What is an atom? An atom is the smallest component of all living and nonliving materials. It is composed of protons (+), neutrons (0), and electrons (-).
The Periodic Table Elements are composed of all of one type of atom. Elements are located on the periodic table by atomic number. Important Elements: H-Hydrogen, C-Carbon, O-Oxygen, N-Nitrogen, S-Sulfur, Cl-Chlorine, and P-Phosphorus
What is a compound? A compound is a combination of two or more elements. All compounds are also molecules. A subscript indicates how many atoms of each element there are. Ex: H 2 O 2 Hydrogen 1 Oxygen
Check for understanding: Ex: Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 1. Is glucose an atom, element, or compound? 2. What elements are found in glucose? 3. How many of each atom are there?
Inorganic vs. Organic Living organisms need both organic and inorganic compounds! Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon and hydrogen together. They may contain carbon but no hydrogen or vice versa. Ex: CO 2, H 2 O, NaCl (salt), and many acids and bases.
Inorganic vs. Organic Organic compounds do contain carbon and hydrogen together. Ex: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins (enzymes), and Nucleic Acids
Why is carbon so important?
Why is carbon so important?
Check for understanding: Identify the following molecules as inorganic or organic. Be prepared to explain how you know.
Inorganic or Organic?
H 2 SO 4 Inorganic or Organic?
Inorganic or Organic?
Inorganic or Organic?
CH 4 Inorganic or Organic?
Important Inorganic Compounds Water Organisms are composed of 80-90% water. It is used to regulate temperature in humans, and used to dissolve important minerals. Most abundant or common inorganic molecule!
Important Inorganic Compounds Salts Salts are partially composed of metals. They help electrical impulses travel through vertebrate organisms. Ex: NaCl-Sodium (Na) is a metal!!
Important Inorganic Compounds Acids and Bases (ph) It is important to maintain ph in certain parts of the body for them to function properly. Ex: Your stomach needs to be acidic to digest food. Your blood must be neutral because it travels through the entire body.
ph (Power of Hydrogen) Acids have a ph between 0-6. They have a high concentration of H+ ions. Ex: HCl Bases have a ph between 8-14. They have a high concentration of OH- ions. Ex: NaOH Neutral solutions have a ph of 7.
Buffers Buffers are mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the ph within a certain range. Maintain ph!
ph Scale 0 Acids Neutral 7 Bases 14
ph Virtual Lab In your notebook, draw the following chart. Solution ph (estimate) ph Acid/Neutral/Base 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Organic Macromolecules
What is a macromolecule? Living organisms are partially made of large organic molecules. Monomers Polymers (macromolecules) ****Monomers are subunits or building blocks of polymers. Ex: Bead = monomer Necklace = polymer/macromolecule ***Now come up with your own!!
Polymer Monomer
Carbohydrates Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (usually in a ration of 1:2:1) Examples: Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ), bread, pasta, fruit, and sugars. Monomers: Monosaccharides Polymers: Disaccharides & Polysaccharides Function: Immediate energy
Three Types of Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides-simple sugars like glucose, galactose, or fructose. 2. Disaccharides-sugars composed of two monosaccharides like sucrose, maltose, and lactose. 3. Polysaccharides-complex sugars. (3 or more monosaccharides put together.)
Important polysaccharides: Glycogen- Animals store excess carbs in the liver and muscle as glycogen. Chitin-Some animals use chitin to make their exoskeletons (structure). Starch- Plants store excess carbs as starches, usually in the roots. Cellulose- Plants use cellulose to build cell walls for support/structure.
Carbohydrates Structure Monosaccharides: Glucose Disaccharides: Polysaccharides:
Glucose
Check for understanding: What type of carbohydrate is the following molecule?
Lipids Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Examples: Fats, oil, waxes, phospholipids, triglycerides, cholesterol, steroids, and butter. Made up of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids. (Not true monomers bc they don t repeat.)
Structure of a Lipid/Triglyceride Triglyceride 3 Fatty Acids Glycerol
Lipids cont d Functions: 1. Long term energy storage 2. Make up cell membranes (phospholipids) 3. Insulation in animals (ex: blubber) 4. Waterproof coating -In water dwelling animals -Cuticle in plants to keep in water 5. Cushion & protect organs
Properties of Lipids Lipids are not soluble in water b/c they do not mix with H2O. Referred to as hydrophobic. Lipids can be saturated or unsaturated. (saturated= solid, unsaturated= liquid) Ex: saturated-butter unsaturated-olive oil
Comparing Carbs & Lipids Carbohydrates Both Lipids
Nucleic Acids Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Monomers: Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base) *Diagram on next slide-leave room Polymers: Nucleic Acids (ex: DNA & RNA) Functions: 1. Store and transmit genetic information (heredity). 2. Instructions for making proteins.
Structure of a nucleotide: Phosphate Nitrogen Base Sugar
Two Types of Nucleic Acids 1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)- contains the sugar deoxyribose and is double stranded. Bases: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine 2. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)-contains the sugar ribose and is single stranded. Bases: Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine
DNA Nucleotide
Proteins Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Examples: fish, meats, antibodies, and eggs Monomers: Amino Acids joined by a peptide bond (*20 different amino acids) Polymers: Proteins AKA polypeptide (produced in the ribosome of the cell)
Proteins cont d... Functions: 1. Some are used to form bones and muscles. 2. Act as enzymes: control the rate of reactions. 3. Transport materials ex: Protein channels of cell membrane (transport) Hemoglobin-carries oxygen in the blood 4. Insulin-regulates blood sugar levels 5. Regulate cell processes Ex: Hormones **The function is determined by their structure!!! Lots of different functions, bc of the 20 different amino acids being organized in different ways!!!!
Protein Structure Amino Acid Amino Acid Peptide Bond
Comparing Nucleic Acids & Proteins Nucleic Acids Both Proteins
Indicators Indicators are used to identify if a solution contains a macromolecule (carbs, lipid, or protein). It will change color to represent a positive result!
Indicators cont d... Carbohydrates 1. Benedict's Solution: Tests for monosaccharides (Ex: Glucose) Light blue to an orange/green color *Put in warm water! 2. Iodine/Lugol's Solution: Test for complex polysaccharides (Ex: Starch) Amber/yellow color to blackish blue
Indicators cont d... Proteins 3. Biuret s Solution: Blue to a purple color Lipids 4. Brown Paper Bag Test: Leaves a greasy stain on the bag after drying. *No test for nucleic acids!
Indicators cont d... Benedict s Iodine/Lugol s Biuret s Brown Paper Bag