Name: Date: 1. Which sequence of terms is in the correct order from simplest to most complex? (1) cells tissues organs organ systems (2) tissues organisms cells organ systems (3) cells tissues organ systems organs (4) organs organisms organ systems cells 2. The diagram below represents levels of organization in living things. 3. During a long-distance run on a hot day, an athlete produces large quantities of sweat. As a result, the kidneys change the rate of urine production. Why is this change important? (1) Decreased urine production increases the amino acids in the blood. (2) Increased urine production removes amino acids produced as a result of running. (3) Decreased urine production allows the body to conserve water. (4) Increased urine production allows more water to remain in the bloodstream. Which term would best represent X? (1) human (2) tissue (3) stomach (4) organelle page 1
4. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the accompanying diagram, which represents the pathway of blood throughout the body, and on your knowledge of biology. 5. In order to enter cells and be useful to the body, starch must be (1) absorbed through the skin (2) broken down into fats and water (3) digested into simple sugars (4) converted to carbon dioxide and ATP Which structure carries oxygenated blood to the body? (1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 7 (4) 8 page 2
Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information and graph below and on your knowledge of biology. Students were asked to design a lab that investigated the relationship between exercise and heart rate. Heart rate was determined by recording the pulse rate in beats per minute. The students hypothesized that increased exercise results in an increased heart rate. The class results for the experiment are shown in the graph below. page 3
6. The change in heart rate that occurs between 1 and 5 minutes of exercise is an adaptation that (1) reduces the rate at which oxygen is carried to the muscle cells 8. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram below and your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents an ameba, a single-celled organism, carrying out an essential life process. (2) increases the rate at which carbon dioxide is carried to the muscle cells (3) results in the production of more ATP in muscle cells (4) slows the destruction of enzymes involved in respiration of muscle cells 7. Before starch can enter a cell, it must be (1) absorbed by simple sugars (2) diffused into simple sugars (3) digested to form simple sugars (4) actively transported by simple sugars Which two body systems allow humans to carry out the same life process as the ameba in the diagram? (1) endocrine and immune (2) respiratory and reproductive (3) digestive and circulatory (4) nervous and excretory 9. The nucleus of a cell coordinates processes and activities that take place in the cell. Which two systems perform a similar function in the human body? (1) nervous and endocrine (2) digestive and reproductive (3) circulatory and respiratory (4) skeletal and muscular 10. Which molecule can diffuse from the digestive tract into the human bloodstream without first being digested? (1) protein (2) starch (3) fat (4) glucose page 4
11. The cytoplasm in a cell carries out a function similar to a function of which human system? (1) respiratory system (2) reproductive system (3) circulatory system (4) nervous system 12. The interaction of which two systems provides the molecules needed for the metabolic activity that takes place at ribosomes? (1) digestive and circulatory (2) reproductive and excretory (3) immune and nervous (4) respiratory and muscular 13. Which sequence represents the correct order of events for the production of necessary complex molecules after food is taken in by a multicellular animal? (1) diffusion synthesis absorption digestion circulation 14. Which system is correctly paired with its function? (1) immune system intake and distribution of oxygen to cells of the body (2) excretory system remove potentially dangerous materials from the body (3) digestive system transport energy-rich molecules to cells (4) circulatory system produce building bloc of complex compounds 15. Which body system is correctly paired with its function? (1) excretory produces antibodies to fight disease-causing organisms (2) digestive produces hormones for storage and insulation (3) circulatory transports materials for energy release in body cells (4) respiratory collects waste material for digestion 16. Which organ system in humans is most directly involved in the transport of oxygen? (2) circulation diffusion synthesis absorption digestion (3) digestion absorption circulation diffusion synthesis (4) synthesis digestion absorption diffusion circulation (1) digestive (2) nervous (3) excretory (4) circulatory page 5
