VENTANA hematopathology solutions. Deliver diagnostic confidence

Transcription

1 VENTANA hematopathology solutions Deliver diagnostic confidence

2 2 Hematopathology diagnostic solutions Contents VENTANA hematopathology assays 3 Detecting and subtyping hematological cancers 4 The importance of immunohistochemistry as an aid in diagnosis 4 The challenge of hematopathology: many cancers and many tests 4 Guideline organizations and classification systems 5 Diagnostic approaches and key considerations 5 Mature B-cell lymphomas: the most commonly encountered cancers 6 Mature T-cell lymphomas: rare and aggressive cancers 7 Follicular lymphoma 8 Introduction: disease and epidemiology 8 Key diseases in the differential diagnosis 9 Key markers that aid diagnosis 9 Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma 10 Introduction: disease and epidemiology 10 Key diseases in differential diagnosis 11 Key markers that aid diagnosis 11 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma 12 Introduction: disease and epidemiology 12 Key diseases in differential diagnosis 13 Key markers that aid diagnosis 13 Mantle cell lymphoma 14 Introduction: disease and epidemiology 14 Key diseases in differential diagnosis 14 Key markers that aid diagnosis 15 Hodgkin lymphoma 17 Introduction: disease and epidemiology 17 Key diseases in differential diagnosis 17 Key markers that aid diagnosis 18 VENTANA hematopathology solutions: comprehensive, robust, innovative 19 References 19

3 Hematopathology diagnostic solutions 3 VENTANA hematopathology assays Our comprehensive menu consists of robust assays (Table 1) that aid in diagnosis and subtyping. These assays are supported by innovative detection, automation and workflow solutions. Table 1. A broad selection of VENTANA hematopathology assays listed by category. Antibody Clone Species Catalog Number Ordering Code Pan-B cell CD20 L26 Mouse monoclonal CD22 SP104 Rabbit monoclonal CD79a SP18 Rabbit monoclonal PAX5 SP34 Rabbit monoclonal Pan-T cell CD2 MRQ-11 Mouse monoclonal CD3 2GV6 Rabbit monoclonal CD7 SP94 Rabbit monoclonal CD43 L60 Mouse monoclonal CD45RO UCHL-1 Mouse monoclonal Disease specific Lymphoma ALK1 ALK01 Mouse monoclonal BCL Mouse monoclonal BCL-2 SP66 Rabbit monoclonal BCL-6 GI191E/A8 Mouse monoclonal BOB.1 SP92 Rabbit monoclonal CD4 SP35 Rabbit monoclonal CD5 SP19 Rabbit monoclonal CD8 SP57 Rabbit monoclonal CD10 SP67 Rabbit monoclonal CD15 MMA Mouse monoclonal CD21 EP3093 Rabbit monoclonal CD23 SP23 Rabbit monoclonal CD25 4C9 Mouse monoclonal CD30 Ber-H2 Mouse monoclonal CD38 SP149 Rabbit monoclonal CD56 123C3 Mouse monoclonal CD138/syndecan-1 B-A38 Mouse monoclonal c-myc Y69 Rabbit monoclonal Cyclin D1 SP4-R Rabbit monoclonal EMA E29 Mouse monoclonal Fascin 55k-2 Mouse monoclonal FoxP1 SP133 Rabbit monoclonal Granzyme B Polyclonal Rabbit polyclonal HGAL MRQ-49 Mouse monoclonal LMO2 SP51 Rabbit monoclonal MUM1 MRQ-43 Rabbit monoclonal Oct-2 MRQ-2 Mouse monoclonal PD-1 NAT105 Mouse monoclonal T-bet MRQ-46 Rabbit monoclonal SOX-11 MRQ-58 Mouse monoclonal ZAP-70 2F3.2 Mouse monoclonal Leukemia Annexin A1 MRQ-3 Mouse monoclonal BRAF V600E VE1 Mouse monoclonal CD34 QBEnd/10 Mouse monoclonal CD57 NK-1 Mouse monoclonal CD61 2f2 Mouse monoclonal CD71 MRQ-48 Mouse monoclonal CD163 MRQ-26 Mouse monoclonal Glycophorin A GA-R2 Mouse monoclonal Lysozyme Polyclonal Rabbit polyclonal Myeloperoxidase Polyclonal Rabbit polyclonal Spectrin RBC2/3D5 Mouse monoclonal TdT Polyclonal Rabbit polyclonal TRAcP 9C5 Mouse monoclonal Clonality and immunoglobulin IgA Polyclonal Rabbit polyclonal IgD Polyclonal Rabbit polyclonal IgG Polyclonal Rabbit polyclonal IgM Polyclonal Rabbit polyclonal KAPPA Polyclonal Rabbit polyclonal LAMBDA Polyclonal Rabbit polyclonal Leukocyte CD45 (LCA) 2B11 & PD7/26 Mouse monoclonal CD45 (LCA) RP2/18 Mouse monoclonal CD45R MB1 Mouse monoclonal Other hematopathology CD1a EP3622 Rabbit monoclonal CD14 EPR3653 Rabbit monoclonal CD31 JC70 Mouse monoclonal CD68 KP-1 Mouse monoclonal CD99 O13 Mouse monoclonal Ki Rabbit monoclonal

