Anna Allen, DVM North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Michelle Willette, DVM, MPH, DACVPM University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine
BEYOND SECURE ZOO: INCORPORATING CAPTIVE MANAGED WILDLIFE INTO STATE ANIMAL DISEASE RESPONSE Michelle Willette, DVM Anna Allen, DVM
Captive Managed Wildlife Exhibition Rehabilitation Education Research Falconry Propagation Dealers Recreation
Summer Public Health Institute Emergency Preparedness and Response for the Managed Wildlife Community PubH 7200 Section 103 Class 83098 May 26 (9 am -12 pm) May 27, 28, 29 (8 am-12 pm) 1 credit or 15 CE contact hours S/N only Michelle Willette and Yvonne Nadler More info and online registration: sph.umn.edu/programs/institute
Wildlife Rescue Center Home rehabilitation facility Garage/basement/outbuildings Stearns County State and Federal permits Admits ~ 2500 animals per year Admissions are handled by staff members Staff 2 staff members (permit holders) 13-15 volunteers/day 2 interns in charge of the nurseries (mammal and avian/waterfowl) Have 2-3 volunteers in AM and 2-3 in PM Adult animals are cared for by a group of 4 volunteers in AM and 4 volunteers in PM who clean and feed the animals Veterinary care Veterinarian donates time when needed 1 volunteer is a veterinary student
Zack s Turkey Farm Free-range, organic turkey farm 12,000 turkeys 50 acres Stearns County Open air coop Brood Chambers Open air coop Open air coop
Paynesville Petting Zoo Privately owned petting zoo ~100 animals 20 acres Stearns County Collection Primarily birds Waterfowl, passerines and raptors Farm animals Public contact Small carnivore exhibit Herpetarium Licensed USDA exhibitor Non-AZA facility
Jurisdictional Issues - HPAI and Managed Captive Avian Wildlife
Agencies Managed Captive Wildlife Federal USDA APHIS Veterinary Services Animal Care Wildlife Services USFWS NPS NOAA CDC Native American tribes State State Department of Agriculture State Department of Fish and Game State Department of Animal Health State Department of Health
USDA and State Agriculture
USFWS and State Fish & Game
CDC and State Public Health
Pope County Minnesota 26 February 2015
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
: Veterinary Emergency Management An all hazards emergency/disaster preparedness/response plan Biosecurity plan HPAI A comprehensive staff/volunteer occupational health program Zoonosis HPAI A comprehensive veterinary preventive medicine program Rehabilitation raptors HPAI Education raptors HPAI
Components of HPAI Plan - State Fish & Game/Animal Health/Agriculture Institutional background HPAI background Routes of transmission Preventive medicine program Quarantine/isolation Husbandry/housing Diet/NPIP Disinfection Clinical cases Diagnosis Treatment? Euthanasia Necropsy/disposal Resolution Vaccination discussion Zoonoses Training and protocols Reporting/communication Records References
Emergency Preparedness and Response
Clinical Wildlife Health Initiative ALL HAZARDS PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE PLANNING FOR WILDLIFE REHABILITATION CENTERS: AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE MANAGEMENT POLICY HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA Abstract Free-ranging and captive wildlife can serve as reservoirs for pathogenic diseases in humans, livestock or poultry. In contrast to zoological institutions, there has been little to no infectious disease response planning by managed captive avian wildlife facilities such as wildlife or raptor rehabilitation centers. It is incumbent upon each managed captive wildlife facility to assure regulators that the facility and its operations do not pose a threat to public health or animal agriculture. This is accomplished by working with local regulators and other stakeholders to develop infectious disease policies and management plans appropriate to each facility in order to protect staff, volunteers and the general public, animal agriculture, wild animals and the environment. In 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) originating from Eurasia spread along wild bird migratory pathways into North America. This paper uses HPAI as an example to assist facilities in developing an effective infectious disease response plan. Key Words All-hazards preparedness and response; risk assessment; infectious disease; highlypathogenic avian influenza; wildlife rehabilitation center; raptor rehabilitation center Introduction Sometime during 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) originating from Eurasia spread along wild bird migratory pathways into North America. By the fall of 2015, almost 50 million chickens and turkeys in 29 states were affected and depopulated at a cost of several billion dollars (Greene, 2015). The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), state departments of agriculture, and state veterinarians are responsible for safeguarding the health of animal agriculture. Zoological institutions, which are regulated by USDA, have been working with USDA and state veterinarians for many years to protect their collections from highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and other emerging and foreign animal diseases (ZAHP, 2015a). Other facilities with managed captive avian collections, such as wildlife rehabilitation centers, are permitted by United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and state departments of fish and game. This disconnect has resulted in little to no infectious disease response planning by managed captive avian wildlife facilities. In addition, the fragmentation amongst federal and state regulatory agencies has resulted in miscommunication, questions of jurisdiction, and inappropriate actions during the recent HPAI outbreak (Personal Communication; Willette, 2015). Human health and animal agriculture will always take precedence over wildlife. Therefore, it is incumbent upon each managed captive wildlife facility to assure regulators that the facility and its
Falconry Approx. 4,000 permitted individuals 80% +/- hunt cotton-tails, jack rabbits, upland game (pheasants, huns, prairie grouse) Estimated 20 25% actively pursue waterfowl
Managed Captive Wildlife Community
Incorporating Managed Captive Avian Collections into Minnesota s Avian Influenza Response Planning Minnesota Poultry Production Incorporating Managed Captive Avian Collections into Minnesota s Avian Influenza Response Planning Specific Aim: To incorporate managed captive avian collections into Minnesota s state and federal response planning for avian influenza. This planning grant will bring together regulatory authorities and avian industries - both domestic and exotic - to develop surveillance, emergency preparedness and communication protocols with an emphasis on avian conservation and business continuity of all industries.
