World Journal of Zoology 8 (3): 33-37, 3 ISSN 87-398 IDOSI Publications, 3 DOI:.589/idosi.wjz.3.8.3.755 Acute Toxicity of Two Pesticides Diazinon and Deltamethrin on Gambusia Ali Sadeghi and Mohamad Reza Imanpoor Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Abstract: There is a growing concern over aquatic pollution because of its detrimental effects on biological life including human beings. The goal of the present study was to determine the acute toxicity of diazinon and deltamethrin as potential dangerous organic pesticides to assess mortality effects of these chemicals to the gambusia in the form of LC 5. Fish samples (7 fish in each test group) were exposed to different concentrations of diazinon and deltamethrin (between -3 ppm for diazinon and -. ppm for deltamethrin) for 9 h in L glass aquaria. The very low LC5s obtained for deltamethrin (.7 ppm) and diazinon (9.7 ppm) indicate that deltamethrin and diazinon are highly toxic to gambusia. Further researches are recommended to study the processes by which these chemicals affect physiology and histology of fish and their accumulation in fish tissues. Key words: LC Gambusia Diazinon Deltamethrin Toxicity 5 INTRODUCTION insecticides known [8, 9]. Pyrethroids have been proved to be extremely toxic to fish and some aquatic arthropods, Chemical pesticides with persistent molecules such as shrimps [9-]. The toxicity of Pyrethroids on (long half-life periods) pose a threat to aquatic life forms amphibians, birds and mammals have been reviewed by and also to the human population consuming the affected Bradbury and Coats []. fish []. Acute toxicity of a pesticide refers to the chemical s Presence of pesticide in surface waters was reported ability to cause damage to an animal from a single in Europe and North America since 5 years ago and since exposure, generally of short duration. Many workers have then many documents have been proved the toxic effects been used the acute toxicity tests of pesticides on fish to of these pollutants to aquatic environment [-5]. acquire rapid estimates of the concentrations that cause Organ phosphorus pesticides (OPs) are widely used direct, irreversible harm to test organisms [, 3]. in agriculture and the aquatic environment near to fields The acute toxicity data provide useful information is under influence of OPs such as diazinon [O,O-diethylO- to identify the mode of action of a substance and also (-isopropyl--methyl--pyrimiinyl) phosphorothioate] []. help to comparison of dose response among different Diazinon is an organ phosphorus pesticide chemicals. The 9-h LC 5 tests are conducted to assess extensively used in agriculture and possesses moderately the vulnerability and survival potential of organisms to persistence constitution [, 7]. particular toxic chemicals. Chemicals with lower LC The toxicity of diazinon is due to blocking of acetyl values are more toxic because lower concentrations cholinesterase (ACHE) activity, which causes harmful results 5% of mortality in organisms. impacts on non-target aquatic species close to The present study was performed to determine the agricultural fields [7]. acute toxicity of diazinon and deltamethrin as potential The pyrethroids including deltamethrin are largely dangerous organic pesticides to assess mortality effects used as pediculicides and are among the most potent of these chemicals to the fish gambusia. 5 Corresponding Author: Ali Sadeghi, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 55-38 Gorgan, Iran. Tel: +98-933889. 33
World J. Zool., 8 (3): 33-37, 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS The selected fish species for the present study was No fish died during the acclimation period before Gambusia. Lethal experiments were conducted using exposure and no control fish died during acute toxicity 7 young gambusia. Test chambers were glass aquaria of tests. The mortality of gambusia for diazinon doses,, L. All fish were acclimated for a week in these 8, and 3 ppm and,.,.,.5,. and. ppm aquaria before assays with continuous aeration. for deltamethrin were examined during the exposure times Water temperature was regulated at 7 C by using at, 8, 7 and 9 h (Tables & ). The mortality of aquarium heater. Fish were feed twice per diem with gambusia was increased significantly with increasing formulated feed and dead fish were immediately removed concentrations from 8 ppm to higher concentrations for to avoid possible water deterioration []. diazinon and. ppm to higher concentrations for Nominal concentrations of