17. The diagram below represents an interaction between parts of an organism. 19. The table below provides some information concerning organelles and organs. Function Organelle Organ gas exchange cell membrane lung nutrition food vacuole stomach Based on this information, which statement accurately compares organelles to organs? (1) Functions are carried out more efficiently by organs than by organelles. The term chemicals in this diagram represents (1) starch molecules (2) DNA molecules (2) Organs maintain homeostasis while organelles do not. (3) Organelles carry out functions similar to those of organs. (4) Organelles function in multicellular organisms while organs function in single-celled organisms. (3) hormone molecules (4) receptor molecules 18. To increase chances for a successful organ transplant, the person receiving the organ should be given special medications. The purpose of these medications is to (1) increase the immune response in the person receiving the transplant (2) decrease the immune response in the person receiving the transplant (3) decrease mutations in the person receiving the transplant (4) increase mutations in the person receiving the transplant page 6
20. The diagram below represents three human body systems. 22. An increase in heart rate will most likely result in (1) a decrease in metabolic rate (2) an increase in pulse rate (3) an increase in cell division (4) a decrease in body temperature Which row in the chart below correctly shows what systems A, B, and C provide for the human body? Row System A System B System C (1) blood cells glucose hormones (2) oxygen absorption gametes (3) gas exchange nutrients waste removal (4) immunity coordination carbon dioxide (1) (1) (2) (2) (3) (3) (4) (4) 23. Which two organ systems provide materials required for the human body to produce ATP? (1) reproductive and excretory (2) digestive and respiratory (3) respiratory and immune (4) digestive and reproductive 21. Which structures in diagram I and diagram II carry out a similar life function? (1) 1 and C (2) 2 and D (3) 3 and A (4) 4 and B page 7
24. In the diagram of a single-celled organism shown below, the arrows indicate various activities taking place. 26. Two types of human cells are shown in the diagram below. Cell A causes the cells at B to contract. This activity would be most useful for (1) lifting a book from a bookshelf Which systems perform these same activities in humans? (1) digestive, circulatory, and immune (2) excretory, respiratory, and reproductive (3) respiratory, excretory, and digestive (4) respiratory, nervous, and endocrine 25. Which two systems are most directly involved in providing molecules needed for the synthesis of fats in human cells? (1) digestive and circulatory (2) excretory and digestive (3) immune and muscular (4) reproductive and circulatory (2) coordinating the functions of organelles (3) digesting food in the small intestine (4) carrying out the process of protein synthesis 27. Which words best complete the lettered blanks in the two sentences below? Organic compounds, such as proteins and starches, are too A to diffuse into cells. Proteins are digested into B and starches are digested into C. (1) A large, B simple sugars, C amino acids (2) A small, B simple sugars, C amino acids (3) A large, B amino acids, C simple sugars (4) A small, B amino acids, C simple sugars page 8
28. The accompanying diagram represents events involved as energy is ultimately released from food. 30. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the accompanying diagram, which represents the pathway of blood throughout the body, and on your knowledge of biology. Which row in the table below best represents the chain of Xs and letters A and B in the diagram? X-X-X-X-X-X-X A and B (1) nutrient antibodies (2) nutrient enzymes (3) hemoglobin wastes (4) hemoglobin hormones (1) (1) (2) (2) (3) (3) (4) (4) 29. The main function of the human digestive system is to (1) rid the body of cellular waste materials (2) process organic molecules so they can enter cells Which structure represents the chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood directly from the lungs? (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 3 (4) 4 31. The accompanying diagram represents the actions of two hormones in the human body. (3) break down glucose in order to release energy (4) change amino acids into proteins and carbohydrates This diagram best illustrates (1) recombination (2) feedback (3) insertion (4) deletion page 9
32. The most immediate response to a high level of blood sugar in a human is an increase in the 34. The graph below shows the levels of glucose and insulin in the blood of a human over a period of time. (1) muscle activity in the arms (2) blood flow to the digestive tract (3) activity of all cell organelles (4) release of insulin 33. The pancreas produces one hormone that lowers blood sugar level and another that increases blood sugar level. The interaction of these two hormones most directly helps humans to This graph represents (1) an allergic reaction (2) an antigen-antibody reaction (3) maintenance of homeostasis (4) autotrophic nutrition (1) maintain a balanced internal environment (2) digest needed substances for other body organs (3) dispose of wastes formed in other body organs (4) increase the rate of cellular communication page 10
