Ionization Methods Neutral species Charged species Removal/addition of electron(s) M + e - (M +. )* + 2e - electron ionization Removal/addition of proton(s) M + (Matrix)-H MH + + (Matrix) - chemical ionization (CI) atmospheric pressure CI (APCI) fast atom bombardment (FAB) electrospray ionization (ESI) matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) direct analysis in real time (DART) Electron Impact (EI) Ionization Still widely used in Forensic Environmental Drug Metabolism, etc. 1
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179 289 235 291 29 121 287 41 57 GC-MS analysis of a three component mixture 4
Filament: tungsten or rhenium Current: 3-5 A U fil : a few Vs (1-3 V) T fil : ca. 2000-2300 K (ca. 150 0 C in the ion source) Source Block pressure: ca. 10-5 torrs (mean free path ca. 100 m) repeller: 1 V, m/z 100 u, distance 0.1 cm t res = 1.4x10-6 s 5
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Chemical Ionization Ion-molecule reaction(s) between a reagent gas and the sample at a relatively high pressure Most common reagent gases methane, isobutane, ammonia Mechanisms CH 4 + e - CH 4 +., CH 3+, CH 2 +., CH 4+ + CH 4 CH 5+ + CH 3 CH 3+ + CH 4 C 2 H 5+ + H 2 CH 5+ + M [M+H] + + CH 4 C 2 H 5 + + M [M-H] + + C 2 H 6 C 2 H 5 + + M [M+ C 2 H 5 ] + 7
Protonation is one type of ionization M + AH+ MH+ + A CH3CH2NH2 + (NH3)nNH4+ CH3CH2NH3+ + (n-1) NH3 The extent of fragmentation depends on the exothermicity of the reaction Proton affinity (PA): M + H + MH + - ΔH r = PA Proton affinity (PA): M + H+ MH+ - ΔHr = PA PAs of common CI reagents (kcal/mol) methane (131) < water (173) < methanol (185) < CH2=C(CH3)2 (197) < ammonia (205) If the analyte has a much higher PA than that of the unprotonated reagent, the protonation of the analyte will be (very) energetic (fragment rich CI spectra, semi-ci ) 8
Sources still being developed DESI- desorption ESI (sample not in solution) 9
DART DART Direct Analysis in Real Time Penning Ionization M* + S S+. + M + electron (but also allows MH+, M-H-, etc) 10
Can we teach elephants to fly? John Fenn Yes, of course!!! Nobel Price in Chemistry, 2002 John B. Fenn Koichi Tanaka 11
Electrospray Ionization ESI Soft Laser Desorption SLD Matrix Assited Laser Desorption/Ionization MALDI Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption\ Ionization Pulsed Laser Extraction Grid to TOF Desorbed plume of matrix and analyte ions Analyte Sample Plate Matrix Cation (H +, Na + etc) MATRIX - A small acidic organic molecule (matrix) is mixed with a low concentration of analyte in a common solvent and allowed to co-crystallize on a sample plate to form a solid solution by which the analyte molecules are isolated from each other. ASSISTED matrix assists the desorption and ionization of the analyte(s) LASER Typically a Nitrogen laser (351 nm) or Yag/Nd laser (334 nm) DESORPTION Energy from the laser desorbs the matrix into the gas-phase and carries the analyte with it. IONIZATON - Detect [M+H]+ by transferring a proton from the matrix to the analyte Choose a matrix based on the molecular weight, solubility and chemical structure of the analyte. Excellent for intact molecular weight determination for both polar and non-polar molecules with mass > 500 amu. 12
The MALDI Plate with Different Samples in Different Matrices Manual Zip-Tip Purification (on dry aliquots of HPA matrix) High throughtput With MiniTrack V (Packard Bioscience Germany) 13
AnchorChip TM, Bruker Daltonics, Germany MALDI Matrices Matrix Abbrev Sample Type 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid DHB Peptides < 5,000 polymers, dedrimers Good universal matrix cold matrix 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (Sinapinic acid) SA Peptides and Proteins > 10,000 hot matrix -cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid HCCA Excellent for peptides, digestion products and proteins 50% ACN in 0.1% TFA, THF, 2:1 chloroform:meoh 50-70% ACN in 0.1% TFA 50% ACN in 0.1% TFA Dithranol Non-polar polymers THF, Methylene chloride Indoleacrylic acid IAA Non-polar polymers THF, methylene chloride 3-hydroxypicolinic acid HPA DNA and negative ion samples Trihydroxyacetophenone THAP DNA and negative ion samples See me for more specific procedure See me for more specific procedure Nor-harmane Universal 50% ACN, THF, chloroform 14
2 GHz time digital converter 1000 Hz laser (acquisition of 1000 spectra in 1 second MALDI-TOF-MS [M+H] + Predicted MW 27,710 Da [M+2H] 2+ What is this? 5000 10000 15000 m/z 15
a.i. 50000 Exercise 2 This is a MALDI-TOF spectrum of two proteins. Identify the proteins by molecular weights and assign the labeled ions 45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 m/z /export/home/tof/data/mslab/091705/pro_6/1lin/pdata/1 unknown Thu Oct 6 14:27:19 2005 Intens. [a.u.] 8000 5392.3 MALDI-TOF spectrum (protein profile) of a bacteria 9757.4 6267.7 6000 9080.3 4373.8 4000 4880.1 9508.3 8833.8 2000 3133.7 4620.1 7288.2 3645.1 3941.6 7884.4 8380.3 10314.3 0 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 m/z 16
Electrospray Ionization (ESI) + + + + Metal Capillary 3-5 kv + + Fused silica + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Columbic Evaporation + ++ + + + Explosion + + + + + + Critical Radius Charge Repulsion > Surface Tension + + + An electric field on the capillary produces a spray of fine charged droplets The presence of a drying gas (Nitrogen) and heat evaporates off the solvent leaving a distribution of multiply charged de-solvated ions. Soft ionization In-line compatible with HPLC ESI-MS of Myoglobin 100 A17 A16 A15 A14 A13 A12 A18 A11 % A19 A20 A21 A10 0 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 m/z 100 A % m/z deconvolutes to16952 74 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 15000 16000 17000 18000 19000 20000 mass 17
Electrospray Charge States VS. Molecular Weight 5400 Da Protein +4 23,000 Da Protein +16 +14 +15 +13 +12 +11 +10 +9 +5 +3 800 3200 14300 Da Protein +7 +8 48,000 Da Protein +25 +24 +23 +22 +21 +20 +6 +5 ESI vs MALDI Choose MALDI when: Peptides or protein with a MW < 5000 Da (MALDI can detect MW > 100KDa, but not very accurately) Complex mixtures (more than 5 compounds) Very little material with higher salt/buffer concentration Choose ESI when: MW > 5000 Da (proteins) Want better mass assignment Want good MS/MS data 18
Identify Protein from Table 1 857 858 m/z Determination of Charge States and MW of a protein from ESI spectra 100 +11 1301.53 100 75 Calculated Mass Spectrum 14306.0 Relative Intensity 75 50 25 +13 1101.40 +12 1193.20 +10 1431.47 Intensity +9 1590.33 50 25 0 +8 1789.00 5000 10000 15000 m/z 0 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 m/z 19
Fragmentation of Big Protein Complexes 20
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Detectors TOF 22