Teknologi produksi tembakau

Transcription

1 Crop production technologies Teknologi produksi tembakau

2 We know how 1. Tobacco types 2. Agricultural practices Pemilihan dan persiapan lahan* Seed, seedbed, seedling Transplanting, population Nutrition Irrigating Cultivating, weed manajemen Perlindungan HPT* Topping-suckering Ripeness, harvesting * After middle test semester 3. Curing 4. Grading 5. Aging, stapeling 6. Tobacco uses

3 The main types of tobacco Flue Cured tobacco Oriental tobacco Burley tobacco Sun-cured tobacco Cigar tobacco Dark fire-cured tobacco

4 The size of whole leaf tobacco Orintal Tobacco Leaf

5 Tobacco types based on planting season NA-Oogst : tobacco rainy season is planted in the dry season and harvested in the rainy season and usually used as the raw material manufacture of cigars as wrapper, wider, and filler. Based on its cultivation system, it consists of traditional Na-Oogst, early-plant Na-Oogst, and Shade Grown Tobacco Voor-Oogst; tobacco dry season is planted in the end of rainy season and harvested in the dry season and generally used as the raw material of cigarettes having thicker leaves than Na-oogst. Flue-cured, Dark fire-cured, Sun-cured, Oriental, Burley are Voor-Oogst tobacco Shade grown tobacco Shade grown tobacco

6 Seed Tobacco is a transplanted crop and seedling production is similar in most countries, except where greenhouses are widely used. In conventional seedbed production, seedlings are started from tiny seeds (about per g) sown by hand on well prepared soil beds and manually removed for transplanting to the field after reaching a height of 15 to 20 cm.

7 Seedling: Seedbed In tropical climates, seedling beds are usually covered with with perforated plastic or woven materials/dried plant materials to preserve soil moisture and reduce disturbance of seeds or seedlings by heavy rains or mulched with gravel, sand, rice hulls and other materials

8 Seedling: Seedbed The rate of seeding not only determines the number of seedlings in a plant bed, it also determines seedling quality. Excessive seeding rates result in reduced stem diameter, slower growth and poor survivability in the field. Lower than optimum seeding rates often result in 'bunchy' seedlings that have short stems and large leaves. One seedling per 5 cm 5 cm plant bed area provided the best quality seedling. Therefore, a seeding rate of 0.5 gm per 10 m 2 should be adequate.

9 Seedling: Nutrition Fertilization levels will vary a great deal depending on soil type, rainfall and temperature. Collins and Hawks (1993) suggested the following for flue-cured seedlings on soils in the southeastern USA: 1.6 kg N, 0.8 kg P 2 O 5, 0.8 kg K 2 O and 0.6 kg MgO per 10 m 2 plant bed. No more than 2.3 kg N, 2.3 kg K 2 O and 2.3 kg P 2 O 5 per 10 m 2 are recommended for burley tobacco plant beds (Palmer, et al., 1993).

10 Seedling:clipping Proper clipping is an important tool in increasing the number of usable seedlings, transplant hardiness, stem length and diameter uniformity Current recommendations are to begin clipping at 3 to 5 day intervals when plant height is 5 to 7 cm to the apical bud, and to set the blade height at 2.5 to 3.5 cm above the apical bud

11 Transplanting It is essential that good quality seedlings are used as transplants. They should be about 15 cm in height and free from any pests or diseases. Seedlings need to be placed into moist soil in the field with the terminal bud at least 2 to 3 cm above ground level When planting under hot and dry conditions, seedlings should be hardened by withholding water at least 14 days before planting Clipping of seedlings is generally done to improve uniformity

12 Plant Populations There is a large variation in plant population among the different tobacco types: dark air-cured and fire-cured tobacco have the lowest populations of about plants/ha Oriental the highest population of about plants/ha flue-cured and burley have populations of about plants/ha. The optimum plant population is often determined by leaf usability, or quality, rather than yield.