35. The blood glucose range for a healthy adult is 65 104 mg/dl. Which graph best illustrates normal blood glucose levels in a healthy adult over the course of a day? (1) 36. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents the effect of two chemical substances, A and B, in maintaining the level of glucose in the blood in humans. (2) The interaction of substances A and B is an example of (1) a genetic mutation (3) (2) homeostatic feedback (3) an immune response (4) active transport 37. Which statement is correct regarding the substances involved in these interactions? (4) (1) Substance A is insulin, which is released by cells in the pancreas. (2) Substance B is a chemical receptor molecule produced by blood cells. (3) Both substances A and B are classified as biological catalysts. (4) Substance A is a chemical that is produced by specialized blood cells. page 11
38. All of the cell shapes shown in the diagrams below have the same volume. Which form could absorb nutrients most efficiently and quickly? (1) (2) (3) (4) 39. The accompanying diagram can be used to illustrate a process directly involved in 41. Which statement describing the cells in a body system is correct? (1) Each cell in the system is identical to the other cells in the system, and each cell works independently of the other cells. (2) Some cells in the system may be different from the other cells in the system, but all cells are coordinated and work together. (3) Each cell in the system is different from the other cells in the system, and each cell works independently of the other cells. (4) All cells in the system are identical to each other and work together. (1) tissue repair 42. One effect of uncontrolled diabetes is that the blood might develop an acidic ph. As a result, cells may not be able to regulate their internal ph. Within these cells, this could cause a disruption of the function of biological catalysts known as (2) meiosis (3) recombination (4) sexual reproduction (1) enzymes (2) toxins (3) antibodies (4) antigens 40. Which activity is not a response of human white blood cells to pathogens? (1) engulfing and destroying bacteria (2) producing antibodies (3) identifying invaders for destruction (4) removing carbon dioxide page 12
43. The diagram below represents one type of white blood cell. This type of white blood cell ingests microbes. 45. Which statement accurately compares cells in the human circulatory system to cells in the human nervous system? (1) Cells in the circulatory system carry out the same life function for the organism as cells in the nervous system. A function of another type of white blood cell is to (1) prevent the loss of blood from a wound (2) produce specialized molecules that mark invaders (3) increase the number of red blood cells in the blood (4) cause gene mutations that will increase immune responses 44. Which cell structures are correctly paired with their functions? (1) The mitochondria produce enzymes, and ribosomes transport them. (2) The ribosomes make proteins, and the nucleus stores genetic information. (3) The cell membrane makes enzymes, and cytoplasm transports them. (4) The vacuole stores genetic information, and chloroplasts make proteins. (2) Cells in the circulatory system are identical in structure to cells in the nervous system. (3) Cells in the nervous system are different in structure from cells in the circulatory system, and they carry out different specialized functions. (4) Cells in the nervous system act independently, but cells in the circulatory system function together. 46. The pancreas is an organ connected to the digestive tract of humans by a duct (tube) through which digestive enzymes flow. These enzymes are important to the digestive system because they (1) form proteins needed in the stomach (2) form the acids that break down food (3) change food substances into molecules that can pass into the bloodstream and cells (4) change food materials into wastes that can be passed out of the body page 13
