Illicit drug markets in Asia: Focus on East and SE Asia

Transcription

1 Illicit drug markets in Asia: Focus on East and SE Asia Presentation to 16 th ADEC, Tokyo Gary Lewis UNODC Regional Representative for East Asia and the Pacific 22 February 2010

2 Presentation Structure 1. Global situation 2. Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (focus on E/SE Asia) 3. Opiates Afghanistan Myanmar

3 Presentation Structure 1. Global situation 2. Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (focus on E/SE Asia) 3. Opiates Afghanistan Myanmar

4 Overview - Global Containment is working Opiates decline Coca/cocaine declines Drug use stabilizes in many countries but new warning signs Shift away from opiates and cocaine towards ATS

5 Overview East and South-East Asia ATS: Situation steadily worsening Opiates: reversal of past successes

6 Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment

7 TOCTA: Key organized Crime Flows

8 Presentation Structure 1. Global situation 2. Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (focus on E/SE Asia) 3. Opiates Afghanistan Myanmar

9 ATS in E/SE Asia Situation steadily worsening

10 A. Detailed assessments: Regional Level: East and Southeast Asia Country Level 15 reports Australia Myanmar Brunei New Zealand Cambodia Philippines China Rep. of Korea Indonesia Singapore Japan Thailand Lao PDR Viet Nam Malaysia Launched: Nov 2010 B. Overviews: South Asia Pacific Island States/Territories

11 ATS: 9 things to worry about 1. Expanding ATS markets 2. Increasing ATS manufacture 3. Shift in precursor sourcing 4. Methamphetamine spillover from Myanmar 5. Increasing injecting use of methamphetamine 6. Lack of ATS treatment services 7. Increased Transnational Organized Crime activity 8. Ketamine use and trafficking is a growing concern 9. Harvesting and disposal of SRO problematic

12 ATS: 9 things to worry about 1. Expanding ATS markets 2. Increasing ATS manufacture 3. Shift in precursor sourcing 4. Methamphetamine spillover from Myanmar 5. Increasing injecting use of methamphetamine 6. Lack of ATS treatment services 7. Increased Transnational Organized Crime activity 8. Ketamine use and trafficking is a growing concern 9. Harvesting and disposal of SRO problematic

13 1. Expanding ATS Markets ATS rank in the top 3 drugs of use in all countries Methamphetamine pills Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Ecstasy Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Crystalline methamphetamine Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam = Not reported Source: DAINAP

14 1. Expanding ATS Markets ATS rank in the top 3 drugs of use in all countries Methamphetamine pills Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Ecstasy Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Crystalline methamphetamine Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam = Not reported Source: DAINAP

15 1. Expanding ATS Markets ATS rank in the top 3 drugs of use in all countries Methamphetamine pills Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Ecstasy Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Crystalline methamphetamine Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam = Not reported Source: DAINAP

16 1. Expanding ATS Markets Crystalline methamphetamine use trend, 2009 Use reported: 11 countries* Increasing: 6 China Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Decreasing: 3 Australia Brunei Darussalam Rep. of Korea *Cambodia, Myanmar and the Philippines also reported crystalline methamphetamine use but did not report use trend data. Source: DAINAP Stable: 2 Japan New Zealand

17 ATS: 9 things to worry about 1. Expanding ATS markets 2. Increasing ATS manufacture 3. Shift in precursor sourcing 4. Methamphetamine spillover from Myanmar 5. Increasing injecting use of methamphetamine 6. Lack of ATS treatment services 7. Increased Transnational Organized Crime activity 8. Ketamine use and trafficking is a growing concern 9. Harvesting and disposal of SRO problematic

18 2. Increasing ATS manufacture Manufacture or attempted manufacture in all but three countries Small kitchen type as well as large-scale laboratories seized Slight decrease from 2008 but 80% increase from 2007 Jakarta, January 2009 Rizal province, Philippines, March 2009 Sources: DAINAP; BNN, 2010; PDEA, 2010

19 2. Increasing ATS manufacture Australia: 316 labs seized (up 17% from 2008) Cambodia: 5 labs and precursor manufacturing sites seized Significant precursors and ephedra grass/seeds seized China: 391* total labs seized (up 60% from 2008) Indonesia: 37 labs seized (highest total on record) Sources: DAINAP; Global SMART data request forms, 2010; National reports; * Unclear if all were for ATS

20 2. Increasing ATS manufacture Japan: Jun 2010: First lab reported since 1995 Myanmar: Major producer of meth pills 39 labs seized from Likelihood of large-scale labs New Zealand: 135 labs seized Large increase in precursor seizures Sources: DAINAP; Global SMART data request forms, 2010; National reports