4 4 Hematopathology diagnostic solutions Detecting and subtyping hematological cancers Although morphologic examination of a well-fixed, well-stained, thin paraffin section remains the first prerequisite for the diagnosis of lymphoma, the burgeoning weight of the literature is that, with rare exceptions, morphology alone is not sufficient for today. 1 The importance of immunohistochemistry as an aid in diagnosis The stated goal of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues is to define real diseases that appear to be distinct clinical entities by using all available information, including morphology, immunophenotyping, genetic features and clinical features. 2 Thus, diagnosis of hematopathological cancers often requires the use of immunohistochemistry/ immunophenotype information to aid in confirming or excluding a particular diagnosis. Roche Diagnostics is committed to assisting you in your quest to accurately diagnose and subtype hematopathological diseases (Table 1). The challenge of hematopathology: many cancers and many tests One of the key challenges in hematopathology is the growing number of types and subtypes of cancers and the plethora of available markers to assist in diagnosis and classification. The pathologist is faced with a large differential diagnosis and needs to manage adjunctive tests including immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) effectively. Hematological malignancies account for 6 7% of cancers globally, but constitute about 20 30% of IHC testing volume in anatomic pathology laboratories, which is a large volume of testing relative to the incidence of the disease. 2 The extensive ability to type and subtype hematological cancers has been demonstrated to be clinically relevant. For example, survival and treatment response differ between a Burkitt lymphoma and a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (DLBCL, NOS), so making an accurate diagnosis is essential for optimal patient outcomes. 2, 3

5 Hematopathology diagnostic solutions 5 Guideline organizations and classification systems The most widely used classification system is the WHO Classification of Tumours of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. 2 The National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for non-hodgkin lymphomas and Hodgkin lymphoma also provide guidance on use of IHC tests to aid pathologists in the diagnosis of these cancers. 4, 5 Diagnostic approaches and key considerations Pathological evaluation begins with the clinical history (including patient age and location of the lesion) and H&E evaluation (focusing on cell size and distribution of cells) and is typically followed by IHC and other tests. 1 6 The IHC tests are used as aids in addressing the following questions (Figure 1): (1) Is this a reactive hyperplasia or a cancer? (2) If this is cancer, is it a lymphoma or a metastasis/other type of cancer? (3) If it is a lymphoma, is it a non-hodgkin or Hodgkin lymphoma? (4) If it is a non-hodgkin lymphoma, is it a B- or T-cell lymphoma, and what is the subtype? (5) If it is a Hodgkin lymphoma, what is the type and subtype? 6 Figure 1. A typical decision tree for hematopathological diagnosis. 1 Benign or neoplastic Benign Neoplastic Lymphoma Metastasis/Other type of cancer? Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Hodgkin lymphoma B-cell T-cell Type Type Type Subtype Subtype Subtype

