HIGHway to Hell: The Science Behind Drugged Driving

Transcription

1 HIGHway to Hell: The Science Behind Drugged Driving

2 Facilitator: Brian Ursino, Director, Law Enforcement, AAMVA

3 Presenters: John Lacey, Center Director, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation Mike Gottlieb, High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area, Office of National Drug Control Policy Ernie Floegel, Drug Recognition Expert Coordinator, International Association of Chiefs of Police Chris Halsor, Colorado Traffic Safety Resource Prosecutor, Colorado District Attorneys Council

4 HIGHway to Hell: The Science Behind Drugged Driving

5 John H. Lacey Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation AND MANY OTHERS

6 Annual International Conference of the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators (AAMVA) August 25-27, 2014

7 Summary of U.S Drug-Involved Driving Prevalence Study Update on U.S. Drug and Alcohol Crash Risk Study Review European risk estimates Current and upcoming studies

8 Sponsors: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA) National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) National Institute of Justice (NIJ)

9 First U.S. National prevalence estimate of drug-involved driving based on biological specimens: Oral fluid (daytime and nighttime) 7,719 (71%) of participants provided an oral fluid sample Blood (nighttime only) 3,276 (39%) of nighttime drivers provided a blood sample

10 Drug Classes (defined by potential drug effects): Stimulants Marijuana Sedatives Narcotic Analgesics Antidepressants Drug Categories: Illegal Prescription Over-The-Counter

11 Time of Day Drug Category N (Unweighted) % (Weighted) Illegal Medications Daytime Illegal & Medications Negative 1, Overall Daytime 1, Illegal Medications Nighttime Illegal & Medications Negative 5, Overall Nighttime 5,

12 Time of Day N (Unweighted) % Drug Positive (Weighted) Nighttime 5, %

13 Drug Category N (Unweighted) % (Weighted) Illegal % Medications % Illegal & Medications % Negative 4, % Overall 5, % Medications includes prescription and over-the-counter drugs. In this table, percentages are weighted.

14 Session N (Unweighted) % Drug Positive (Weighted) 2: Friday, 10:00 p.m. Midnight 1, % 3: Friday, 1:00 a.m. 3:00 a.m. 1, % 4: Saturday, 10:00 p.m. Midnight 1, % 5: Saturday, 1:00 a.m. 3:00 a.m. 1, % Overall 5, %

15 Gender Males Females Age N (Unweighted) % Drug Positive (Weighted) % , % % % % Overall Males 1, % % % % % % Overall Females 2, %

16 Gender Male Female Drug Category N (Unweighted) % (Weighted) Illegal % Medications % Illegal & Medications % Negative 3, % Overall 3, % Illegal % Medications % Illegal & Medications % Negative 1, % Overall 2, % Medications includes prescription and over-the-counter drugs. In this table, percentages are weighted.

17 BAC (g/dl) Drug Result N (Unweighted) Zero Between Zero and Positive % 16.4% 4.1% Negative 4, % 7.7% 1.7% Overall 5, % 9.1% 2.1% In this table, percentages are weighted.

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19 Method: Case-control study based on: Data from seriously injured/killed drivers (cases) Data from road side surveys (controls) Assessment of the risk for drivers of passenger cars and vans: Alcohol Illicit and medicinal drugs Alcohol combined with drugs Multiple drug use Risk of serious injury: BE, DK, FI, IT, LT and NL Risk of fatality: FI, NO, PT and SE

20 Overall Risk Levels Hatching - results must be handled with care

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22 Conduct a case-control study to assess the crash risk presented by: alcohol-positive, drug-positive, and alcohol-plus-drug-positive drivers.

23 Calculate odds ratio of crash-involved drivers compared to non-crash-involved drivers Examples: DRUID estimation of relative risk Hospitalized crash involved drivers Sample of non-crash involved drivers from same area Comparison of on-road drivers to fatally injured drivers during same time period Crash-involved drivers: FARS Control drivers: 2007 U.S. National Roadside Survey (Romano, Torres, Voas, & Lacey) 23

24 Calculate odds ratio of crash-involved drivers to similarly exposed non-crash-involved drivers Attempts to control for bias when non-crashinvolved drivers differ in fundamental ways from the crash-involved drivers Age, gender, nighttime vs. daytime, location, direction of travel, etc. Borkenstein Grand Rapids Study 24

25 Virginia Beach, Virginia Required a jurisdiction with a population of approximately 400,000 to 500,000. The area had a sufficient number of crashes to allow for data analysis. Willingness of the police department and other local agencies (hospitals and medical examiners) to cooperate with our stringent research protocol.

