An introduction to the new EU fatigue management framework (Reg. 83/2014)

Transcription

1 An introduction to the new EU fatigue management framework (Reg. 83/2014)

2 Overview What is fatigue? The science of sleep and circadian rhythms What are fatigue hazards in aviation? The new approach to fatigue management: Reg. 83/2014 2

3 What is fatigue?

4 My mind clicks on and off I try letting one eyelid close at a time while I prop the other open with my will. But the effort s too much. Sleep is winning. My whole body argues dully that nothing, nothing life can attain, is quite so desirable as sleep. Charles Lindbergh, describing the fatigue that struck him nine hours into his 33-hour solo Atlantic crossing. 4

5 Microsleeps

6 Microsleepsdetected using PSG Number of microsleeps Outward Return min min Time before landing 30-0 min Number of microsleeps before landing during A340 certification flights TLS- SFO-TLS and TLS-SIN-TLS

7 Fatigue degrades performance Perception of risk lowered Increased risk tolerance Situational awareness reduced Tunnel vision Tasks forgotten or ignored Increased errors 7

8 Effects of sleep loss on brain Parietal functions lobe: integrates information from the senses. Calculations, manipulation of objects Thalamus: Parts of the Alertness brain responsible for understanding the world Occipital lobe: Visual and the data around us processing start to slow down priority given to the thalamus Prefrontal cortices: Problem solving 8

9 Fatigue reduces the safety margin

10 What is fatigue in aviation?

11 Self-assessments of fatigue are not accurate Van Dongen, Maislin, Mullington, and Dinges(2003)

12 From intuition to science Scientific concept Perception influences behaviour Subjective experience Fatigue Everybody has the feeling to be an expert Linked to physiological mechanisms Perception of fatigue linked to psychological, social, cultural factors 12

13 Alertness is regulated by three processes 1. Sleep/wake Alertness increases with sleep and decreases with hours awake 2. Circadian rhythms Alertness varies in a 24-hour rhythm 3. Sleep inertia Temporary grogginess experienced upon waking from sleep Folkard, S. and T. Akerstedt, (1991) A three-process model of the regulation of sleepiness and alertness. In Ogilvie, R. and Broughton, R. (eds.) Sleep, arousal and performance: problems and promises, Boston, Birkhäuser, 1991:11-26.

14 Circadian rhythms Generated by the body clock, located in the hypothalamus Prepare us for activity during day and sleep at night Timing influenced by external cues, particularly light.

15 The body clock Taken from Wikimedia Commons 15

16 Sleep propensity Schematic representation of time periods favouring sleep onset (from Stampi, 1989) 16

17 Alertness components Process S Process W Sleep inertia Homeostasic need for sleep Process C Endogenous circadian pacemaker The components of the three-process Model of alertness, adapted from Åkerstedt et al,

18 What is cumulative sleep loss? From Belenky G, Wesensten NJ, Thorne DR, Thomas ML, Sing HC, Redmond DP, Russo MB, Balkin TJ (2003). Patterns of performance degradation and restoration during sleep restriction and subsequent recovery: a sleep dose-response study. Journal of Sleep Research 12: 1-12.

19 Fatigue factors Circadian Cumulative sleep debt Fatigue Time awake Amount of recent sleep Time on task 19

20 Sleep inertia Most severe in the first 5 min after waking Effects can last longer than 30 min Temporary feeling of grogginess and reduced performance that occurs immediately after waking Impaired short-term memory, reaction time, decision making ability Worst when woken from deep sleep, particularly if this coincides with the WOCL

21 Fatigue: a hazard in aviation Time awake Time of Day Fatigue Sleepiness Task related factors Rest Sleep Reduced Performance Capability Accident 21

22 Causes and consequences of fatigue 22

23 reduces the safety margin; Fatigue has multiple causes; and the true cost may be hidden. Effective fatigue control needs more than just numbers.

24 European regulatory framework Basic Regulation Essential Requirements IR EC Legislator AMC GM CS EASA 24

25 Key safety improvements (1) General Harmonised standards Home base Single airport location Additional rest upon change of home base Cumulative fatigue Improved extended recovery rest Compensation for disruptive schedules 25

26 Key safety improvements (2) FDP Extended time window for night restrictions No extensions during night hours In-flight rest extension based on high quality of in-flight rest facilities Standby Cap on combined duration of airport standby and FDP Other standby limited to 16 hours, FDP reduced after 8 hours PDF File Minimum rest after standby, 25% count as duty FRM Mandatory fatigue management training Operator responsibilities 26

27 Flight time specification schemes ORO.FTL.125 Flight TimeSpecification Schemes Operators shall establish, implement and maintain flight time specification schemes that are appropriate for the type(s) of operation performed and that comply with Regulation (EC) No. 216/2008, this Subpart and other applicable legislation, including Directive 2000/79/EC. Before being implemented, flight time specification schemes, including any related FRM where required, shall be approved by the competent authority. 27

28 Key points IR, CS, AMC and GM are a system, they complement each other Don t look at rules or numbers in isolation Fatigue management is a shared responsibility Compliance with Operator Responsibilities must be demonstrated with SMS