6 6 Hematopathology diagnostic solutions Mature B-cell lymphomas: the most commonly encountered cancers Mature B-cell lymphomas are the most commonly encountered cancers in diagnostic hematopathology, accounting for ~85% of cases of lymphoma cases. 7 T-cell lymphomas account for about ~15% of cases. Of the mature B-cell lymphomas, the most commonly encountered are follicular lymphoma (FL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic 2, 3, 6 lymphoma (CLL/SLL), and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). Some institutions have a B-cell lymphoma panel: the tested antibodies that are frequently included in this panel are BCL-2, BCL-6, CD5, CD10, CD20, CD23, CD30, CD43, CD45, CD79a, Cyclin D1 and Ki-67 (Table 2) (Marginal zone lymphoma excluded here due to difficulty to diagnose with IHC markers) Table 2. Common B-cell lymphomas and the IHC antibodies that are typically used to aid in diagnosis and subtyping Cancer BCL-2 BCL-6 CD5 CD10 CD20 CD23 CD30 CD43 CD45 CD79A Cyclin-D1 Ki-67 CLL/SLL + + +/ + + +/ + Low DLBCL +/ +/ /+ +/ + +/ /+ /+ + + High FL / + + Low HL +/ /+ /+ + +/ Low MCL Intermediate MZL + + +/ + + Low Key + +/ /+ positive in the majority of cases negative in the majority of cases mixed expression positive mixed expression negative CLL/SLL DLBCL FL HL MCL MZL Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma Follicular lymphoma Hodgkin lymphoma Mantle cell lymphoma Marginal zone lymphoma This chart is not for diagnostic use. It represents staining patterns that are associated with each disease based on published literature and is for educational use only.

7 Hematopathology diagnostic solutions 7 Mature T-cell lymphomas: rare and aggressive cancers T-cell lymphomas, while rare compared to B-cell lymphomas, tend to be much more aggressive. The most common and clinically important T-cell lymphomas are peripheral T-cell lymphoma NOS, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma and mycosis fungoides, a cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Assays that are typically used to aid the diagnosis of these common T-cell lymphomas include BCL-6, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD30, CD45, CD56, CD79a, EMA, 8, 9, 11 Granzyme and PD-1 (Table 3). 8, 9, 11 Table 3. Common T-cell lymphomas and the IHC assays that are typically used to aid in diagnosis and subtyping. Cancer BCL-6 CD3 CD4 CD5 CD8 CD30 CD45 CD56 CD79A EMA GRANZYME PD-1 AITL + + +/ + /+ + + ALCL +/ + +/ + +/ + +/ PCTCL + + /+ + +/ PTCL /+ + /+ TLBL + + +/ + +/ /+ +/ Key + +/ /+ positive in the majority of cases negative in the majority of cases mixed expression positive mixed expression negative AITL ALCL PCTCL PTCL TLBL Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma Anaplastic large cell lymphoma Peripheral cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Peripheral T-cell lymphoma T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma This chart is not for diagnostic use. It represents staining patterns that are associated with each disease based on published literature and is for educational use only.

8 8 Hematopathology diagnostic solutions Follicular lymphoma Introduction: disease and epidemiology Follicular lymphoma is typically a disease of the elderly, commonly occurring in the sixth decade of life and accounting for about 20% of lymphomas. This is an indolent lymphoma; however, at diagnosis the disease has typically spread beyond the lymph nodes and may involve the spleen, bone marrow and occasionally peripheral blood or extranodal sites. 8 Follicular lymphoma is a mature lymphoma of small follicular/germinal center B-cells in which follicular architecture is largely maintained (Figure 2). The four main architectural patterns are: follicular, follicular and diffuse, focally follicular and diffuse. These patterns are based on the proportion of follicular architecture that is retained. 2 Grading is determined by the number of centroblasts per high-powered field, with Grade 3 additionally subclassified into A or B based on the presence of centrocytes or solid sheets of centroblasts. 2 If diffuse areas of any size are predominantly or partially comprised of blastic cells, then a diagnosis of DLBCL should be considered. 2 8, 9, 11, 12 Table 4. IHC antibodies that are frequently used to aid the diagnosis of follicular lymphoma. Antibody Pattern Cell localization Notes BCL-2 Positive Cell cytoplasm Bcl-2 positivity in germinal center in the appropriate context may aid in the identification of follicular lymphoma BCL-6 Positive Nucleus Aids in confirming follicular center cells CD5 Negative Cell membrane Positive expression on B-cells in the appropriate context is suggestive of CLL/SLL and MCL CD10 Positive Cell membrane Aids in confirming germinal center cell origin CD20 Positive Cell membrane Demonstrates nodal architecture and aids in confirming B-cell lineage