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28 Designed to collect direct measures of alcohol and other drug use from 2,500 drivers in crashes Breath alcohol Oral fluid Blood Collect same data on 5,000 control drivers One week later, same day of week, time of day, location, direction of travel Conduct appropriate risk analyses

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36 Alcohol Crash Risk Results

37 2,682 Usable Crashes 33.6% injury or fatality 66.4% property damage 37

38 Transported to Hospital 729 Eligible 393 Participated 362 (90.8%) Drivers Arrested 205 Eligible 120 Participated 109 (90.8%) Hit-and-Run Drivers 84 Caught 42 Eligible 27 Participated 24 (88.9%) 38

39 Sample Obtained Crash Control Total BAC 3,353 6,868 10,221 Oral Fluid 3,095 6,190 9,285 Blood 588 1,176 1,764 Oral Fluid or Blood 3,128 6,256 9,384 39

40 BAC Relative Risk (Adjusted for Age and Gender) Relative Risk (Relative to BAC = 0.00) BAC All Driver Breath Samples Drug Negative Drivers Blomberg et al

41 Raw Summary drug prevalence estimates for cases and controls

42 Drug Class Crash N % Control N % p- Value Antidepressants % % 0.50 Marijuana % % 0.05 Narcotic-Analgesics % % 0.42 Sedatives % % 0.90 Stimulants % % 0.93 Other % % 0.08 More than 1 Class % % 0.01 Overall Drug Positive % % 0.04 Negative 2, % 5, % 0.04 All 3, % 6, %

43 Oral Fluid Blood Crashes Controls Crashes Controls N % N % p- value N % N % p- value Illegal Other Neg. 2, , All 3, , ,

44 2013 National Roadside Survey Simulator study of marijuana and alcohol

45 Washington State Roadside Survey Traffic Safety Effects of Marijuana Legalization

46 Field Test of Oral Fluid Drug Testing Devices

47 Drug per se laws Implementation and effects How do we fairly handle prescription drugs

48 John H. Lacey Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation (PIRE) Beltsville Dr., Ste. 900 Calverton, MD Ph: Fax: Website:

49 Mike Gottlieb, High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area, Office of National Drug Control Policy

50 Drugged Driving: What s Driving the Numbers Ernie Floegel, IACP DEC Program

51 IACP DEC Program Involvement Provides international program oversight International credentialing agency Sets standards for training, certification, recertification and decertification of DREs Partners with international highway safety groups Provides coordination of DRE Technical Advisory Panel (TAP) and DRE Section Coordinates IACP Annual Training Conference on Drugs, Alcohol and Impaired Driving

52 Drugged Driving For years an under-recognized highway safety problem Dedicated leadership has elevated the issue Now recognized as a serious highway safety and public health threat

53 DEC Program Overview Includes all 50 states plus DC Approximately 7,300 credentialed DREs 5,046 law enforcement agencies involved 51,262 DRE DUID evaluations (January 2012-March 2014)

54 DRE Making An Impact Pennsylvania Year DUID Arrests DRE Evaluations DREs , , , , , ,517 1, ,808 1, ,907 1, ,953 2,

55 Advanced Roadside Impaired Driving Enforcement (ARIDE) Approximately 30,000 officers trained ( ) Has raised level of awareness for officers working patrol Reducing the officer s fear factor at roadside On-Line version: 49 states and over 400 participants

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57 Some Obstacles To Overcome Basing drugged driving on 0.08 BAC model Setting a magic impairment level for drugs Legal drugs are medicine and thus okay to drive Marijuana is not a drug mentality Ever expanding/changing world of drugs Toxicology and prosecution keeping pace

58 DRE Drug Category Confirmations DRE National Tracking System Records ( ) 1. Cannabis - 14, CNS Depressants 10, CNS Stimulants - 9, Narcotic Analgesics - 9, Dissociative Anesthetics Hallucinogens Inhalants 93 Poly-Drug Use Approximately 36% of all DRE cases -

59 High er Roads Ahead Washington: 2013 DUI-Drug cases with positive THC levels up 25% from Colorado: In January 2014 approximately half of DUID arrests (Colorado SP) involved THC. Increased to 74% in February 2014.

60 Marijuana and Driving Not a new challenge a growing challenge Legalization equates to more impaired drivers Expanded roadside detection training needed Officers must use an impairment standard (as with alcohol or other impairing drugs)

61 Today s Hot Pot Marijuana potency increasing 25 years ago: 1-2% average THC levels % % Today - reported as high as 36% Vapor smoking pens, MJ Wax and editable forms of MJ elevating THC to record and dangerous levels Source: Univ. Mississippi Potency Monitoring

62 Medical MJ and Driving 2.4 million estimated M-MJ patients in U.S. (Dec 2012) Numbers increasing - not all states maintain data Many M-MJ users drive Medicating controls? Potency? Driver warnings?

63 Medical MJ and Driving Washington Medical MJ Driver Charged With Vehicular Homicide October 4, 2013 Driver in possession of WA M-MJ card collided with motorcycle killing the 23 year-old driver. Driver failed field sobriety tests and tested positive for 9.8 ng/ml THC two hours after crash. Admitted smoking marijuana for medical purposes two hours prior to the crash.

64 Summary We can learn from alcohol and driving history Focusing on drugged driving enhances the efforts to reduce alcohol impaired driving Drugged driving is a new and expanding frontier and a challenge that we cannot ignore Impairment is impairment!

65 IACP DEC Program

66 Thank you! Ernie Floegel International Association of Chiefs of Police Project Specialist / Impaired Driving Programs 44 Canal Center Plaza, Suite 200 Alexandria, VA floegel@theiacp.org -

67 Accelerating Leadership Development: Lessons From the Leading Edge

68 Up Next: 5:30 pm 7:30 pm Chair s Welcome Reception and Dinner: A Night at the Boardwalk Ballroom C Tomorrow: 9:00 am 10:00 am CONCURRENT SESSIONS Using NMVTIS to Enhance Your Title Program and Reduce Vehicle Fraud Diamond Room 1 Who Are You Really? Using Verification Systems to Fight Fraud Diamond Room 2