The Biology & Management of Brown Ring Patch (aka Waitea Patch) Frank P. Wong Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology University of California, Riverside 2011 Great Lakes Turf Trade Expo Grand Rapids, MI January 10, 2011 Yellow Patch Rhizoctonia cerealis Yellow rings a few to several inches in size are most common on Poa Rings often coalesce to form scalloped scalloped rings Greening Greening inside of the ring is common
Rings may become sunken and necrotic; especially if not treated in a timely manner The pathogen degrades thatch, resulting in sunken rings on greens The fungus attacks leaves, crowns and stolons
Waitea (Brown Ring) Patch on rough bluegrass, Palm Desert, CA Distribution of W. circinata var circinata in the U.S. Brown Ring Patch on A-4 Creeping Bentgrass in Arizona Disease Teleomorph Name (Sexual State) Ceratobasidium cereale Anamorph name (Asexual State) Optimal Temp. Range* Typical hosts Rhizoctonia cerealis 50-65ºF Cool & warm season species Brown Patch of Cool Season Turf Brown Patch of Warm Season Turf (Large Patch) Thanatephorus cucumeris Thanatephorus cucumeris Rhizoctonia solani 77-90ºF Leaf and Sheath Spot (High Temperature Brown Patch) Waitea circinata var oryzae Rhizoctonia oryzae 83-97ºF Waitea circinata var zeae Rhizoctonia zeae 83-97ºF Brown Ring Patch (Waitea Patch) Waitea circinata var circinata none 77-86ºF Yellow Patch Rhizoctonia solani 60-77ºF All cool season species All warm season species Cool & warm season species Annual Bluegrass, Creeping Bentgrass, Rough Bluegrass 2008-2009 GCSAA Funded Research Awarded 2 year grant by GCSAA & EIFG to study the biology & management of the disease Contributions from: California State GCSA, and Southern & Northern CA, San Diego, High Lo Desert & Sierra Nevada GCSAs Brown Ring Patch Trials at Torrey Pines Golf Course 2008 (North Course) Population Biology Fungicide Effects Cultural Practice Effects
Nitrogen & Trinexapac-ethyl Nitrogen Observed that diagnostic samples with brown ring patch were often nitrogen deficient Traditionally, high nitrogen is associated with increased Rhizoctonia brown patch severity on greens Effect on brown ring patch unknown Nitrogen & Trinexapac-ethyl Trinexapac-ethyl (Primo MAXX) Primo MAXX regulates plant cell elongation Outbreaks reported to coincide with spring Primo MAXX applications Unknown if the plant growth regulator effects of Primo MAXX increase disease severity for brown ring patch 2008/2009 Trials at Torrey Pines GC & Industry Hills GC Nitrogen effects on disease severity Water soluble nitrogen applied 14 days apart at a rate of 0.5 lb/1000 sq ft (1 lb total) calcium nitrate 15-0-0 ammonium sulfate 21-0-0 urea 46-0-0 Primo MAXX applied at 0.125 fl oz/1000 sq ft in combination with nitrogen to some plots Nitrogen & Primo effects
Nitrogen vs Nitrogen + Primo water water + TE nitrate + TE ammonium + TE urea + TE wk 1 wk 3 wk 5 Nitrogen and Trinexapac-ethyl trial: trial: AUDPC (area under the disease progress curve) CK Nitrate Ammonium Urea TE Nitrate+TE Ammonium+TE Urea+TE Trial 1 27 a * 17 b 12 b 15 b 27 a 13 b 13 b 14 b Trial 2 12 a 15 a Trial 3 20 a 5b 5b 7b 20 a 5b 6b 6b *Mean separation was according to Fisher's Protected LSD Test (P=0.05). 8.0 Trial 2: Effects of Rhizoctonia fungicides on brown ring patch Trial 1: Single curative application 7.0 Disease severity 0-10 Check 6.0 A 5.0 Banner MAXX 1.3 MEC 2.0 fl oz Headway 1.39EC 2.0 fl oz Heritage TL 0.8ME 1.0 fl oz 4.0 Endorse 2.5WP 4.0 oz 3.0 B ProStar 70WG 4.4 oz Chipco 26GT 2SC 6.0 fl oz 2.0 Insignia 20WG 0.90 oz 1.0 0.0 22-Apr C 2-May 12-May 22-May 1-Jun
Trial 1: Single curative application Trial 1: Effects of DMIs and DMI mixtures on brown ring patch 6.0 Check 5.0 Trial 2: 1X Curative Applications Banner MAXX 2 fl oz Endorse 4 oz + Banner MAXX 1 fl oz Medallion 0.33 oz + Banner MAXX 1 fl oz Headway 2 fl oz 4.0 Disease (0-10) 3.0 Instrata 6 fl oz 2.0 Trinity 2 fl oz Insigna 0.5 oz + Trinity 1 fl oz 1.0 Triton 1.1 fl oz 0.0 12-Apr 22-Apr 2-May 12-May 22-May 1-Jun ProStar 2.2 oz + Triton 0.55 fl oz Trial 2: 1X Curative applications Headway, Endorse Trinity, Triton, ProStar, Tourney 0 DAT 7 DAT 14 DAT 28 DAT
Trial 3: Effects of repeated QoI fungicide applications on brown ring patch Trial 3: 2X Fungicide applications Summary Nitrogen effects Applications of 1 lb nitrogen/1000 sq ft significantly reduced Waitea patch severity No effect of nitrogen source was seen nitrate = ammonium = urea Trinexapac-ethyl (Primo MAXX) effects No effect of Primo MAXX on disease severity Primo MAXX applications increased turf quality (color) Primo MAXX + nitrogen = highest turf quality Fungicide Summary Fungicides show different responses Immediate recovery/shorter residual Headway Endorse [Affirm] (plus Banner MAXX)* Delayed recovery/longer residual ProStar Trinity/Triton/Tourney Repeated applications are needed for certain fungicides for complete control Conclusions Waitea/brown ring patch is a more dynamic pathogen than previously thought Add brown ring patch to the list of low-fertility diseases like anthracnose & dollar spot Nitrogen fertility plays an important role Primo MAXX = no effect on BRP at labeled use rates Flutolanil, DMIs, Polyoxin-D top choices for control; QoIs are ok, 2 or more applications may be required Additional Information Wong, F., Chen, C-M., and Stowell, L. 2009. Effects of nitrogen and Primo Maxx on brown ring patch development. Golf Course Management 77(5):117-121. McDonald, S. Settle, D., Stowell, L., Chen, C- M., and Wong, F. 2009. Chemical control of brown ring patch. Golf Course Management 77(8):74-80.
Acknowledgements Torrey Pines Municipal Golf Course Wayne Carpenter Candice Combs John Maddern Mark Woodward Questions???? GCSAA Environmental Institute for Golf California State GCSA Southern & Northern California, San Diego, Hi-Lo, and Sierra Nevada GCSAs