9 Hematopathology diagnostic solutions Key diseases in the differential diagnosis The diagnosis of follicular lymphoma can be challenging: it is important to make an accurate diagnosis and confidently distinguish follicular lymphoma from follicular hyperplasia, lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, CLL/SLL and DLBCL. Lymphoblastic lymphoma is also included in the differential.8 9 Key markers that aid diagnosis Follicular lymphomas typically express pan-b-cell associated antigens (CD20, CD79a) and most (more than 85%) are BCL-2 and BCL-6 positive (Table 4, Figures 3 and 4). 8 CD10 is also expressed in about 70 80% of cases;9 however, its absence is more common among Grade 3 disease. In difficult cases, HGAL and LMO2 may be useful in labeling the interfollicular component to provide support for a diagnosis of follicular lymphoma. 9 To aid in the differential diagnosis, additional markers such as CD5, CD43, Ki-67 (Figure 5) and CD30 may be employed. 2, 8, 9, 11 Figure 2. A follicular lymphoma stained with H&E using the fully automated SYMPHONY staining instrument. Figure 3. A follicular lymphoma stained with BCL-2 (SP66) primary antibody using OptiView DAB IHC detection. Figure 4. A follicular lymphoma stained with BCL-6 (GI19E/A8) primary antibody using OptiView DAB IHC detection. Figure 5. A follicular lymphoma stained with CONFIRM Ki-67 (30-9) Rabbit Monoclonal Primary Antibody, using OptiView DAB IHC detection.

10 10 Hematopathology diagnostic solutions Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma DLBCL can arise in follicular lymphoma, CLL/SLL, or marginal zone lymphoma. If present, the DLBCL component is the 13, 14 primary therapeutic target. Introduction: disease and epidemiology Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (DLBCL, NOS), is the most common non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) among adults: it represents ~30% of NHLs in the US and Europe, and is more common in Asia, where rates range from ~40 60%. 13, 14 Patients with DLBCL typically are elderly and present with a history of a rapidly increasing nodal or extranodal mass. 8 About 40% of cases are extranodal at diagnosis and up to 40% of all cases become refractory to treatment. 13, 14 DLBCL, NOS is characterized morphologically by patternless sheets of large cells (Figure 6). 12 Three morphological variants are recognized by the WHO 2008 classification: centroblastic (with or without multilobated nuclei), immunoblastic (with >90% immunoblasts) and anaplastic (with very large pleomorphic cells). 2 Relatively common morphological features that may confound diagnosis include the presence of discreet nodules and Reed-Sternberg-like cells; in these cases, IHC assays can provide additional information to aid in the diagnosis. Figure 6. A DLBCL, NOS stained with H&E using the fully automated SYMPHONY staining instrument. DLBCL, NOS subtyping-based gene expression profiling has determined patient groups with distinct prognoses: Germinal-center type (better prognosis, ~60% 5-yr survival) 13 Activated B-cell type (poor prognosis, 30% 5-yr survival) 13 Unclassified type (poor prognosis) 13 Several classification schemes use IHC assays as surrogates for gene expression profiling to determine subtypes. These schemes demonstrate 70 90% concordance with the gene expression profiling classifications , 16 Table 5. IHC antibodies that are commonly used to aid pathologists in DLBCL diagnosis. Antibody Pattern Cell compartment Notes BCL-2 Positive/Negative Nuclear Associated with activated B-cell type BCL-6 Positive/Negative Nuclear Associated with germinal-center phenotype CD3 Negative Cell membrane Identify T-cell lineage CD10 Positive/Negative Cell membrane Associated with germinal-center phenotype CD20 Positive Cell membrane Identify B-cell lineage cmyc Positive Nuclear Associated with Burkitt lymphoma/prognostic indicator MUM1 Positive/Negative Nuclear Associated with non-gcb phenotype