13 Irrigation Water use by the plant increases to a maximum about 7 to 9 weeks after transplanting and then decreases as the plants mature. An estimate of crop water requirements (evapotranspiration, ET) can be obtained by relating the reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) to that of the crop by using a crop coefficient (kc) Crop coefficients are linearly related to the canopy cover until the first harvest, and as leaves mature they transpire less and the crop coefficients decline faster than the crop canopy Growth rates vary with the type of tobacco, the environmental conditions and irrigation regime or system used and, consequently, different crop coefficients have been reported

14 Irrigation Papenfus and Quin (1984) divided the water requirements of a tobacco crop into three phases. In the first, which is from 2 to 5 weeks after transplanting, the plant is sensitive to over-watering and has a small requirement for water. The second phase is from 5 weeks after planting. This stage is one of rapid growth and the crop needs frequent irrigation or rainfall. Water stress during this period will decrease the yield and quality of tobacco significantly The third phase extends over the remainder of the primed-leaf harvesting period, when the water used by the plant decreases significantly because there are fewer leaves and the rate of transpiration is reduced.

15 Cultivation and Weed Management Tobacco cultivation serves three major purposes: 1. reduces weed growth, 2. improves soil aeration and water penetration, and 3. can be used to form a large row ridge (called 'ridge cultivation') which diverts some excess water to row middles and thus reduces the risks of drowning and loss of leachable nutrients.

16 Nutrition The rate of growth and quantities of nutrients taken up vary considerably and depend on the type of tobacco, soil type and fertility, management and cultural practices, and the environmental conditions. Generally, dark fire-cured and burley tobacco have a high nitrogen requirement and are mainly grown on fertile, medium-to heavytextured soils; flue-cured tobacco requires less fertile soils and is grown on sands and sandy loams; while Oriental tobacco requires soils which are low in nitrogen and so infertile sands are the preferred soils

17 Nutrition: Disorders Nitrogen deficiency Pottasium deficiency Calcium deficiency Phosporus deficiency Magnesium deficiency Boron deficiency Manganese toxicity Sulfur deficiency High ph

18 Nutrition: Nitrogen (an example) Nitrogen is a component of the nicotine molecule and is important in the synthesis of this constituent of tobacco. The concentration of nitrogen in leaves is positively correlated with nicotine and negatively correlated with starch and sugar concentrations Excessive soil nitrogen will generally produce cured leaves which are dark brown to black in color, dry and chaffy, and have a strong and pungent smoke. An increase in nitrogen will increase the yield of tobacco, but quality is often reduced at high levels

19 Nutrition: Nitrogen (an example) Main effects of N rate and soil moisture on some agronomic and chemical properties of flue-cured tobacco (Weybrew, et al., 1983).

20 Topping Topping is the removal of the inflorescence and uppermost leaves in order to stimulate the growth and development of the remaining top leaves. Topping increases the area, weight/unit area and nicotine concentration and decreases the filling value of the upper leaves Leaves from topped plants have a higher concentration of starch than untopped plants, which results in an increased reducing sugar concentration in the cured leaves Topping significantly increases the concentration of nicotine in leaves and the earlier that plants are topped the greater the increase. The nicotine concentration of the cured leaf is usually increased by more than that of the reducing sugars and as a result of this the ratio of sugar:nicotine is decreased by about 30%

21 Dark air-cured and firecured tobaccos are topped early and very low at 8 to 15 leaves in order to prolong the vegetative period and the accumulation of nutrients and nicotine. The resultant cured leaf tends to be large, heavy, oily, tough, leathery and dark in color. Flue-cured tobacco is topped to about 18 leaves and the leaf has a moderate thickness, area and nicotine concentration. Topping

22 Topping In the case of shade-grown cigar wrapper leaf, topping is delayed and only the flower bud is removed. Oriental tobacco is not topped because the leaves should be small and have a low nicotine concentration.

23 Suckering Immediately after topping, sucker growth is very vigorous and has the largest influence on yield, quality and chemical composition Nonsuckered tobacco was significantly lower in concentrations of duvatrienediols, and they concluded that a high degree of sucker control, whether chemical or manual, was important for high concentrations of duvatrienediols in harvested tobacco.