Risk Assessment
Descriptive Analysis Managed Captive Avian Wildlife Endemic vs exotic species Invasive Endangered Public interaction Temporary vs permanent captivity Traveling vs permanent location Mammal vs non-mammal AZA vs non-aza
USDA Permits Managed Captive Wildlife
Permits Managed Captive Avian Wildlife State Only Fish & Game and/or Ag Falconry Game/(fur) farms Shooting preserves State and Federal (USFWS) Rehabilitation Raptor propagation Abatement (raptors) Education/ambassadors Game farm Different avian species for state and federal Miscellaneous Waterfowl sale/disposition Scientific research
Minnesota Wildlife Rehabilitators Annual Report (2013) 40 Wildlife Rehabilitators 14,754 Wildlife Patients (including transfers)
Minnesota Avian Rehabilitators Annual Report (2013) 6 26 Avian Rehabilitators 7,293 Avian Patients (including transfers)
Avian Wildlife Patients by Minnesota County - Annual Report (2013) County of Rehabber # of Rehabbers that had birds # of birds (including transfers) # of Families rehabbed # of Species Rehabbed Raptors Waterfowl & Aquatic birds Pigeons Other Avian Ramsey 4 5229 48 161 929 1143 357 2800 Hennepin 6 1357 36 83 11 377 69 900 St. Louis 2 304 35 81 65 54 57 128 Crow Wing 1 209 27 56 66 61 6 76 Stearns 1 101 15 31 21 48 1 31 Pine 1 21 12 17 6 6 1 8 Beltrami 1 17 8 11 1 10 2 4 Lake 1 7 7 7 0 1 1 5 Clay 1 14 7 8 7 3 1 3 Anoka 2 4 4 4 1 1 0 2 Carlton 1 3 3 3 1 1 0 1 Roseau 1 9 3 6 8 1 0 0 Chisago 1 10 3 4 0 8 0 2 Rice 1 7 2 2 0 0 1 6 Dakota 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 Totals 25 Avian Rehabilitators 7293 Birds Admitted 48 Families 164 Species 1116 Raptors 1714 Waterfowl & Aquatic Birds 497 Pigeons & Doves 3966 Other Avians
Game Farms 102 Game Farm Permits 64,486 Managed Game Birds
Shooting Preserves 57 shooting preserve permits Some overlap between preserves and game farms 17 facilities have permits for both Do not require reporting of species/numbers of birds
USFWS Permits For Raptor Propagation (FALP): 5 Permits Rehabilitation (REHAB): 28 Permits Abatement (SPA): 1 Permit Possession Live (SPPSL): 18 Permits Sp. Purpose Game Bird (SPGB): 7 Permits Sp. Purpose Miscell (SPMS): 9 Permits Waterfowl Sale/Disp. (WASD): 64 Permits
Risk Analysis Surveillance Communication Surveillance for High Consequence Poultry Diseases in Wild Bird Reservoirs: Influenza and Newcastle Disease Goal: Establish a framework for a sustainable surveillance program utilizing managed captive avian wildlife for avian diseases of importance to the poultry industry. Objectives: - to perform a risk analysis with state and federal animal health regulatory authorities to determine any outcomes of a positive screening sample - to establish designated testing sites and conduct antemortem screening tests to monitor for avian influenza and Newcastle disease virus - to provide appropriate educational materials to facilities on risk management (biosecurity, emergency preparedness and response planning, and communication templates)