11 Hematopathology diagnostic solutions Key diseases in differential diagnosis Because DLBCL, NOS is an aggressive disease, accurate diagnosis is essential to facilitate timely and appropriate therapies. The diseases that should be considered in the differential include reactive lymphoproliferation, classic Hodgkin lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, histiocytic sarcoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. DLBCL, NOS can also mimic metastatic carcinoma and melanoma Key markers that aid diagnosis DLBCLs express pan-b-cell markers such as CD19, CD20 (Figure 7a) and CD79a. BCL-6 is expressed in about 80% of cases, and its coexpression with CD10 (Figure 7b) is regarded as a marker of DLBCL of follicular origin.8 BCL-2 is expressed in about two-thirds of cases. Double-hit lymphomas are defined as those that have abnormalities in cmyc (Figure 8a) and another (a) 11 gene/protein, typically BCL-2. While detection of double hit has traditionally been done via molecular methods, detection of protein over-expression is being recognized as an alternative means of detecting these cancers. Abnormalities in cmyc and BCL-2 are associated with more aggressive disease.17 In cases where carcinoma or melanoma is suspected, CD45 is valuable in confirming lymphoid origin.8 Ki-67 (Figure 8b) expression levels are typically high (40% to >90%) and provide information about cell proliferation, which can be helpful in the differential diagnosis. 2 CD68 is also useful for distinguishing DLBCL from histiocytic sarcoma. If reactive lymphoproliferation is suspected, there should be a mixture of T-cells and B-cells, which may be associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. EBV infection can be detected by protein (LMP positive) or molecular (EBER positive) methods.8 Expression of FOXP1 and MUM1 is associated with the non-gcb phenotype (Table 5).12 14, 16 (b) Figure 7. A DLBCL stained with (a) CONFIRM CD20 (L26) Primary Antibody, and (b) VENTANA CD10 (SP67) Rabbit Monoclonal Primary Antibody using OptiView DAB IHC detection. (a) (b) Figure 8. A DLBCL stained with (a) cmyc (Y69) Rabbit Monoclonal Primary Antibody and (b) CONFIRM Ki-67 (30-9) Primary Antibody using OptiView DAB IHC detection.

12 12 Hematopathology diagnostic solutions Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/ small lymphocytic lymphoma immunophenotyping may be required to establish a diagnosis of CLL when the absolute lymphocyte count is only modestly higher than normal. 18 Introduction: disease and epidemiology Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) is a disease of the elderly that typically presents after the sixth decade of life and exhibits a male predominance. 8, 18 This disease rarely affects those under 40 years of age. 8 CLL/SLL is the most common mature B-cell leukemia in Western countries, accounting for up to 30% of leukemias, and it is the most common familial leukemia. 18 This diagnosis is incidental in most cases because 70% of the patients are either asymptomatic or only mildly symptomatic. While recognized as the same disease, the distinction between CLL and SLL is based on the level of leukemic cells in the blood: CLL exhibits a leukemic picture with at least 5 X 10 9 cells/l (Figure 9). 18 CLL/SLL is a slowly progressive disease: most affected individuals will eventually have blood and bone marrow involvement and some will have involvement of the spleen. A subset of cases (less than 10%) will transform into an aggressive large cell lymphoma (Richter syndrome). 8 Figure 9. CLL/SLL with H&E staining of the involved lymph node using the fully automated SYMPHONY instrument. In this disease, involved lymph nodes demonstrate diffuse infiltration with sinuses preserved and may demonstrate a vague nodularity. The cells are typically small with round nuclei, inconspicuous nucleoli and scant cytoplasm. 18 Larger prolymphocytic B-cells may form pale foci known as proliferation centers. In a small subset of cases, the pattern of infiltration can be interfollicular or perifollicular. Some cases may also demonstrate 8, 18 plasmacytoid differentiation. 1, 2, 8, 9, 12 Table 6. IHC antibodies that are commonly used to aid in CLL/SLL diagnosis. Antibody Pattern Cell compartment Notes CD3 Negative Cell membrane T-cell marker, if negative excludes T-cell origin CD5 Positive Cell membrane Co-expression on B-cells with CD43 is consistent with a diagnosis of CLL/SLL CD20 Positive Cell membrane Confirms B-cell origin CD23 Positive Cell membrane Typically positive, can be used to differentiate from mantle cell lymphoma Ki-67 Low-level expression Nuclear Proliferative marker CD10 Negative Cell membrane Differentiate CLL/SLL from follicular lymphoma