active ingredient tested deltamethrin. were,, 8, and 3 ppm of commercial dose (%) Median lethal concentrations of %, %, 3%, %, for diazinon and,.,.,.5,. and. ppm of 5%, %, 7%, 8% and 9% test are presented in commercial dose (.5%) for deltamethrin were used. Tables 3 and. Because mortality (or survival) data are groups (5 for diazinon and 5 for deltamethrin) of seven collected for each exposure concentration in a toxicity gambusia were exposed for 9h in aerated glass aquaria test at various exposure durations (, 8, 7, or 9 hours), with L of test medium. During acute toxicity data can be plotted in other ways; the straight line of experiment, the water in each aquarium was aerated and best fit is then drawn through the points. These are the temperature was 7 C. No food was provided to the time mortality lines. The LT 5 (median lethal survival time) specimens during the assay and test media was not can be estimated for each concentration. renewed. Mortality rates were recorded at time,, 8, 7 Toxicity Testing Statistical Endpoints are in tow and 9 h. Acute toxicity tests carried out according to part: - Hypothesis Testing: is there a statistically Hotos and Vlahos [5]. The nominal concentration of significant difference between the mean response diazinon and deltamethrin estimated to result in 5% in the treatments and mean response in control or mortality of Gambusia within h (-h LC 5), 8 h, 7 h and 9 h was attained by probit analysis by Finney s method [] and using the maximum-likelihood procedure (SPSS, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). The LC 5 value is obtained by fitting a regression equation Table : Cumulative mortality of Gambusia Fish (n=7 each concentration) exposed to acute diazinon No. of mortality -------------------------------------------------------- arithmically and also by graphical interpolation by taking logarithms of the diazinon and deltamethrin concentrations versus probit value of percentage mortality. The 95% confidence limits for LC 5 are estimated by using the formula: Concentration (ppm). 8 h 8h 3 5 7h 3 9h 3 7 7 7 7 LC (95% CL) = LC ±.9 [SE (LC )] 5 5 5 The SE of LC 5 is calculated from the formula: SE( LC5) = / b pnw Where: b=the slope of the chemical/probit response (regression) line; p=the number of chemical used, n = the number of animals in each group, w = the average weight of the observations [5]. After the acute toxicity test, the LOEC (Lowest Observed Effect Concentration) and NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration) were determined for each measured endpoint. Table : Cumulative mortality of Gambusia Fish (n=7, each concentration) exposed to acute deltamethrin No. of mortality -------------------------------------------------------- Concentration (ppm) h 8h 7h 9h....5 3. 3. 7 7 7 7 3
World J. Zool., 8 (3): 33-37, 3 Diazinon (ppm 8 8 NOEC LOEC LC5 Acute Toxicity test Fig. : Acute toxicity testing statistical endpoints in gambusia Fish exposed to crude Diazinon in different times (h, 8h, 7 h and 9 h respectively) h 8 h 7 h 9 h.. Deltamethrin (ppm)..8... h 8 h 7 h 9 h NOEC LOEC LC5 Acute Toxicity test Fig. : Acute toxicity testing statistical endpoints in gambusia Fish exposed to Deltamethrin in different times (h, 8h, 7 h and 9 h respectively) Table 3: Lethal Concentrations (LC ) of diazinon depending on time Table : Lethal Concentrations (LC ) of deltamethrin depending on time -99 (-9h) for Gambusia (-9h) for Gambusia Concentration (ppm) (95 % of confidence limits) Concentration (ppm) (95 % of confidence limits) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Point h 8h 7h 9h Point h 8h 7h 9h LC 7.3.79.985. LC.8.3.7. LC.73 7.8.87 5.987 LC.87.5.39.33 LC 3.77 8.97 8.3 7.39 LC..8.55.9 3 LC 5.3.38 9.38 8.589 LC..8.9.3 LC 7.5.757. 9.7 LC..9.8.7 5 LC 8.97 3.33.59.83 LC.33.7.9.89 LC.5..78.3 LC.5..8.3 7 LC 3.8.39.5 3.33 LC.58.3..9 8 LC.7 8.79 5.9 5.38 LC.7.58.. 9 LC 3.79.39.. LC...99.9 99 3 5 7 8 9 99-99 reference sample. LOEC: Lowest Observed Effect DISCUSSION Concentration; NOEC: No Observed Effect Concentration. - Point Estimates: what toxicant The results of the present study indicate that both concentration will cause a specific effect on the chemicals diazinon and deltamethrin varied in their acute test population? LC 5: the median Lethal Concentration. toxicity to gambusia. The toxicity of deltamethrin and Our result for Toxicity Testing Statistical Endpoints is diazinon on gambusia increased with increasing shown in Fig.. concentration and exposure time. 35
