Overview of Biomolecules

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Transcription:

Overview of Biomolecules

Carbohydrates

Type of Biomolecule Carbohydrate Monomer Functions Monosaccharide Provide energy Starch (polysaccharide): Used for energy storage in plants (e.g., potatoes). Glycogen (polysaccharide): Used for energy storage in liver and muscles. Highly branched. Cellulose (polysaccharide): Responsible for structure in plants (e.g., broccoli). Not branched. Humans cannot break it down. Elements C, H, O 1: 2: 1 Examples Starch, glycogen, cellulose

Type of Biomolecule Carbohydrate Monomer Functions Monosaccharide Provide energy Starch (polysaccharide): Used for energy storage in plants (e.g., potatoes). Glycogen (polysaccharide): Used for energy storage in liver and muscles. Highly branched. Cellulose (polysaccharide): Responsible for structure in plant cell walls. Not branched. Humans cannot break it down. Ex: green, leafy vegetables (fiber). Elements C, H, O Examples Starch, glycogen, cellulose

Lipids

Type of Biomolecule Lipids Monomer None, but major component is fatty acids Functions Store energy Major component in cell membrane Elements C, H, O, and sometimes P Examples Triglyceride Phospholipid Cholesterol

Fatty Acids: The building blocks of all lipids Saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature (they are straight and stack better). Unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature (are bent and do not stack well) Made of high #s of Carbons and Hydrogens, and few Oxygens

Types of Fatty Acids Saturated fatty acids stack and are considered less healthy (causing buildup of plaque arteries). Unsaturated fatty acids do not stack and are liquid; considered healthier

Types of lipids They are all made of fatty acids

Triglycerides Fats in foods are mostly triglycerides. Made of three fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule. Can be saturated or unsaturated. Stored in body for energy.

Phospholipids Phospholipids are important in forming the cell membrane, which surrounds cells and is essential to cellular function.

Cholesterol Is cholesterol good or bad?

Cholesterol A waxy substance made of one fatty acid and four carbon rings. Provides stability to the plasma membrane. A steroid (four carbon rings).

Foods with High Protein Largely animal-based (fish, meat, eggs) Also plant-based (tofu, beans, nuts)

Type of Biomolecule Monomer Functions Protein Amino Acids Provide structure Facilitate chemical reactions Immunity Elements C, H, O, N, and sometimes S Examples Structural proteins: Keratin in hair, nails Enzymes: speed up chemical reactions Antibodies: protect body from infection Hormones: chemical messengers

Proteins are polymers (like carbohydrates) Proteins are made of repeating monomers called amino acids Two amino acids form a covalent bond by removing water. This bond is called a peptide bond. The product of this reaction is a dipeptide (two amino acids) Polypeptide is a large molecule made of many amino acids. Poly means many.

20 Types of Amino Acids Thousands of different types of proteins in the body. Combination/order of amino acids determine the type of protein in a similar way the order of letters determine the meaning of a word (e.g., Dam versus Mad).

Primary Structure: Order of amino acids results in different primary structure. Secondary Structure: Molecules twist or form pleated structures depending on primary structure. Tertiary Structure: Further folding creates globular structure. Shape determines protein s function. Quaternary Structure: Two or more tertiary structures come together The structure of proteins

What material do you use to build a house? Wood beams Glass windows Metal nails Shingles for the roof How do you know what should be placed where? Blueprints

Type of Biomolecule Nucleic Acid Monomer Nucleotide Functions Genetic information Directs processes in cells Elements C, H, O, N, and P Examples DNA (genetic information, blueprint ) RNA (helps transfer information from DNA into cell)

Nucleic Acids Polymers. Macromolecules that provide instructions for creation of proteins in cells. DNA and RNA DNA is passed on from generation to generation. RNA is made using information in DNA

What are nucleotides? Phosphate and sugar groups are always the same. Bases change.

DNA has the following bases: Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine, Adenine (C, G, T, A) RNA has the following bases: Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil, Adenine (C, G, U, A)

DNA Structure Deoxyribonucleic Acid Double stranded Helical (curved) Double Helix All living things have DNA

RNA Structure Ribonucleic Acid Single stranded Helical (curved)

Why the name? Nucleic acids originate in the nucleus of cells: hence the name nucleic They have a phosphate group that is acidic. How many nucleotides are in this picture? Six

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