13 Hematopathology diagnostic solutions 13 Key diseases in differential diagnosis Key markers that aid diagnosis The differential diagnosis includes other small B-cell lymphomas such as mantle cell, marginal zone lymphoma and follicular lymphoma that share similar characteristics, including patient presentation, symptoms, signs and morphology on H&E.8 CLL/SLL cells express B-cell markers including CD20 (Table 6) and CD79 and don t express CD3 (Figure 10a). Most cells co-express CD43 and CD5 (this expression is often weaker than in the surrounding reactive T-cells) (Figure 10b).8 CD10 is negative in CLL/SLL, which helps to differentiate from follicular lymphoma. CD23 is typically positive and can be useful in differentiating between mantle cell lymphoma and marginal zone lymphoma (Figure 11a). Cyclin D1 is also useful for differentiation from mantle cell lymphoma, as it is negative in CLL/SLL. CD21 may also be positive in these cancer cells but tends to be less intense compared to follicular dendritic cells. Ki-67 is low in these tumors (<5%), and kappa lambda restriction can be demonstrated. CLL with immunoglobulin gene mutations has a better prognosis than cases that are not mutated: ZAP-70 (Figure 11b) and CD38 have been used as surrogate markers to identify cases that have wild-type immunoglobulin genes.8 (a) (b) Figure 10. A CLL/SLL stained with (a) CONFIRM CD3 (2GV6) Rabbit Monoclonal Primary Antibody, and (b) CONFIRM CD5 (SP19) Rabbit Monoclonal Primary Antibody using OptiView DAB IHC detection. (a) (b) Figure 11. A CLL/SLL stained with (a) CONFIRM CD23 (SP23) Rabbit Monoclonal Primary Antibody, and (b) ZAP70 (2F3.2) antibodies using OptiView DAB IHC detection.

14 14 Hematopathology diagnostic solutions Mantle cell lymphoma...a B-cell neoplasm generally composed of monomorphic small- to medium-sized lymphoid cells with irregular nuclear contours and CCND1 translocation. 2 Introduction: disease and epidemiology Mantle cell lymphoma comprises 3 10% of non-hodgkin lymphomas. The median age at presentation is 60 years, and males predominate. 2 While lymph nodes are the most commonly involved site, involvement of the spleen, bone marrow and peripheral blood can also occur, and most patients present with extranodal involvement. 2 Typical morphology consists of a monomorphic lymphoid proliferation consisting of small- to medium-sized cells that may have a nodular, diffuse, mantle zone or follicular pattern. 2 The nucleoli are inconspicuous. Some cells may resemble centroblasts, immunoblasts or paraimmunoblasts (Figure 12). 2 Figure 12. Mantle cell lymphoma stained with H&E using the fully automated SYMPHONY instrument. Key diseases in differential diagnosis The key diseases in the differential diagnosis for mantle cell lymphoma include lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, CLL/SLL, follicular lymphoma and marginal zone lymphoma. Immunophenotyping via IHC can assist 2, 8, 18 in confirming and excluding these diseases. Table 7. IHC antibodies that are commonly used to aid the diagnosis of mantle cell lymphoma. 2;8;10 Antibody Pattern Cell compartment Notes CD3/CD7 Negative Membrane Positive on T-cells, not on neoplastic cells CD5 Positive Membrane Most positive, a minority subset can be negative CD20 Positive Membrane Pan-B-cell marker Cyclin D1 Positive Nuclear Expression of this protein is part of the WHO 2008 definition of mantle cell lymphoma Ki-67 Proliferation index Nuclear Assesses growth/proliferation, prognostic indicator

15 Hematopathology diagnostic solutions 15 Key markers that aid diagnosis CCND1 translocation is characteristic of this lymphoma and typically presents as overexpression of Cyclin D1 that can readily be detected by immunophenotype/ IHC (Figure 13 and Table 7). A rare subset of mantle cell lymphomas are Cyclin D1 negative and SOX11 positive (Figure 14).4 Mantle cell lymphoma cells typically express CD20 and CD79 (B-cell markers), and intense surface staining of IgD/IgM, CD5, CD43 and nuclear staining of Cyclin D1 (Figures 14 and 15). 2, 8 They are typically negative for CD3, CD23 and CD10.8 Figure 13. A mantle cell lymphoma stained with Cyclin D1 (SP4-R) Rabbit Monoclonal Primary Antibody using OptiView DAB IHC detection. (a) Figure 14. A mantle cell lymphoma stained with SOX 11 (MRQ-58) Rabbit Monoclonal Primary Antibody using OptiView DAB IHC detection. (b) Figure 15. A mantle cell lymphoma stained with (a) CONFIRM CD5 (SP19) and (b) CONFIRM CD3 (2GV6) primary antibodies using OptiView DAB IHC detection.