21 ATS: 9 things to worry about 1. Expanding ATS markets 2. Increasing ATS manufacture 3. Shift in precursor sourcing 4. Methamphetamine spillover from Myanmar 5. Increasing injecting use of methamphetamine 6. Lack of ATS treatment services 7. Increased Transnational Organized Crime activity 8. Ketamine use and trafficking is a growing concern 9. Harvesting and disposal of SRO problematic

22 4. Methamphetamine spillover from Myanmar Major source of meth pills 2009: 23.9 m meth pills seized Most seizures near production centres Seized pills primarily destined for neighbouring countries : 39 small-scale facilities seized Increased precursor seizures No crystalline meth facility seized Source: DAINAP; CCDAC, 2009

23 4. Methamphetamine spillover from Myanmar Seizures (pills) 100,000,000 90,000,000 80,000,000 70,000,000 60,000,000 50,000,000 40,000,000 30,000,000 20,000,000 10,000, * Note: Seizures from Australia and New Zealand are not included. 2009: Total seizures 94 million pills (approx.) 99% in China, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Thailand. From 2008 to 2009: Three-fold increase (32m pills seized in 2008). Source: DAINAP

24 4. Methamphetamine spillover from Myanmar MYANMAR: Situation Assessment on Amphetamine-Type Stimulants Launched: 13 December 2010

25 Thanks to the following countries for funding SMART Australia Canada Japan Republic of Korea New Zealand Thailand

26 Presentation Structure 1. Global situation 2. Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (focus on E/SE Asia) 3. Opiates Afghanistan Myanmar

27 OPIATES: Containment is working but is under threat

28 AFGHANISTAN

29 AFGHANISTAN Cultivation = stable Production = down

30 Cultivation , , , , , , ,000 80,000 74,000 8,000 82,000 91,000 64,000 58,000 57,000 54,000 71, , , , , ,000 75,000 50,000 25,000 0 Hectares

31 Poppy cultivation (ha)

32 Security and poppy cultivation

33 Opium production (mt)

34 Affected opium crop in Helmand

35 Affected stems and leaves of opium plant

36 Presentation Structure 1. Global situation 2. Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (focus on E/SE Asia) 3. Opiates Afghanistan Myanmar

37 South-East Asia: Opium Survey 2010 Launched: 13 December 2010

38 CULTIVATION Lao PDR up Myanmar up Thailand up

39 CULTIVATION SE Asia

40 CULTIVATION Global

41 PRODUCTION Lao PDR up Myanmar up Thailand up = 16% global production increased Ha increased yield

42 ERADICATION Lao PDR down Myanmar up significantly Thailand up

43 Satellite Survey Detailed satellite images Statistical sampling approach Systematic field verification of all satellite images Socio-economic survey of villages

44 Cultivation in Myanmar in season

45 FOOD SECURITY Percentage of households that have enough rice for 12 months

46 Est. # households involved in poppy cultivation = 224,000 Reasons for farmers to grow poppy Subsistence

47 Est. # households involved in poppy cultivation (2009) = 224,000 Many farmers who stopped growing poppy Had to purchase food on credit Had to borrow food Had to rely on relatives / friends

48 3 Feb 2011 (East Shan, Myanmar)

49 Conclusions 1. Opium problem getting more severe 2. Food security has deteriorated 3. Insecurity conflict prevents access 4. Poverty also impacting environmental change timber harvesting, NTFP 5. Few international organizations engaging in Shan State on food insecurity and poverty 6. Solutions must involve emergence of peace 7. Funding required

50 Thanks to Japan for funding the Opium Poppy Survey

51 Effective responses

52 EFFECTIVE STRATEGIC RESPONSES: A. Improve our knowledge B. Establish / strengthen norms and laws C. Share technical knowledge and best practice D. Promote regional cooperation shared strategies and information E. Advocacy: catalyze political will

53 BEST PRACTICES (1): 1. Remember that drug trafficking is part of TOC. Not a separate issue. 2. Ensure that national legal frameworks in compliance with international standards. 3. LE has to deal with very flexible OC networks and efficient work is based on efficient intelligence. 4. Proper national threat assessments as basis for proactive countermeasures.

54 BEST PRACTICES (2): 5. Stick to regional level as much as possible. Need to break national silo approaches, short term vision, inadequate funding, etc. 6. Comprehensive approach: a) strong national criminal intelligence b) exchanging intel swiftly at regional level c) strengthen LE agencies investigative capacities d) create synergies among Police, Customs, immigration, etc.) e) Promote the use of special investigative techniques (controlled deliveries) 7. UNODC can assist in technical capacity also Interpol, WCO

55 It takes a network to defeat a network

56 THANK YOU