of temporary or permanent physiological or structural changes. Dr. Hans Selye

42 4 Types of Stress

43 4 Types of Stress Momentary good feeling Acute Good Stress (Eustress) Examples: Spend a nice evening with friends Laugh at a good movie Enjoy a rollercoaster ride.

44 4 Types of Stress Permanent Good Stress (Eustress) General feeling of happiness Examples: Enjoy your job Be happy in your family Have positive control over your life.

45 4 Types of Stress Acute Bad Stress (Distress) Momentary feeling of overload Examples: Experience an engine failure Having to fly an approach which you have not prepared for

46 4 Types of Stress Acute Bad Stress (Distress) Momentary feeling of overload Danger: Performance break down point Difficulties to concentrate Difficulty making decisions

47 4 Types of Stress Chronic Bad Stress (Distress) Constant feeling of overload? NO!!!

48 4 Types of Stress Some common excuses: Chronic Bad Stress (Distress) Temporarily lots of work Exceptionnally working in freetime For the time, work is priority Private relationship is only secondary for the time

49 4 Types of Stress Self-induced chronic stress: Chronic Bad Stress (Distress) Not good enough Not able to handle the work Not nice enough Not thin enough

50 4 Types of Stress Danger: Chronic Bad Stress (Distress) The body s stress response is activated permanently Illness Depression Burnout syndrom...

51 Summary Acute Good Stress (Eustress) Permanent Good Stress (Eustress) Acute Bad Stress (Distress) Chronic Bad Stress (Distress)

52 How does stress affect you? In a given circumstance each individual will be under different levels of stress We are all affected differently by stress You each need to recognize how stress affects you

53 What causes stress? External Environment (external to your current circumstance) Perception

54 What is stress? Stress is a condition or a feeling experienced when a person perceives that demands exceed the resources the individual is able to mobilize.

55 Stress is how you perceive a situation.

56 Actual Demand Actual Ability Perceived Demand Perceived Ability Evaluation STRESS Psychological Response Physiological Response feedback Performance feedback

57 DEMANDS CAPABILITY

58 Warning signs Defensiveness, sensitivity to criticism Inappropriate aggression Acute or chronic interpersonal problems.at work..at home Financial problems which may be the result of, or the cause of it Excesses in routine habits (smoking, eating, drinking..) Retreat from normal social activities Fatigue for no particular reason (despite a good night s sleep) Deteriorating or poor flying performance Increased risk taking Behavioural changes

59 What happens in your body when you are stressed?

60 Fight or Flight Response Heart rate and blood pressure increase Perspiration increase More adrenaline Hearing and vision become more acurate Hands and feet get cold, because blood is directed away from the extremities to the large muscles in order to prepare for fighting or fleeing Digestion, reproduction, tissue repair, immune responses are inhibited Furthermore: Blood is channelled away from the rational areas of the brain; thinking becomes less clear, less decisive.

61 Fight or Flight Response As long as this response is only temporary there is no problem If this response is long-lasting, there will be changes in the body.

62 Possible physiological changes Diabetes: the body produces too little insulin to process all the sugar. Excessive sugar might result in kidney disease, eye damage and skin conditions. High blood pressure: High blood pressure is heart attacks and also damage to brain. Weight gain: Which can be responsible for sleep problems, liver disease and cancer

63 Possible physiological changes Susceptibility to disease: Since the immune system is working at reduced capacity, it is easier to become sick. Depression: The feeling that there is no way out, the feeling of hopelessness can result in a depression. Heart disease: a variety coronary heart diseases including deposit of plaque in the arteries. Cancer: Although there is no proven link, it is widely accepted that stress is a risk factor for cancer.

64 Stress vs performance P e r f o r m a n c e Comfort S t r e t c h S t r a i n P a n i c Stress

65 Stress is cumulative!!!

66 Stress vs performance P e r f o r m a n c e Comfort S t r e t c h S t r a i n P a n i c Stress

67 How do you deal with stress?

68 Anti-Stress Strategies Be prepared (for the unexpected) Know your drills/checks Know and use SOPs Doing the above will reduce the shock (and stress) when a real emergency occurs

69 Anti-Stress Strategies Laugh Care for enough sleep Eat a healthy diet Exercise regularly Love Relax Meditate Listen to music Watch a movie S E N SS Sleep Exercise Nutrition Social Support

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71 HUMAN ERROR

72 An overweight pilot who is just in a divorce from his longterm wife is coming to the airport in the early morning after having slept for only two hours He wanted to take a break and visit some friends in the south of France The aircraft which he normally uses is in maintenance so that he has to use another aircraft which has a slightly different layout of the instruments

73 The layout of the checklists is slightly different on this aircraft and it has smaller fuel tanks The flight preparation is done rapidly because the weather at destination seems to become less good later on during the day and the pilot wants to sneak in before the weather turns bad Etc

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75 Lifeware Physical size and shape Physical needs (e.g.sleep) Input/output characteristics Information processing Environmental tolerances (e.g. temp, pressure, stress etc)

76 Lifeware - Hardware Ergonomics (e.g. pilot seat) Displays Instrument interpretation Scanning and detection Work space Controls with proper movement, coding and location

77 Lifeware - Software Non-physical aspects of systems Design of checklists and manuals Symbology and computer programs Procedures SOP, normal, abnormal and emergency drills Rules and regulations

78 Lifeware - Environment Disturbed biological rhythms e.g. Sleep disturbance Pressurized cabin Noise, vibrations Weather conditions

79 Lifeware - Lifeware Interaction with instructor Relationship with comitee Interaction with controllers Interaction with fellow pilots

80 The interfaces are frequent sources of error because of the mismatch of the central Liveware and the external components

81 Questions????

82 References Transport Canada FRMS toolkit Luxair CRM training