16 16 Hematopathology diagnostic solutions Hodgkin lymphoma HIV infection increases the risk of developing CHL by 6- to 20-fold, and is almost always associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. 18 Introduction: disease and epidemiology Hodgkin lymphomas account for about 30% of all lymphomas. 2 Hodgkin lymphomas are classified into two main types: classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) comprises 90-95% of cases and nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) comprises 5-10% (Figures 16 and 17). 18 Classical Hodgkin lymphoma is further subclassified into: nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte-rich and lymphocyte-depleted variants (Figure 18). Since CHL and NLPHL differ in several ways that include clinical behavior, cellular background, morphology and immunophenotype, separate classifications are warranted (Table 8). However, Hodgkin lymphomas share four common characteristics: (1) Typically arise in the lymph node with a preference for cervical nodes, (2) Tend to occur in young adults, (3) Consist of a small number of large cancer cells (0.1 to 10% of the total population in involved tissues) that can be mononucleated or binucleated in a background of inflammatory and other cells, and (4) Often have tumor cells ringed by 2, 18 T-cells in a rosette pattern. Key diseases in differential diagnosis The differential diagnosis for classic Hodgkin lymphoma includes peripheral T-cell lymphoma (based on morphology), histiocyte-rich non-hodgkin lymphomas, and B-cell lymphoma unclassifiable with features between DLBCL and CHL (if strong expression of BOB.1 or OCT-2 is seen) and NLPHL. 9 The differential diagnosis for NLPHL includes reactive hyperplasia and follicular lymphoma. 8 Figure 16. Classical Hodgkin lymphoma stained with H&E using the fully automated SYMPHONY instrument. Figure 17. NLPHL stained with H&E using the fully automated SYMPHONY instrument. Figure 18. Classification of Hodgkin lymphoma and variants (subtypes). 2;9 Hodgkin lymphoma Nodular sclerosis Lymphocyterich Classical Mixed cellularity Lymphocytedepleted Nodular lymphocyte predominant

17 Hematopathology diagnostic solutions 17 2, 19 Table 8. Hodgkin lymphomas by type and subtype with epidemiological information. Hodgkin lymphoma Nodular sclerosis classical Hodgkin lymphoma (NSCHL) Mixed cellularity classical Hodgkin lymphoma (MCCHL) Lymphocyte-rich classical Hodgkin lymphoma (LRCHL) Lymphocyte-depleted classical Hodgkin lymphoma (LDCHL) Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) Epidemiology Comprises 60-80% of CHL cases in developed countries Typically in young adults, female EBV infection in 75% of cases Comprises 15-30% of CHL cases Typically in children and the elderly Can mimic NSCHL, IHC testing essential to distinguish Comprises 5% of CHL cases Comprises <1% of CHL Commonly seen in HIV-positive individuals Comprises 5% of all Hodgkin lymphomas Male predominance, typically between ages 30 and 50 Figure 19. CHL stained with CONFIRM CD15 (MMA) Mouse Monoclonal Primary Antibody using OptiView DAB IHC detection. Figure 20. CHL stained with CD30 (BER-H2) using OptiView DAB IHC detection. Figure 21. CHL stained with CONFIRM PAX5 (SP34) Rabbit Monoclonal Primary Antibody using OptiView DAB IHC detection.

18 18 Hematopathology diagnostic solutions Key markers that aid diagnosis Characteristic markers that are expressed in classic Hodgkin lymphoma include CD15 and CD30 (Figures 19 and 20, Tables 9 and 10). Demonstration of EBV involvement by using an EBER RNA ISH probe is considered the most sensitive approach. 18 LMP-1 is also strongly expressed in the infected cells and can be used as an aid in detecting EBV infection. 18 Whereas, PAX5 (Figure 21), a pan-b-cell nuclear marker, is weakly expressed, MUM-1 shows strong uniform tumor cell nuclear staining. Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells may also be positive for CD21, which is useful in the diagnosis of HL. 18 The inflammatory background T-cells often express CD4. 18 In NLPHL, the lymphocyte predominant (LP) cells typically lack expression of CD15 and CD30. However, a subset of NLPHL may express CD30, and some large positive immunoblasts can be seen among the background cells. 2 LP cells express B-cell markers such as CD20 and CD79a. Expression of OCT-2 and BOB.1 are consistently seen, in contrast to CHL. 2 2, 8, 18 Table 9. IHC antibodies that are used to aid in the diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma. Antibody Pattern Cell compartment Notes CD15 Positive or negative Cell membrane and cytoplasm Positive consistent with CHL, negative consistent with NLPHL CD20 Positive or negative Cell membrane Cancer cells may lose expression of B-cell markers CD30 Positive or negative Cell membrane and cytoplasm Positive consistent with CHL, negative consistent with NLPHL MUM-1 Positive Cytoplasm and nucleus Positive in CHL PAX5 Positive, weakly Nucleus A B-cell marker that is typically retained even while others (CD20, CD79a) are negative Table 10. Immunophenotype assessed by status of CD15 and CD30 in a series of CHL cases (N= 187). 8 CD15 CD30 Number of cases Percentage % % + 3 2% 2 1%