47. Studies of fat cells and thyroid cells show that fat cells have fewer mitochondria than thyroid cells. A biologist would most likely infer that fat tissue (1) does not require energy (2) has energy requirements equal to those of thyroid tissue (3) requires less energy than thyroid tissue (4) requires more energy than thyroid tissue 48. The diagram below represents a model of a biological process that occurs in humans at normal body temperature, 37 C. 49. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Diabetes is a condition characterized by elevated blood sugar levels. One form of diabetes occurs when insulin fails to properly regulate blood sugar levels. Complications from diabetes can include nerve cell damage and poor blood flow, especially in the feet and legs. In individuals with diabetes, wounds usually take longer than normal to heal. One reason for the change in wound healing time in a diabetic is that (1) elevated hormone levels block the synthesis of glucose in immune cells Increasing body temperature to 40 C would interfere most directly with the rate of function of structure (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (2) nerve damage increases absorption of glucose by healthy cells (3) poor circulation reduces the supply of nutrients and oxygen to the cells (4) decreased enzyme production slows protein synthesis in pancreatic cells 50. A function of white blood cells is to (1) transport oxygen to body cells (2) produce hormones that regulate cell communication (3) carry glucose to body cells (4) protect the body against pathogens page 14
51. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. 52. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. Structure X most likely functions in the (1) transport of chemical messenger molecules into the cell nucleus (2) extraction of energy from nutrients (3) separation of cell contents from the outside environment Failure of structure A to function properly would most directly disrupt (1) autotrophic nutrition (2) chromosome replication (3) cellular communication (4) biological evolution (4) digestion of large molecules page 15
53. The diagram below represents a microscopic view of blood. Cell A protects the body by producing specific chemicals in response to pathogens. Cell A is 55. Hospital patients are often given intravenous fluids (IVs) to maintain proper levels of water and salts in the body. Great care is used in preparing these solutions. If a manufacturer accidentally prepared a batch of IV fluid that contained much more than the usual amount of salt, harm to the patient could result. The most likely effect on a patient if this incorrectly prepared IV fluid was used is that (1) a red blood cell (2) a bacteria cell (3) an insulin-producing cell (4) a white blood cell 54. In the diagram below, which letter indicates the part of the cell that carries out a function most similar to a function of the human excretory system? (1) water would move into body cells and cause them to burst (2) water would move out of body cells and cause them to dehydrate (3) salt and water would both move out of body cells and disrupt homeostasis (4) salt and water would both move into body cells and preserve homeostasis 56. The failure of the human body to effectively maintain dynamic equilibrium can result in (1) reproductive success (2) gene manipulation (3) differentiation (4) disease (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D page 16
57. The diagram below represents what can happen when homeostasis in an organism is threatened. 59. A person with AIDS is likely to develop infectious diseases because the virus that causes AIDS (1) destroy cancerous cells (2) damages the immune system (3) increases the rate of antibody production Which statement provides a possible explanation for these events? (1) Antibiotics break down harmful substances by the process of digestion. (2) Some specialized cells mark and other cells engulf microbes during immune reactions. (3) Embryonic development of essential organs occurs during pregnancy. (4) Cloning removes abnormal cells produced during differentiation. 58. What usually results when an organism fails to maintain homeostasis? (1) Growth rates within organs become equal. (2) The organism becomes ill or may die. (3) A constant sugar supply for the cells is produced. (4) The water balance in the tissues of the organism stabilizes. (4) increase the rate of microbe destruction 60. When the antibiotic penicillin was first introduced, it was immediately effective in combating staphylococcus bacterial infections. After a number of years, there were outbreaks of staphylococcal infections that did not respond to treatment with penicillin. The best explanation for this situation is that (1) members of the original population of bacteria that were penicillin resistant survived and reproduced, creating a more resistant population (2) the bacteria that survived exposure to penicillin learned to avoid it (3) the bacteria that caused the new outbreaks were from populations that had never been exposed to penicillin (4) during each generation, the bacteria modified their own DNA to increase their ability to resist penicillin and passed this ability on to their descendants page 17