24 Harvesting and Ripeness Flue-cured, Oriental and cigar wrapper are the only tobacco types whose leaves are harvested (primed) in sequence as they ripen from the bottom to the top of the plant.

25 Ripeness at Harvest The highest visual quality ratings are normally associated with ripe tobaccos Higher grade indices for ripe tobacco, and over-ripe tobaccos had higher grade indices than under-ripe tobaccos. The effects of ripeness on the agronomic, chemical and physical properties of flue-cured tobacco are somewhat variable, probably because of variable climatic conditions

26 Curing: Flue cured (an example) Flue-curing requires 5 to 7 days for completion and removes about 97% of the moisture from the harvested leaf The most important changes as follows: 1. chlorophyll degradation which unmasks the yellow carotenoid pigments, 2. hydrolysis of starch to free sugars and partial respiration of these sugars to carbon dioxide, 3. hydrolysis of proteins into free amino acids and the subsequent reaction of free amino acids with free sugars as important to flavor and aroma; 4. thermal degradation of leaf surface diterpenes and sugar esters into more volatile compounds,

27 Indonesian tobaccos curing style Cut-rag before curing 2. Cutting into fine strips 1. Yellowing 3. Adding polysaccharides 5. Sun curing 4. spreading

28 Indonesian tobaccos cured style Srintil Temanggung Madura Kasturi jember FC Lombok

29 GRADING combine scientific and intuitive to ensure costumer satisfaction as final goal Dilihat Dipegang Dicium

30 Grade Base on stalk position

31 Indoensian tobacco warehouse: bale, staple, aging Madura Temanggung Mranggen Base on packaging we consider what the tobacco types are

32 Threshing and Re-drying Remove stem, redry moisture contents of less than 15%, enhance the aging process.

33 Tobacco Uses A cigarette is a combination of cured and finely cut tobacco, reconstituted tobacco and other additives rolled or stuffed into a paper wrapped cylinder. Many cigarettes have a filter on one end. More than 4,000 different chemicals have been found in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Among these are more than 60 chemicals that are known to cause cancer. Cigar tobacco leaves are first aged for about a year and then fermented in a multi-step process that can take from 3 to 5 months. Fermentation causes chemical and bacterial reactions that change the tobacco. This is what gives cigars a different taste and smell from cigarettes. Cigars contain higher level of nicotine than cigarettes.

34 Tobacco Uses Dissolvable Tobacco This type of tobacco is finely processed to dissolve on the tongue or in the mouth. Varieties include strips, sticks,orbs and compressed tobacco lozenges. They are smoke and spit free, are held together by food-grade binders and look similar to a breath mint or candy. This product does contain nicotine. Smokeless tobacco products are known to cause significant health risks and are not a safe substitute for smoking tobacco. Electronic cigarette or E- cigarette (nicotine delivery system) The e-cigarette is a battery-powered device that contains a cartridge filled with nicotine, flavor and other chemicals. The e-cigarrette is not a tobacco product but a nicotine delivery system. Recent studies by the FDA show that the e-cigarette contains known carcinogens and toxic chemicals that are harmful to the user.

35 Tobacco Uses Hookah is a pipe used to smoke Shisha, a combination of tobacco and fruit or vegetable that is heated and the smoke is filtrated through water exposes the user to 100 to 200 times the volume of smoke inhaled from a single cigarette Pipes are often reusable and consist of a chamber or bowl, stem and mouthpiece. Pipe smoking can also cause "hairy tongue," furry-looking bumps on the tongue that can become stained by tobacco, making the tongue look discolored or black The two main types of smokeless tobacco in the United States are chewing tobacco and snuff. Chewing tobacco comes in the form of loose leaf, plug, or twist. Snuff is finely ground tobacco that can be dry, moist, or in sachets (tea bag-like pouches).

36 Thank You For no nicotine consuming here