Introduction to the Study of Psychology PSYC1001 Final Exam Practice Quiz 1. Which of the following schedules of reinforcement produces the highest, steady-state responding (i.e. continuous, with no breaks)? a. Variable Ratio b. Fixed Ratio c. Variable Intermittent d. Fixed Intermittent e. Fixed Interval 2. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the study by Garcia & Koelling on the Conditioning of Flavour Aversions? a. The dependent variable was the amount of water the rats would drink after the pairing. b. The independent variable was the rat s ability to learn pairings of external stimuli with internal stimuli. c. Rats with bright-noisy water paired with shocks drank less water later. d. Rats with tasty water paired with illness drank less water later. e. This study demonstrated that learning is facilitated when the CS and the UCS make sense together. 3. You decide to start feeding your dog canned dog food. The first time you turn on the electric can opener, the dog pays no attention to the noise it makes, but then runs over when it smells the yummy odours coming from the open can. Eventually, the dog learns that the noise is related to the yummy smell and comes running as soon as he hears the can opener. In this example, the unconditioned response is a. the sound of the can opener. b. the smell of the yummy food. c. your dog running over when he hears the can opener. d. your dog running over when he smells the yummy food. e. the dog food. 4. Your roommate has a new boyfriend who at first seems very nice. However, he smokes cigarettes, and every time he comes over to your apartment he smokes a lot, and the smell gives you a really bad headache. Now, whenever you see him, you start to get a headache, even if he isn't smoking. In this example, the sight of your roommate's boyfriend, which now gives you a headache, represents the a. unconditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned response. c. conditioned stimulus. d. conditioned response. e. neutral stimulus. 5. To extinguish a cat's tendency to always run towards you and start begging at the sound of the electric can opener, a person who emphasizes classical conditioning strategies might recommend that a. an electric can opener no longer be used. b. excessive levels of food be offered after the can opener is used. c. cat food be offered after a certain amount of time has elapsed since the can opener was used. d. you should discontinue feeding the cat after using the electric can opener. e. you should kill the cat.
6. Research on taste aversion has been used to support the concept of a. instinctive drift. b. operant conditioning. c. latent learning. d. reinforcement. e. preparedness. 7. In Observational Learning, the saying we do not always perform everything that we learn is related to which of the four Processes of Observational Learning? a. Attentional Processes. b. Retentional Processes. c. Motor Production Processes. d. Motivational Processes. e. All of the above. 8. Remembering the provinces and territories of Canada is an example of a. procedural memory b. nondeclarative memory c. semantic memory d. episodic memory e. implicit memory 9. Which theory suggests that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections between neurons? a. semantic network b. serial position effect c. schema d. hierarchy e. parallel distributed processing 10. Long-term potentiation refers to the concept that a. if two neurons communicate with each other, the connection between them may be strengthened b. memory is affected by prior experience that is not consciously recalled c. information that is already in storage can be activated to help remember new information d. information processed at deeper levels is remembered longer e. long-term memories can be maintained over a longer period of time if the memories are occasionally re-stimulated 11. Suppose that you train a rat to run through Maze A. After the rat has learned this maze, you train it to run through Maze B. Later, you find that the rat has more trouble remembering the way through Maze B than it did in Maze A. This situation best illustrates a. retroactive facilitation b. retroactive interference c. proactive facilitation d. proactive interference e. storage failure 12. Which of the following brain structures is involved specifically in emotional (i.e. fear) memories? a. The hippocampus. b. The amygdala.