61. Typhoid fever, a disease that causes headaches, digestive upset, and a high fever, is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. Typhoid can be spread from person to person by contaminated water or food or by a lack of cleanliness. Since the 19th century, the number of individuals infected with this disease has decreased. Which statement best explains why the number of people with this disease and other bacterial diseases has decreased over the last 100 years? (1) Scientists have corrected the damaged genes that cause typhoid fever and other infectious diseases. (2) Public health officials have placed better controls on the use of the toxic substances that cause these diseases. (3) Typhoid fever, like most other bacterial diseases, is often caused by a lack of proper nutrition. (4) Personal habits, such as hand washing, have greatly reduced contamination from bacteria. 63. Many viruses infect only a certain type of cell because they bind to certain (1) other viruses on the surface of the cell (2) mitochondria in the cell (3) hormones in the cell (4) receptor sites on the surface of the cell 64. Cells of the immune system are able to respond to the presence of invading organisms because they recognize the (1) antigens present on the invaders (2) antibodies present in invading pathogens (3) DNA pattern in the nuclei of viruses (4) antibiotics released from microbes 65. The human immune system fights infection by releasing 62. An infection in the body might result in a sudden (1) decrease in the activity of antigens produced by the mitochondria (2) decrease in the amount of DNA present in the nuclei of cells (3) increase in the activity of white blood cells (4) increase in the number of red blood cells (1) ATPs (2) antibiotics (3) antibodies (4) antigens page 18
66. An individual recovers from the common cold, which is caused by rhinovirus A. The person then becomes infected with the avian influenza virus, which causes the bird flu. Which statement best describes what will most likely happen to this person? 68. An activity that occurs in the human body is shown below. (1) He will have the symptoms of the bird flu because he is not immune to the avian influenza virus. (2) He will have the symptoms of the common cold because he is not immune to the avian influenza virus. (3) He will not have the symptoms of the bird flu because he is immune to rhinovirus A. (4) He will not have the symptoms of the common cold because the avian influenza virus causes it. 67. A 6-year-old child ate a peanut butter sandwich at snack time in school. Five minutes later, her throat became swollen and she collapsed. This allergic reaction occurred because her body (1) recognized an antigen in peanut butter and produced antibiotics against it (2) digested the white blood cells that can recognize an antigen in peanut butter (3) did not recognize an antigen in peanut butter and could not produce antibodies against it This activity helps to (1) provide protection against pathogens (2) produce antibiotics to control disease (3) eliminate harmful gene alterations (4) regulate production of ATP by the cell 69. Drugs to reduce the risk of rejection are given to organ transplant patients because the donated organ contains (1) foreign antigens (2) foreign antibodies (3) DNA molecules (4) pathogenic microbes (4) recognized an antigen in peanut butter and produced an immune response page 19
70. A new vaccine was developed and then tested on a large sample of individuals. This new vaccine will be considered effective if it helps prepare the body to fight future invasion by 72. Cellular communication is illustrated in the diagram below. (1) inhibiting the response of red blood cells (2) stimulating the reproduction of microbes (3) inhibiting the action of immune cells (4) stimulating the production of antibodies 71. A vaccine for the viral disease known as chicken pox would contain (1) a large amount of live virus (2) a dead or weakened form of the pathogen (3) several different antibiotics (4) a small number of white blood cells Information can be sent from (1) cell A to cell B because cell B is able to recognize signal 1 (2) cell A to cell B because cell A is able to recognize signal 2 (3) cell B to cell A because cell A is able to recognize signal 1 (4) cell B to cell A because cell B is able to recognize signal 2 page 20
73. The diagram below represents how HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, interacts with a certain type of white blood cell called a helper T-cell. What is one possible result of the cellular activity represented in the diagram? (1) Immune responses of an infected individual will be weakened. (2) The red blood cells of a person infected with AIDS will no longer be able to make antibodies. (3) This virus will strengthen future immune responses against blood-related diseases. 75. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Diabetes is a condition characterized by elevated blood sugar levels. One form of diabetes occurs when insulin fails to properly regulate blood sugar levels. Complications from diabetes can include nerve cell damage and poor blood flow, especially in the feet and legs. In individuals with diabetes, wounds usually take longer than normal to heal. The failure of a cell to react in a normal manner to insulin is most likely the result of a problem with (1) vacuoles (2) receptors (3) mitochondria (4) sugars (4) Immune responses will prevent the spread of AIDS in humans. 74. Certain antibacterial soaps kill 99% of the bacteria present on hands. Constant use of these soaps could be harmful over time because (1) more pathogens may be resistant to the soap (2) microbes prevent viral diseases (3) large populations of pathogens are beneficial to the hands (4) the soap stimulates skin cell division page 21
76. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the graph below and on your knowledge of biology. Which statement provides the best possible reason for the decrease in number of cases of bacterial pneumonia from 1940 to 1970? (1) As a result of genetic engineering, humans became immune to the bacteria. (2) Antibiotics were made available for the treatment of bacterial infections. (3) The bacteria did not respond to medical treatments. (4) As a result of sexual reproduction, the bacteria evolved into a harmless form. 77. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. The hedgehog, a small mammal native to Africa and Europe, has been introduced to the United States as an exotic pet species. Scientists have found that hedgehogs can transfer pathogens to humans and domestic animals. Foot-and-mouth viruses, Salmonella, and certain fungi are known pathogens carried by hedgehogs. As more and more of these exotic animals are brought into this country, the risk of infection increases in the human population. State one way the human immune system might respond to an invading pathogen associated with handling a hedgehog. 78. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. Vaccines Received by Children Patient Measles Vaccine Polio Vaccine child A child B child C Identify the system that will directly respond to these vaccines, and state the specific expected response. 79. State the specific expected result of administering these vaccines to child B. page 22
80. Base your answer to the following question on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. An Experimental SARS Vaccine Works in Animals Scientists reported that they had protected animals from the effects of the SARS virus by using an experimental vaccine. The SARS virus causes an acute respiratory illness in humans and other animals. This vaccine was sprayed once into the nostrils of each of four African green monkeys. Four weeks later, these monkeys were exposed to the virus that causes SARS. The monkeys showed no sign of the disease in their respiratory tracts. Blood tests confirmed the presence of proteins known as neutralizing antibodies that indicate protection against disease. The scientists also sprayed a placebo (a substance that did not contain the vaccine) into the nostrils of each of four other African green monkeys. After exposure to the virus that causes SARS, all of these monkeys developed symptoms of this condition. Briefly explain the nature of a vaccine and some steps that should be taken before a vaccine is available for public use. In your answer, be sure to include: a description of what a vaccine is 81. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. In order to enroll in most schools, students must be vaccinated against certain viral diseases, such as mumps. Even with these vaccinations, many students still suffer from other diseases. Discuss how a vaccination works and why some students still become infected with other diseases. State why a student vaccinated against mumps can still be infected by the pathogens that cause other diseases, such as chicken pox. 82. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Proteins on the surface of a human cell and on a bird influenza virus are represented in the diagram below. Human Cell Bird In the space below, draw a change in the bird influenza virus that would allow it to infect this human cell. an explanation of why one group had a placebo sprayed into their nostrils before exposure to the virus an explanation of why scientists used monkeys to test the SARS vaccine a statement of what could be done to verify the results page 23
83. Explain how this change in the virus could come about. 84. Identify the relationship that exists between a virus and a human when the virus infects the human. 85. Base your answer to the following question on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Botulinum toxin is a protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It causes a serious form of food poisoning in humans. In a very dilute form, it is also commonly used to eliminate some signs of aging, such as wrinkles. It does this by preventing nerves from releasing a chemical messenger called acetylcholine into the synapse (space between a nerve cell and a muscle cell). The toxin affects the process that causes the muscle cell to contract and form wrinkles. The diagram below represents a process that is involved in the formation of wrinkles. Complete the diagram by drawing an appropriate structure on the muscle cell membrane that would allow the nerve cell to communicate with the muscle cell. page 24