19 Hematopathology diagnostic solutions 19 VENTANA hematopathology solutions: comprehensive, robust, innovative In hematopathology diagnosis, H&E is essential, but it is insufficient in most cases. Information from additional testing is often employed to confirm or exclude a diagnosis. IHC and ISH play an essential role in informing diagnosis. Roche is a full-service hematopathology solutions provider: we offer fully automated solutions for H&E, and a comprehensive menu of robust assays supported by innovative detection, automation and workflow solutions. To learn more please visit us at ventana.com/hematopathology or contact your local representative. References 1. Taylor CR. IHC and the WHO classification of lymphomas: cost effective immunohistochemistry using a deductive reasoning decision tree approach. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2009;17(5): Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. 1st ed. Lyon: IARC Press, Campo E, Swerdlow SH, Harris NL, Pileri S, Stein H, Jaffe ES. The 2008 WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms and beyond: evolving concepts and practical applications. Blood. 2011;117(19): National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Guidelines Version Non-Hodgkin s lymphomas professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp. Accessed October National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Guidelines Version Hodgkin lymphoma physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp. Accessed October Taylor CR. The WHO classification of lymphomas: cost-effective immunohistochemistry using a deductive reasoning decision tree approach: part II: the decision tree approach: diffuse patterns of proliferation in lymph nodes. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2009;17(6): Dotan E, Aggarwal C, Smith MR. Impact of rituximab (rituxan) on the treatment of B-cell non-hodgkin s lymphoma. P T. 2010;35(3): Gatter K, Delsol G, Warnke R, et al. The Diagnosis of Lymphoproliferative Diseases. Wiley-Blackwell, Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Vardiman JW, Campo E, Arber DA. Hematopathology Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier. 10. Rimsza L, Grogan T. B-cell lymphomas related to B-cell development Tucson, AZ, Ventana Medical Systems, Inc. 11. Rimsza L, Grogan T, Marafioti T. T-cell lymphocyte development related to T-cell and natural killer-cell neoplasia Tucson, AZ, Ventana Medical Systems, Inc. 12. Lu J, Chang KL. Practical immunohistochemistry in hematopathology: a review of useful antibodies for diagnosis. Adv Anat Pathol. 2011;18(2): Choi WW, Weisenburger DD, Greiner TC, et al. A new immunostain algorithm classifies diffuse large B-cell lymphoma into molecular subtypes with high accuracy. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(17): Xia ZG, Xu ZZ, Zhao WL, et al. The prognostic value of immunohistochemical subtyping in Chinese patients with de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphoma undergoing CHOP or R-CHOP treatment. Ann Hematol. 2010;89(2): Said JW. Aggressive B-cell lymphomas: how many categories do we need? Mod Pathol. 2013;26(0 1) (suppl 1):S42-S Barrans SL, Fenton JAL, Ventura R, Smith A, Banham AH, Jack AS. Deregulated over expression of FOXP1 protein in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma does not occur as a result of gene rearrangement. Haematologica. 2007;92(6): Li S, Lin P, Young KH, Kanagal-Shamanna R, Yin CC, Medeiros LJ. MYC/ BCL2 double-hit high-grade B-cell lymphoma. Adv Anat Pathol. 2013;20(5): doi: /PAP.0b013e3182a289f2 18. Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Stein H, Isaacson PG. Classification of lymphoid neoplasms: the microscope as a tool for disease discovery. Blood. 2008;112(12): Harris NL. Shades of gray between large B-cell lymphomas and Hodgkin lymphomas: differential diagnosis and biological implications. Mod Pathol. 2013;26(suppl 1):S57-S70.

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