c. The pons. d. The cerebellum. e. The pituitary gland. 13. An Iconic memory is believed to last... a. our lifetime b. for several minutes c. for several hours d. one second e. one quarter of a second 14. Our ability to recall is facilitated when the type of processing required in the recall task is similar to the type of processing that was used in the initial encoding of the information. This is called... a. Interference Theory b. The Forgetting Curve c. Transfer Appropriate Processing d. Source Monitoring e. Reality Monitoring 15. Which of the following is NOT a state of primary awareness? a. controlled awareness b. uncontrolled awareness c. subconscious awareness d. daydreaming e. Both C and D are not states of primary awareness. 16. Rowan was relaxing and not really paying attention to anything when his roommate came home. The roommate has asked for help working through some difficulties with a computer program. As Rowan helps his roommate solve the programming problem his brain waves will a. decrease in both frequency and amplitude b. increase in both frequency and amplitude c. increase in frequency and decrease in amplitude d. decrease in frequency and increase in amplitude e. will stay the same 17. What is happening during stage 1 sleep? a. We are transitioning from Theta activity into Delta activity. b. We are experiencing muscular paralysis. c. The eyes are not moving. d. The muscles are somewhat active and we have some gentle eye movements. e. We experience both Sleep Spindles and K Complexes. 18. Logan dreamed that he was being chased by some mysterious ferocious creature. This may represent... a. Anxiety about a loss of direction in his life. b. A sense of regret for some aspect of Logan s life that he has left behind. c. A desire for adventure combined with a sense of apprehension about the uncertainty. d. Logan s fear of being engulfed by forces hidden within his conscious mind. e. Some aspect of the self that is struggling for integration with Logan s conscious self.
19. Which of the following is NOT one of the effects of Cannabis? a. Enhances memory. b. Has a depressant effect on the Central Nervous System. c. Enhanced sensory experience. d. Relaxation. e. Anxiety and paranoia. 20. While Nicholas was hypnotized he was able to endure painful jaw surgery without any anesthesia. This could be taken as support for the view that hypnosis a. causes people to act out a role b. is the same as REM-sleep c. is the same as slow-wave sleep d. creates a dissociation in conscious awareness e. creates delusions 21. Which of the following is NOT one of the possible criteria for Substance Abuse Disorder? a. Regular substance use which leads to a failure to meet work, school, or social responsibilities. b. Regular substance use in situations where being drunk is dangerous. c. Continued substance use even though it usually leads to interpersonal problems. d. A need for increased amounts of the substance in order to achieve intoxication or desired effect, or a diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance. e. Each of the above is a possible criteria for Substance Abuse Disorder. 22. Your parents won't switch to a high-speed internet connection because they've gotten used to their dial-up service. This best illustrates your parents' a. laziness b. domain memory c. mental set d. subgoaling e. deliberate attempt to make your life miserable 23. Which of the following is NOT a strategy for solving problems? a. heuristics b. algorithms c. working backward d. functional fixedness e. all of the above are strategies for solving problems 24. Researchers have found that, compared with unilingual Canadian children, bilingual Canadian children perform a. worse on measures of selective attention, but better on measures of metalinguistic awareness b. better on measures of metalinguistic awareness and selective attention c. worse on measures of metalinguistic awareness and selective attention d. better on measures of metalinguistic awareness, but worse on measures of selective attention e. the same on both metalinguistic awareness and selective attention 25. This statement: A series of steps in the program, where each step has to be resolved in order for the program to move on to the next step best describes a. Serial Processing b. Parallel Processing
c. The functioning of the mind. d. The functioning of the brain. e. All of the above. 26. The Church-Turing Thesis, which focuses on the simulation of the brain, states that a. The processes of the mind are best reproduced on a parallel processor. b. The processes of the mind are nothing more than a series of steps, thus, it will someday be possible to reproduce human consciousness on a mechanical device. c. Anything that can be given a precise enough characterization as a set of steps can be simulated on a digital computer. d. The processes of the mind are best reproduced on a serial processor. e. The functional network of the brain can be simulated by a digital computer, however, the workings of the conscious mind are too complex for a machine to reproduce. 27. Our tendency to search for information that supports our thinking is known as a. confirmation bias b. belief perseverance c. overconfidence bias d. hindsight bias e. availability heuristic 28. Which of the following is true of phonemes? a. They are the grammatical rules of language. b. They are the smallest units of meaning in a language. c. They are genetic predispositions for sounds in different languages. d. They are the basic units of sound in a language. e. They are the same for all languages.