World J. Zool., 8 (3): 33-37, 3 Occurrence of pesticides in high concentrations in. Miller, G.G., L.I. Sweet, J.V. Adams, G.M. Omann, agricultural wastewaters and their toxicity to aquatic D.R. Passino-Reader and P.G. Meier,. In vitro organisms especially fish species have been reported by toxicity and interactions of environmental many researchers [3, 5, 7]. Contamination of aquatic environment with pesticides via rainfall runoff is very contaminants (Arochlor 5 and mercury) and immunomodulatory agents (lipopolysaccharide and possible [7]. Fishes are sensitive to aquatic cortisol) on thymocytes from lake trout contamination and serious concerns remains due to their potential to cause adverse effects on human and wildlife populations. In addition we found that both diazinon and 3. (Salvelinus namaycush). Fish Shellfish Immunol., 3: -. Galloway, T. and R. Handy, 3. Immunotoxicity of deltamethrin are lethal substrates to gambusia. The 9h LC5 was calculated to be 9.7 ppm for diazinon and organophosphorous pesticides. : 35-3. Ecotoxicology,.7 ppm for deltamethrin and here we report. Tinoco-Ojanguren, R. and D.C. Halperin, 998. deltamethrin to be highly toxic to fish. Poverty, production and health: inhibition of The 9h LC 5 values of diazinon on different fishes reported from tenths to several tens of mg l [8, 9]. Value of diazinon 9h LC 5 was.8 mg l for guppy (Poecilia reticulata) and for zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio) was 8 mg l [9, ]. Different factors have been suggested to cause selective toxicity of diazinon on different fishes: different detoxification, absorption and different inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase [9, ]. Previous studies, indicate the high toxicity of deltamethrin to fish species and our results are in good agreement with these reports. Boateng et al. [] reported that young fish are more susceptible and different species respond unlike to concentrations of chemicals. Mittal et al. [3] estimated deltamethrin toxicity to P. reticulate to be LC 5=. ppm [3]. Viran et al., reported LC 5 value of deltamethrin in guppies as 5.3 mg/l [9]. Mestres and Mestres [] found 9-h fish LC5 values as follows: Salmo gairdneri,.39 mg/l; Cyprinus carpio,.8 mg/l; and Sarotherodon mossambica, 3.5 mg/l []. LC 5 value of deltamethrin in Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus as 5.7 ìg/l was reported by Boateng et al. []. Although deltamethrin is thought to be less toxic in field conditions due to its adsorption to sediments, these data are useful to potential ecosystem risk assessment [9]. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported by the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. REFERENCES. Langston, W.J., 99. Toxic effects of metals and the incidence of metal pollution in marine ecosystems. In: Firness, R.W., Rainbow, P.S. (Eds.), Heavy Metals in the Marine Environment. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp: -. erythrocyte cholinesterase via occupational exposure to organophosphate insecticides in Chiapas, Mexico. Arch. Environ. Health, 53: 9-35. 5. Capel, P.D., S.J. Larson and T.A. Winterstein,. The behavior of thirty-nine pesticides in surface waters as a function of scale. Hydrol. Process., 5: 5-9.. Bazrafshan, E.S., A.H. Naseri, M. Mahvi and Shayedhi, 7. Performance evaluation of electrocoagulation process for diazinon removal from aqueous environments by using iron electrons, Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, : 7-3. 7. Larkin, D.J. and R.S. Tjeerdema,. Fate and effects of diazinon. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., : 9-8. 8. Smith, T.M. and G.W. Stratton, 98. Effects of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides on nontarget organisms. Res. Rev., 97: 93-9. 9. Viran, R., F.U. Erkoc, H. Polat and O. Kocak, 3. Investigation of acute toxicity of deltamethrin on guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 55: 8-85.. Bradbury, S.P. and R. Coats, 989. Comparative toxicology of the pyrethroid insecticides. Rev. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol., 8: 33-77.. Srivastav, A.K., S.K. Srivastava and S.K. Srivastav, 997. Impact of deltamethrin on serum calcium and inorganic phosphate of freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 59: 8-8.. Parrish, P.R., 995. Acute toxicity tests, In Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology: Effects, nd Environmental Fate and Risk Assessment,, ed. G.M. Rand. pp. 97±973.Taylor & Francis, Washington DC. 3
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